The Millennium Project: Emerging Environmental Security Issues

Your views on these items and/or your suggestions of additional items are most welcome; please email Elizabeth Florescu at millennium-project@igc.org.

The Millennium Project defines environmental security as environmental viability for life support, with three sub-elements:
· preventing or repairing military damage to the environment,
· preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts, and
· protecting the environment due to its inherent moral value.

For an organization of the items in cathegories around the structure of this definition, please see:
- ES-scanning-10.pdf for items identified between August 2002 and June 2010, or
- ES-2006-08.pdf (includes potential military implications) for items identified between July 2006-June 2008
- ES-2008-09.pdf (includes potential military implications) for items identified between July 2008-June 2009
- ES-2009-10.pdf (includes potential military implications) for items identified between July 2009-June 2010
- ES-2010-11.pdf (includes potential military implications) for items identified between July 2010-June 2011

For a complete version of the monthly reports with Military Implications, see the Army Environmental Policy Institute web page http://www.aepi.army.mil/reports/

This webpage lists the items identified since January 2009. For the items identified before, please see the links below or the webpages:
- es-scann-2005.html for the 2002-2005 items, and
- es-scann-2008.html for the 2006-2008 items.

Following are the items organized by the months when they were identified -- updated monthly.

International Oceans Agreement in Negotiations
The world is increasingly aware that human actions and climate change are having serious impacts on the oceans. International expert groups have been meeting to create regulations for more sustainable use of the oceans. Recommendations concerning biodiversity preservation and ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction will be made to the 66th session of the UN General Assembly to be held on September 13, 2011. A central recommendation will be to develop a multilateral agreement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Sources:
Fourth Meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to Study Issues Relating to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction http://www.iisd.ca/oceans/marinebiodiv4/
Twelfth Meeting of the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea http://www.iisd.ca/oceans/icp12/
International Earth system expert workshop on ocean stresses and impacts http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/1906_IPSO-LONG.pdf
Mass Extinction of Ocean Species Soon to Be 'Inevitable' http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2011/2011-06-21-01.html

European E. coli Outbreak Reveals Gaps in WHO and WTO Rules
The European E. coli outbreak has become one of the biggest E. coli epidemics in history. WHO reported that by June 5, 2011, 12 outbreaks were reported in 12 European countries, with a total of 2,266 E. coli-related cases. The ban on vegetables introduced to curb the spread of E. coli affected many countries, revealing problems with the international legal system under the WHO and WTO that regulates responses to disease outbreaks, notes an analysis published in Insights by the American Society of International Law. The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures does not stipulate compensation to exporting states harmed by unjustified trade restrictions and does not protect non‑WTO members. Similarly, the IHR does not have enforceable sanctions for countries that adopt unjustifiably severe traffic and trade restrictions.
Sources:
International Law and the E. coli Outbreaks in Europe http://www.asil.org/insights110606.cfm
Pandemic influenza preparedness: sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_R5-en.pdf
Novartis welcomes endorsement of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework at World Health Assembly http://www.pharmanews.eu/novartis/814-novartis-welcomes-endorsement-of-pandemic-influenza-preparedness-framework-at-world-health-assembly

OSCE in Ukraine Establishes New Program to Address Economic, Environmental, and Military/Political Challenges in Eastern Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Project Coordinator in Ukraine (PCU) has developed an Economic-Environmental/Politico-Military Program to support Ukraine’s efforts to implement OSCE commitments. Among other foci, the program will address the clearing of areas contaminated by wartime ordnance and disposal of rocket fuel, and build capacity for combating illegal transboundary transportation of hazardous waste in Eastern Europe.
Source:
Economic-environmental & politico-military http://www.osce.org/ukraine/45448

Democratic Republic of the Congo Strengthens Environmental Regulations and Enforcement
A new law passed by the parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo requires companies working in country to submit environmental impact reports. Reportedly, while the details have yet to be finalized by ministers, the new law will apply to all projects—existing and future—in all sectors, from exploitation of raw materials to infrastructure, forestry, and farming.
Source:
New Congo Law Demands Environmental Impact Studies http://planetark.org/wen/62391

Myanmar Dam Construction Triggers Internal Conflict on China’s Border
Armed conflicts have erupted in Myanmar’s northern Kachin state over construction of large hydropower dams to supply electricity to China. The Kachin Independence Organization had sent a letter to the Chinese government warning that civil war would occur if the construction of the Myitsone Dam on Myanmar’s territory proceeds. Construction continued and the Myanmar forces came to the area. The Kachin Independence Army engaged the government’s army, casualties have occurred and around 10,000 people have fled the area, some going into China. Fears increase that the fighting will expand to other provinces. The dams on the Dapein River are being built by an association of Chinese companies and the Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise.
Sources:
Fighting Erupts Over Chinese Hydropower Dams in Burma http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2011/2011-06-15-01.html
China Warns Burma Over Fighting http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/warns-06172011103835.html Fast Degradability Adds to Landfill Methane Problem
A paper by Dr. Morton Barlaz, of North Carolina State Univ.'s Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, calls attention to the fact that the FTC's requirement for quick degradation of "biodegradable" products exacerbates the problem of methane emission from landfills, since the materials tend to degrade before methane collection capabilities are installed.
Source:
Study questions the eco-friendliness of biodegradable products http://www.gizmag.com/biodegradable-garbage-methane-gas/18765/?utm_source=Gizmag+Subscribers&utm_campaign=3d63f9d356-UA-2235360-4&utm_medium=email

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Remote Live Video in Rugged Environments
SIE Computing Solutions, Inc. announced its new video streaming system for rugged situational awareness in unmanned vehicles and remote surveillance applications.
Sources:
SIE Computing Solutions Introduces Application-Ready Video Processing Solution for Rugged Situational Awareness http://www.sys-con.com/node/1861227
SIE Computing Solutions Inc., website www.sie-cs.com
Beyond Electronics Corporation, website http://www.beyondelectronics.us/

Imaging System Designed for Gas Detection
Bruker has launched its HI 90 Hyperspectral Imaging System reported to, “detect, identify and quantify a range of organic molecules that exist in the atmosphere. The HI 90 system can identify and visualize hazardous clouds during chemical accidents or terrorist attacks from long distances. The dispersion, dimensions and direction of travel of the discharged chemicals can be assessed and the source of the cloud can also be located.”
Sources:
Bruker Launches HI 90 Hyperspectral Imaging System http://www.azosensors.com/news.aspx?newsID=2826
Bruker, website http://www.bruker.com/

Protein Fragments Enable Highly Sensitive Explosive Detection
MIT researchers led by Prof. Michael Strano report developing a highly sensitive detector for nitro-aromatic compounds such as TNT. The technology uses protein fragments called bombolitins that are attached to carbon nanotubes and are sensitive to the nitro-aromatic compounds. The nanotubes fluoresce; when the attached peptide picks up a nitro-aromatic molecule, the fluorescence wavelength changes, a change which is more easily detected than the intensity change produced in other systems. Still to be worked out are techniques for bringing the target molecules to the sensors.
Sources:
New sensor developed by MIT chemical engineers can detect tiny traces of explosives http://web.mit.edu/press/2011/explosive-detection.html
Peptide secondary structure modulates single-walled carbon nanotube fluorescence as a chaperone sensor for nitroaromatics http://www.pnas.org/content/108/21/8544

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Nanotech Antennas Increase Conversion Efficiencies of Solar Energy to Electricity
Separate research teams at Rice University and at the University of Missouri, Chemical Engineering Department, announced “nantennas”-- light, flexible sheets of gold structure that capture infrared light (heat). The team at the University of Missouri asserts the sheets could absorb more than 90% of solar energy (greater use of the spectrum including heat – infrared radiation) and has partnered with Cambridge, MA-based MicroContinuum to convert the captured energy into electricity. The Missouri team-lead, Patrick Pinhero, projects the technology will be ready for production in five years and adaptable to existing systems.
Sources:
New Solar Product Captures Up to 95 Percent of Light Energy http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110516181339.htm
Report: Photo-detection with Active Optical Antennas, Journal Science http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6030/702.abstract

Rotating Mirrors Double Output of Solar Power
Smart Solar International, a spin-off from the University of Tokyo's Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, will soon start production of a solar power generator in which a row of slowly rotating aluminum mirrors tracking the sun continually directs the moving sunbeams onto a central tube that is packed with high-performance, multi-layered solar cells, protected by an anti-overheating system. The developers claim the technology produces double the output of conventional structures.
Source:
Japan firm develops 'sun-chasing' solar panels http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-japan-firm-sun-chasing-solar-panels.html

Liquid Electrodes Promise Major Battery Improvements
Profs. W. Craig Carter and Yet-Ming Chiang of MIT have described a new form of battery in which the electrodes are composed of particles suspended in a liquid electrolyte and separated by a filter, such as a thin porous membrane. They claim a ten times improvement in energy density over current liquid flow batteries and cheaper manufacturing than conventional lithium-ion batteries. The new technology is being licensed to 24M Technologies of Cambridge MA.
Sources:
New battery design could be breakthrough for electric vehicles and grid storage http://www.kurzweilai.net/new-battery-design-could-be-breakthrough-for-electric-vehicles-and-grid-storage
Semi-Solid Lithium Rechargeable Flow Battery (abstract) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201100152/abstract

New Alloy Is Basis for Thermoelectric Generation
Prof. Richard James and colleagues at the Univ. of Minnesota have announced the discovery of a new multiferroic alloy, Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10, which may be able to form the basis for a practical thermoelectric generating system. (Multiferroic is a specialized term of art for some materials exhibiting ferromagnetic properties, but that may lack iron in their composition.)
Sources:
New alloy converts heat directly into electricity http://www.gizmag.com/alloy-converts-heat-into-electricity/19025/
The Direct Conversion of Heat to Electricity Using Multiferroic Alloys http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201000048/abstract

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Every month for the past 25 years, the global temperature has been higher than the 20th century average for that month says the Climate Monitoring Branch at the National Climatic Data Center. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions reached a record 30.6 metric gigatonnes in 2010– a 1.6Gt rise compared to 2009, mainly from burning fossil fuel, according to IEA estimates. May 2011 Atmospheric CO2 reached a record 394.35 ppm.
Food and Water Security
The Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020 by OECD and FAO predicts that prices for agricultural commodities will increase over the next decade at an average 20-30% in real terms over the 2001-2010 decade. The FAO warns that climate change will have major impacts on the availability of water for growing food and on crop productivity in the decades to come. The report, Climate Change, Water, and Food Security, projects a greater frequency in droughts and floods and underscores that water-scarce areas of the world are expected to become drier and hotter. Similarly, Oxfam report Growing a Better Future notes that while the world’s population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, the average growth rate in agricultural yields has almost halved since 1990. It forecasts that by 2030, the average cost of key crops could increase by 120‑180%.
The worst drought in 60 years in the Horn of Africa triggered grain price increases of 30% to 80% in Kenya, and nearly 41% in Ethiopia. The drought affected more than 10 million people in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, and the situation continues to deteriorate, says the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
The OECD preliminary report on Green Growth for Food and Agriculture identifies three priority areas for the agricultural sector: increasing productivity in a sustainable manner; ensuring that markets provide the right signals; and establishing and enforcing well-defined property rights. Meanwhile, the Global Harvest Initiative estimates that the overall investment gap in the agricultural sector in developing countries is approaching $90 billion annually.
The first meeting of the G20 Agriculture Ministers, from 22-23 June 2011 in Paris, France, adopted an Agriculture Ministerial Declaration and Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture that supports initiatives on food production and information exchange. The WFP welcomed the Action Plan, noting that it will ensure that the hungry have access to food in emergencies. Further, a call for the G20 to stop promoting biofuel – policies that many believed have contributed to food price rises – was blocked by Brazil and the US, the two major ethanol producers.
Rising Sea Levels
Present warming in the Arctic indicates that sea levels could rise by up to 5.3 feet (1.6 meters) by 2100, says the Oslo-based Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program. Similarly, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said that Greenland’s ice sheet melted at its highest rate since data recording began in 1958, while the world's alpine glaciers shrank for the 20th year in a row.
Migration
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon states that environmental degradaion and the impacts of climate change are new and important factors causing refugees, adding to the effects of armed conflict—the traditional cause of displacement.
At the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres stressed that natural disasters and climate change cannot be addressed in isolation from other global trends such as population growth, urbanization, and water, food, and energy insecurity. He urged countries to adopt new measures to cope with climate-induced displacement within and across borders. Guterres suggested the development of a global guiding framework for situations of cross-border displacement resulting from climate change and natural disasters.
Post-Kyoto Negotiations
The UN Climate Change Conference for continuing negotiation for a post-Kyoto treaty took place in Bonn, Germany, June 6‑17, 2011. Critics suggest that the conference did not make enough progress for an ambitious new treaty to be negotiated at the next step, in Durban, South Africa at the end of November.
Sources:
State of the Climate: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate
Worst ever carbon emissions leave climate on the brink http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/29/carbon-emissions-nuclearpower
Earth's CO2 Home Page http://co2now.org/
Climate Change, water and food security http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2096e/i2096e.pdf
Growing a Better Future, Oxfam report http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/papers/growing-better-future.html
Rising food prices increase squeeze on poor – Oxfam http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13597657
UN on Horn of Africa Drought http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/d/17939.html
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020 http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36774715_36775671_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
The G20 Agriculture Ministers meeting http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/english/news/news/ministerial-meeting-agriculture.1344.html
Greenland ice melts most in half-century: US http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jE_Zh3AdpeTWxC1NSCTqvugYKvPg?docId=CNG.901f10405411aeeb8554b48d4d3a7341.531
World Refugee Day: UNHCR report finds 80 per cent of world's refugees in developing countries http://www.unhcr.org/4dfb66ef9.html
"People are Increasingly Fleeing their Homes because of Extreme Poverty, Environmental Degradation, Climate Change" http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2011/unissgsm275.html
UN Climate Change Conference June 2011 http://unfccc.int/meetings/sb34/items/6060.php

New Chemicals Added to the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent
The 5th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure (PIC) for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade was held June 20-24, 2011, in Geneva, Switzerland. The 13 decisions adopted by the COP include adding aldicarb, alachlor, and endosulfan to Annex III of the Convention (chemicals subject to the PIC procedure). The amendments enter into force for all parties on October 24, 2011. No agreement was reached on non-compliance mechanisms and procedures and on the inclusion of chrysotile asbestos in Annex III. The conference also adopted the document on Enhancing Cooperation and Coordination Among The Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions. The document outlines mechanisms for implementing synergies, decisions, and cooperation in areas of common concern, and welcomes the establishment of the Executive Secretary of the three conventions. [Related item: First Simultaneous ExCOPs for Improving MEAs' Synergies and Coordination in October 2009 report.]
Sources:
Fifth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (PIC COP5) http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pic/cop5/

Europe is Negotiating a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests by 2013
Ministers and high-level delegates participating to the Forest Europe Conference held in Oslo, Norway, June 14-16, 2011, adopted a Mandate for Negotiating a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe, as well as a decision outlining goals and targets for European forests to 2020. The negotiations are expected to begin this year and to conclude by mid-2013. [Related item: Sixth UN Forum on Forests Agrees to Multi-Year Work Plan in February 2006]
Sources:
FOREST EUROPE Ministerial Conference, Oslo, Norway June 14-16, 2011 http://www.foresteurope2011.org/
State of Europe's Forests 2011: Status and Trends in SustainableForest Management in Europe http://www.foresteurope.org/?module=Files;action=File.getFile;ID=1613

Australia Likely to Adopt a Carbon Tax Soon
Although Australia’s government hoped to pass a new regulation on carbon tax by the end of June 2011, the debate continues, as the proposal has yet to win the vote of climate skeptics and those who fear potential negative impacts on the job market. Reportedly, the bill will include a guarantee that the carbon tax will transition to an emissions trading scheme in 2015. [Related item: Climate Change Issues May Have Determined Australian Election in November 2007 report.]
Sources:
Australia’s Fractious Climate Debate http://www.theworld.org/2011/06/australia-to-impose-tax-on-greenhouse-pollution/
PM pins hopes on climate tax switch http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/pm-pins-hopes-on-climate-tax-switch-20110629-1gra0.html

Growing Movement of "Biohackers" Increases Concerns over Biosecurity
A small group of founders is months away from opening the 2,000-square-foot BioCurious Community Lab laboratory space in Mountain View, CA. The lab will provide advanced facilities for "biohackers", the parallel in the DNA world to the computer hackers who have created so much useful software. The ability of amateurs (essentially hobbyists) in basement labs to create, buy, manipulate, splice, and otherwise experiment with DNA offers endless possibilities for new scientific advances; but also, unfortunately, provides chances for inadvertent (or even deliberate) and possibly catastrophic mischief. [Related item: Biosafety Regulations Reviewed in Context of Worrying Forecasts in October 2010 report.]
Sources:
DIY 'biopunks' want science in hands of people http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2011-06-01-science-biopunk-hacker_n.htm
BioCurious http://www.meetup.com/biocurious/

Europe’s Sentinel-1 Satellite to Monitor Agriculture and Food Production Security
In a bid to address increasing challenges to food production, The European Space agency is investigating expanding its Sentinel-1 satellite program beyond marine applications to also deliver new methods for monitoring crops. Sentinel-1 is expected to launch in 2013 as part of Europe’s Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Programme (GMES).
Sources:
Sentinel-1 to offer new ways of monitoring crops from space http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/yournews/46108

Increasing International Efforts to Address Space Debris
On June 28, 2011, a piece of debris passed within 335m (1,100ft) of the International Space Station, the closest ever, said NASA. The six-member crew was forced to evacuate into the two Soyuz escape capsules. NASA’s Space Surveillance Network is tracking around 16,000 objects larger than 4 inches (10 centimeters). Space junk danger is increasing. Adequate international regulations and enforcement is lacking. [Related item: Steps for an International Regime for Space Debris and Space Traffic Control System in May 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Space junk narrowly misses station http://www.space-travel.com/reports/Space_junk_narrowly_misses_station_999.html
Scanning the skies for debris hazards http://www.esa.int/esaMI/SSA/SEM61NJ4LOG_0.html
European Endorsement for ESA's Space Hazards Programme http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110617124016.htm

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
White House Issues Principles for Nanotech Application Regulation
The White House Emerging Technologies Interagency Policy Coordination Committee (ETIPC) has developed a set of principles specific to the regulation and oversight of applications of nanotechnology, to guide the development and implementation of policies at the agency level. These principles reinforce an earlier set of overarching principles for the regulation and oversight of emerging technologies and reflect recommendations from a report on nanotechnology by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
Sources:
Responsible realization of nanotechnology's full potential http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21694.php
Principles for Nanotech Application Regulation http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/nanotechnology-regulation-and-oversight-principles.pdf

FDA Publishes Proposed Guidelines on Identifying Nanotech Products
The Food and Drug Administration has published Draft Guidance for Industry, Considering Whether an FDA-Regulated Product Involves the Application of Nanotechnology. The agency is inviting comments, and participation in further development.
Sources:
FDA opens dialogue on nanotechnology regulation http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21755.php
Considering Whether an FDA-Regulated Product Involves the Application of Nanotechnology http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm257698.htm

Study Shows Long Carbon Nanotubes Can Be Disease Hazard
A study done by Prof. Ken Donaldson and colleagues at the Univ. of Edinburgh in a mouse model has shown that longer carbon nanotubes can get stuck in the lung and cause inflammatory processes and ultimately such diseases as mesothelioma. The scientists are now looking at assessing the level of risk involved, for instance, the distribution of nanofiber length in nanotech workplaces.
Sources:
Nanotubes pose health risk, study shows http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-nanotubes-pose-health.html
Length-Dependent Retention of Carbon Nanotubes in the Pleural Space of Mice Initiates Sustained Inflammation and Progressive Fibrosis on the Parietal Pleura http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ajpa/article/S0002-9440%2811%2900274-4/abstract

Study on Nano Textiles and Façades Lists Criteria, Points Up Data Lack
An in-depth study at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology at St. Gallen concentrated on the risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials in textiles and building façade coatings. It has laid out eight criteria that should be useful in systematically analyzing and interpreting the state of the art on the effects of ENM. The authors point out the grievous lack of data in the field, especially in light of the rapid growth of nanotech usage.
Sources:
Towards responsible nanotextiles and coatings: a new risk approach http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21858.php
Environmental and health effects of nanomaterials in nanotextiles and façade coatings http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412011000444 (Abstract; purchase or subscription required for full access)

"Challenges of Regulation and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials" Event
Presentations from the above workshop, held by EC FP7 Project ENPRA (Engineered NanoParticle Risk Assessment), are now online. According to Nanowerk News, "34 experts from 26 different organizations informed the participants on the latest scientific progress in the field of nanoparticles risk assessment produced within national and European projects, and first results of ENPRA … were presented in detail …[as well as] recent developments concerning legislation in the EU and beyond".
Sources:
Presentations now online for "Challenges of Regulation and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials" event http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21704.php
Presentations: http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/events_workshops/joint-jrc-nano-enpra-2011/program/presentations

Conference Planned on European Code of Conduct for Nanotechnologies
The EC FP7 Nanocode Project is planning the Nanocode International Conference, Promoting Responsible Innovation: The Future Of The European Code Of Conduct For Nanotechnologies, September 29th 2011, Hotel Silken Berlaymont, Brussels. According to the announcement, "The Conference will give interested parties a first-hand opportunity to shape the definitive version of the Master Plan and CodeMeter, the tools developed for the further implementation of the Code, and influence the revision of the Code by the European Commission (EC). … It will also provide insight on practices and policies at international level to figure out a global framework for responsible innovation."
Source:
Nanocode International Conference http://www.nanocode.eu/eventsreg/NANOCODE_%20Int_Conf_Flyer_2011_Fin.pdf

Canada Creates Four Security Scenarios - Energy Security and Global Environmental Change Identified as the Most Serious and Unpredictable Factors that Could Affect Security
The Army 2040: A First Look scenarios exercise by the Canadian Department of National Defense found that energy security and global environmental change are the most serious and unpredictable factors that could influence societal change and the Canadian (or any) military. The team identified 12 critical issues that could affect the army over the next 30 years—including demographics, technological advancements, space and cyberspace, availability of resources, and weapons proliferation‑‑which were assessed with respect to uncertainty and potential impact. Four scenarios were built. The dystopic scenario implied unsustainable development with increased global competition for scarce energy resources, including in the Arctic region. The other extreme scenario implies a green development with Canada a world leader in developing alternative energy sources. The global scenario depicts a world with serious environmental problems and high risks of conflicts involving ownership and access to resources—from oil to water, food, and others. The scenarios are now under review and the results will be tested through seminars and war games. The results will be used in designing the new military concept to be delivered around 2015.
Sources:
Alternate futures: Imagining the army of 2040 http://www.vanguardcanada.com/ImaginingTheArmyOf2040DLCD
Exclusive: Oil, water shortages, climate change could provoke wars: Report http://www.canada.com/technology/Exclusive+water+shortages+climate+change+could+provoke+wars+Report/5019945/story.html

InforMEA Webportal a One-Stop Shop for Multilateral Environmental Agreements
The "InforMEA" <http://informea.org> webportal is designed to give access to multilateral environmental agreements from one location. Launched and managed by the UN Environment Programme, it now includes 17 MEAs, providing information on the respective MEAs as well as updates and related relevant information (e.g. latest resolutions and upcoming events), as well as national focal points for MEAs states party.
Sources:
"InforMEA" <http://informea.org>
UN launches new information portal on Multilateral Environmental Agreements http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2645&ArticleID=8781&l=en

EU Member States Cooperate to Monitor Geo-hazards
The 27 EU member states have united under a new project, PANGEO, which will pool European geological data to form a free, online geohazard information portal for public policy makers. The open project will enable access to data on geohazards and their potential socio-economic impacts. The project is funded under the “Space” theme of the Seventh Framework Programme and led by UK mapping specialists Furgo NPA, in support of the European Global Monitoring for Environment & Security (GMES) program. GMES works in partnership with the European Space Agency, European Environment Agency, and Member States.
Sources:
EU Members unite to research the impact of Geohazards http://www.balkans.com/open-news.php?uniquenumber=104458
Furgo NPA, U.K. company, website http://www.fugronpa.com/

UN-Energy Newsletter Launched
The UN-Energy knowledge network has published in June 2011 the first issue of its newsletter. Since UN-Energy Newsletter is the UN mechanism for fostering inter-agency collaboration in the field of energy, the newsletter will feature the latest developments in this sector, with special focus on energy needs and resources, renewable energy, and relevant developments for addressing sustainable energy supply, and alleviation of energy poverty.
Sources:
"InforMEA" <http://informea.org>
UN launches new information portal on Multilateral Environmental Agreements http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2645&ArticleID=8781&l=en

Interactive Service Allows Mapping of Population and Climate Change
Population Action International is offering an interactive service that allows users to generate maps based on data sets such as water supplies, temperature change, agricultural output, reproductive trends, and population increases, and to project how these variables will relate over time. The maps allow for present, short-term (year 2035), and long-term (year 2090) forecasts. They can be regional or global in scope, and are based on UN estimates of population growth.
Sources:
Population Action International Interactive Mapping, website http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Interactive_Databases/climate_map.shtml

Global Reservoir and Dam Database Available
A worldwide team, coordinated by the Global Water System Project has spent five years constructing the Global Reservoir and Dam database (GRanD), a unique, geographically explicit, high-resolution global database of almost 6900 large dams and reservoirs.
Source:
Building a better dam map http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-06-building-a-better-dam-map.html
Global Reservoir and Dam Database 1.1: http://www.gwsp.org/85.html

TERPOL Established Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism Prevention Unit
INTERPOL has established the Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism Prevention Unit to expand beyond its current anti-bioterrorism activities to address chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. The unit will use intelligence analysis based on an integrated cross-sectoral approach and information sharing among the 188 participating nations and collaboration with national and international specialized organizations. It will provide capacity building and training, as well as operational support through deployment of specialized teams. The Project Geiger database developed in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency and other organizations, lists over 2,500 incidents linked to illegal radiological and nuclear trafficking.
Sources:
INTERPOL global summit sets course for collaboration and prevention against radiological and nuclear terrorism http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2011/PR042.asp
Interpol Stands Up Nuclear Counterterrorism Unit http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20110519_4421.php

Global Warming Changes Coastal Borders
A three-day gathering of international lawyers, politicians, and UN officials held at Columbia University assessed existing formal and informal rules that would apply to shifting maritime baselines due to climate change. Such situations range from delimitation of maritime economic exploitation zones to continued existence of some nations as legal and sovereign entities. For example, is a nation entitled to economic exploitation zones even if the entire population was forced to relocate elsewhere? Some potential options are updating UNCLOS with a concept of moving maritime baselines, or making permanent the baselines and boundaries of maritime zones of today. President Jurelang Zedkaia of the Marshall Islands requested the UN Security Council to appoint an expert to assist the Council in examining the current and projected effects on vulnerable islands in preparation for the Security Council’s July session on the security implications of climate change. [Note: such situations include small island states such as Kitribati, Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu in the Pacific, and Maldives and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, as well as the dispute over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea—whether they are islands entitled to an EEZ or just rocks.]
Sources:
Island Nations May Keep Some Sovereignty if Rising Seas Make Them Uninhabitable http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/05/25/25climatewire-island-nations-may-keep-some-sovereignty-if-63590.html
I am a rock, I am an island. How submerged islands could keep their statehood http://www.economist.com/node/18744261?story_id=18744261
Falling Behind in Ocean Law Development. The Ocean Law Daily, May 26, 2011 (LOSList@oceanlaw.org)
Rising seas threaten Marshall Islands http://www.philly.com/philly/insights/in_the_know/122814188.html

Russia to Establish “Environmental Barriers” on its Borders
Russia is building “ecological barriers” on its borders to reduce impacts of future international disasters such as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and the Fukushima nuclear disaster. A special network of facilities will reportedly monitor air and water pollution at the border regions, thus allowing timely alerts helping to protect the population when necessary. Although there are no details at this point regarding the types of monitoring instruments, many issues concerning the creation of the ecological shield are reported to have already been agreed to by the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, the Natural Resources Ministry, and the state nuclear agency.
Sources:
Protecting ecological borders of Russia http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/05/26/50871096.html
Russia needs ecological barrier on borders - emergencies minister http://en.rian.ru/Environment/20110526/164247550.html

China, Japan, and South Korea Foster Cooperation on Environmental Security
The leaders of China, Japan, and South Korea met in Tokyo on May 21-22 for their fourth trilateral summit to strengthen regional security. Cooperation on non-traditional threats such as nuclear safety, disaster prevention, and food, energy and environmental security topped the agenda. There was consensus that East Asia needs a common disaster prevention and relief system to cope with the increased number, intensity, and consequences of natural disasters affecting the region. Such unconventional security issues, which do not involve ideological differences but constitute serious threats to regional peace and prosperity, call for unconventional security cooperation models. South Korea will host a related meeting to explore a free trade agreement among the three countries in the first week of June.
Sources:
Eyes on East Asian Future http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=241427
South Korea to Host Forum on FTA with China, Japan http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.php?id=589172
Asia's Threesome Turns Four http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/yoon6/English

The World Meteorological Organization to Expand Scope of Work
The World Meteorological Congress meets every four years to set the agenda for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The focus of the 16th World Meteorological Congress, held in Geneva, May16-June 3, 2011 is strengthening the WMO’s program in the context of increased likelihood and impact of extreme weather and climate-related hazards. Future priorities include: continuous science and technology development and implementation; further development of the concept of hydrometeorological security; global framework improvement for climate services and better integration of global observing and information systems; disaster risk reduction; aeronautical meteorology program improvement for assisting air traffic management; and capacity building (mostly in developing countries) for spreading the benefits of WMO’s activities. The outcomes of the Congress were not yet available at the time of this writing.
Source:
Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/lsp/congress/index_en.php

ISO 50001 Standard on Energy Management Systems
The International Organization for Standardization is in the process of releasing ISO 50001 Energy management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use. While ISO 50001:2011 applies to all energy performance variables that can be monitored and managed, it “does not prescribe specific performance criteria with respect to energy.”
Sources:
Understanding ISO 50001 Energy Management System Standard and its Integration with an EMS http://e2s2.ndia.org/schedule/Documents/Abstracts/12196.pdf
ISO/FDIS 50001 Energy management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51297

New Algorithm Yields More Efficient Environmental Search Patterns
According to a news release, Prof. Daniela Rus, of the University of Waterloo, Ontario, and colleagues planned to present a paper to the May 2011 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Conference that describes "a new algorithm enabling sensor-laden robots to focus on the parts of their environments that change most frequently, without losing track of the regions that change more slowly". The new technique should increase efficiencies of collecting data on large expanses of land and sea environments.
Source:
Speeding swarms of sensor robots http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/robot-algorithm-0503.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Chirped THz Radiation Provides Fast, Sensitive Trace Gas Detection
Chemists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have found a way of sweeping a THz radiator from 550 to 561 GHz in 100 nanoseconds, to simultaneously detect many different trace gases at very fast rates and sensitivity in the low parts per billion (ppb) range. This technique replaces the "one frequency at a time" approach previously required.
Sources:
Secret behind NIST's new gas detector? Chirp before sniffing http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-05-secret-nist-gas-detector-chirp.html
Chirped-pulse terahertz spectroscopy for broadband trace gas sensing http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-9-8973

Grating-Coupled Porous Silicon Waveguide Provides Sensitive New Sensor
Xing Wei and Prof. Sharon M. Weiss, of Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, have developed a new molecular matching platform for such applications as DNA sequence or environmental toxin detection. The key to the new approach is the use of a porous silicon substrate to hold the molecules to be matched. With a 3 cm cube, the pores provide a 10,000 times increase in the surface area available for molecule attachment. A grating structure of the sensor allows photometric measurement of the quantity sensed, as well as its identity.
Sources:
Improving DNA sequencing: Sponge-like biosensor crams enormous power into tiny space http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21511.php
Guided mode biosensor based on grating coupled porous silicon waveguide http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-12-11330

Water Testing and Cleaning Techniques
New Alloy Generates Pure Water and Hydrogen
A news release describes a new alloy of aluminum, gallium, indium, and tin, developed by Prof. Jerry Woodall and Go Choi of Purdue University, that, when dropped into water, "causes a spontaneous reaction, turning the water into steam and generating hydrogen and aluminum tri-hydroxide until the aluminum is used up". The steam can be condensed into potable water, and the hydrogen can be used to power a fuel cell to generate electricity, thus providing two elements useful for survival in an undeveloped environment. The inventors estimate costs of about $1/gal and $0.35/kwh.
Source:
Portable tech might provide drinking water, power to villages http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2011/110503WoodallWater.html

New Detection Systems for Contaminated Water
The EC FP6 project, DINAMICS (DIagnostic NAnotech and MICrotech Sensors), has developed a lab-on-a-chip device that can monitor water and detect different pathogens even at very low concentrations. According to Nanowerk News, "the device uses sensors with very small strands of different pathogenic DNA integrated onto their surfaces to quickly recognize pathogenic DNA from water samples. The DNA in the sensors will only bind to the water samples' corresponding DNA". The reaction is detected electronically or by UV light absorption. The Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has developed a different contamination detection system, based on releasing microorganisms into the sample and then analyzing, by computer, live microimages of their condition and behavior.
Sources:
Diagnostic Nanotech and Microtech Sensors http://www.dinamics-project.eu/
AquaBioTox sensor concept http://www.iosb.fraunhofer.de/servlet/is/25278/
A new detection system can reveal bioterrorist attacks on our water supply network http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21253.php

Antibodies-based Sensor Offers Fast Detection of Petroleum Chemicals in Water
Prof. Michael Unger of the College of William and Mary's Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point VA, working with Sapidyne Instruments, Boise ID, has announced the development of a sensor which uses antibodies to detect and measure contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in water. The antibodies, which carry fluorescent tags, are produced from mouse cells that have been sensitized to a protein to which has been attached an analog of the contaminant of interest. Results down to the ppb level can be produced in a matter of minutes.
Source:
Detecting marine pollutants with an antibody-based sensor http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/pure-genius/detecting-marine-pollutants-with-an-antibody-based-sensor/6241?tag=nl.e660

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
New Nanocone Structure Increases Solar Cell Efficiency
A team led by Jun Xu, of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Chemical Sciences Div., has developed a new 3D structure for solar cells that increases the light-to-power conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic device by nearly 80%. The new element consists of zinc oxide n-type nanocones surrounded by a p-type polycrystalline cadmium telluride semiconductor matrix.
Source:
3-D nanocone solar cell technology cranks up efficiency http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21188.php

A High-Performance Solar-Thermoelectric Generating Device
According to an article in kurzweilai.net, Zhifeng Ren and Gang Chen, of MIT, and their collaborators have produced a solar-thermoelectric generating device with roughly eight times the efficiency of previous designs. It consists of a thermoelectric generator, placed inside a glass vacuum chamber and covered with a black copper plate that absorbs sunlight but does not reradiate it as heat. It requires much less material than conventional photovoltaic panels; therefore, it is cheaper. It can also be integrated into solar hot-water systems.
Sources:
A high-performance solar-thermoelectric generating device http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-high-performance-solar-thermoelectric-generating-device
High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat3013.html

High-Efficiency Thermal Waste Heat Energy Converter
Scott Hunter, of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and his team have developed a high-efficiency thermal waste heat energy converter that actively cools electronic devices and other waste heat-producing systems while generating electricity. The technology uses cantilever pyroelectric capacitor structures about 1 mm square in size, thousands of which can be attached to a 1-inch square surface on the subject element. These structures bend back and forth between hot and cold regions, generating electricity in the process. The team expects to achieve efficiencies of 10 to 30 percent in temperature gradients of a few degrees up to several hundred degrees.
Sources:
Energy harvesters transform waste into electricity http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-05-energy-harvesters-electricity.html

International Nuclear Safety Regulations to be Strengthened and Enforced
As a result of the Japanese nuclear disaster, many nations are changing their nuclear policies (EU Commission President and leaders of the G-8 are calling for a review of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s nuclear safety convention). Russia proposed making the IAEA’s safety standards mandatory and enforceable and restricting reactors’ construction in earthquake-prone areas. A UN summit on nuclear safety will be held on September 22 in New York. Japan and the IAEA will host an international conference on nuclear safety in 2012. Germany and Switzerland plan to phase out nuclear power. Tokyo Electric Power Co. admitted that about 57 metric tons of radiation-tainted water leaked. Several impact studies are underway. [Related item: Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Nuclear Disasters in Japan in March 2011 report.]
Sources:
Fukushima: How Many Chernobyls Is It? http://www.veteranstoday.com/2011/05/28/fukushima-how-many-chernobyls-is-it/
'End the Epoch of Atomic Madness' in the EU http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,765066,00.html
Japan sets up independent panel probing Fukushima crisis http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110524p2g00m0dm070000c.html
U.N. body to probe Fukushima radiation impact http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-japan-fukushima-un-idUSTRE74M3VT20110523

Discharge Requirements for the Wider Caribbean Region Special Area under MARPOL Annex V Regulations Came into Effect on May 1, 2011
Discharge requirements for the Wider Caribbean Region Special Area under MARPOL Annex V Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships came into effect on May 1, 2011. No garbage, except food wastes under certain conditions, may be discharged into the sea from vessels operating in the Wider Caribbean Region. [Related item: New Measure to Enforce Maritime Environmental Protection in March 2010 report.]
Sources:
MARPOL’s “special area” garbage discharge restrictions extended to the Wider Caribbean Region http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3083d821-22a2-48a1-92f2-04ca2f0aaeb4
Notice of Entry Into Effect of MARPOL Annex V Wider Caribbean Region Special Area http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-04-07/pdf/2011-8244.pdf

IMO Guidelines on the Use of Private Armed Guards to Protect Ships from Piracy
The International Maritime Organization is issuing “interim recommendations” on the use of private armed guards to protect ships from piracy. The recommendations, acting as guidelines, are to be reviewed in September. Observers say that the ratio of one in ten ships off the Somali coast already carrying armed guards is now likely to rise. Four hundred eighty-nine acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships were reported to IMO in 2010, up from 406 in 2009. [Related item: Somali Piracy is also an Eco-terrorism Threat in December 2008 report.]
Source:
Interim guidance on use of privately contracted armed security personnel on board ships agreed by IMO Maritime Safety meeting http://www.imo.org/mediacentre/pressbriefings/pages/27-msc-89-piracy.aspx
Piracy: IMO guidelines on armed guards on ships http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13486015

New Developments for Strengthening Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity was a key issue on the agenda of the G-8 Summit in Deauville, France. The EU will create a new cyber-defense unit that will pull together IT departments from the European Commission, Parliament, and Council to share intelligence and address attacks on all EU bodies, while Estonian Defense Minister Mart Laar has proposed the formation of a joint cyber security unit between the Baltic and Nordic nations. The U.S. has released its plan to protect the nation’s cyber infrastructure. Among other directives, the plan includes providing immunity to private organizations that make user data available to investigators of cybercrimes and leaves on the table the option of a military response to cyber attacks. The U.S. also announced cooperation on cybersecurity with the UK and India. Meanwhile, Iranian Intelligence Minister Heidar Moslehi urged stronger domestic cybersecurity measures following rumors of another Stuxnet-type virus, named “Stars”. [Related item: NATO Continues to Develop Cyber Defense Policies in January 2011, The EU Strengthens Legislation to Counter Cybercrime in December 2010, International Legal Frameworks Needed for Cybersecurity in April 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EU Institutions to Create New Cyber Defense Unit http://euobserver.com/18/32368
Sarkozy prioritises internet regulation at G8 summit – Telegraph http://www.cyber-defense.net/news/sarkozy-prioritises-internet-regulation-at-g8-summit-telegraph/
Minister Urges Stronger Cyber Security Measures in Iranian Organizations http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9003071319

Chemical Weapons Disposal Deadlines Will Not Be Met
The war in Libya makes it impossible for that country to meet the deadlines of May 15 to destroy its cache of mustard gas and December 31 to eliminate its precursor agents, as requested by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Japan’s nuclear and environmental disasters might further delay efforts to complete its obligations to dispose of the chemical munitions in China. The U.S. and Russia are also unlikely to meet the 2012 deadline for eliminating their respective stockpiles of chemical warfare materials. As of end of April 2011, the U.S. has destroyed about 86% of the warfare agents it held when the treaty entered into force in 1997, while Russia had destroyed about 49% of its stockpile as of February 2011, according to authoritative sources. Meanwhile, potential old chemical weapons stockpiles left at former U.S. bases in South Korea were revealed. [Related item: Chemical Weapons Convention Gets New Boost in April 2008 report.]
Sources:
Libya Fails to Destroy Mustard Agent by Treaty Deadline http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20110518_7424.php
One Year to U.S, Russian Chemical Weapons Disposal Deadline http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20110429_2863.php
South Korea probes second report of US army chemical dumping http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/25/us-korea-usa-idUSTRE74O3U420110525

Large Scale Cadmium Ban under EU REACH from December 2011
The European Commission has banned cadmium use in all jewelry products, plastics, and brazing sticks from December 2011. The new legislation also promotes the recovery of PVC waste and reuse of recovered PVC containing low levels of cadmium in a limited number of construction products, which should be specifically labeled. [Related items: The Protocol on Heavy Metals entered into force on 29 December 2003 in October 2003 and EU to Ban the use of Cadmium in Batteries in December 2004 reports.]
Source:
Chemicals/REACH: EU to ban cadmium in jewellery, brazing sticks and all plastics http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/620&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

Arctic Governance Mechanisms Continue to Grow
The Seventh Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council was held on 12 May 2011, in Nuuk, Greenland, and concluded with the adoption of the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic. This is the first legally binding agreement negotiated by the Council. The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme released the report Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic, during the meeting. It summarizes the results of a multi-year study contributed to by experts of all eight Arctic states. It notes that the period 2005-2010 has been the warmest ever recorded in the region. Permafrost temperatures have risen by up to 2ºC (3.6ºF) over the last few decades, and the largest bodies of multi-year ice have all been declining faster since 2000 compared to the previous decade. [Related items: Arctic Dialogue in September 2010 and other previous reports.]
Sources:
Arctic Council Ministers Sign Agreement in Nuuk http://arctic-council.org/article/2011/5/arctic_council_ministers_sign_agreement
Warming Arctic Nations Agree on Search and Rescue, Oil Spill Task Force http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2011/2011-05-12-03.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
The Center for Research for Epidemiology of Disasters notes that disasters have already caused more than $300 billion in losses so far this year, almost the same as in all of 2010.
NOAA predicts with a 70% probability an above-normal hurricane season this year for the Atlantic basin, with 3‑6 major hurricanes of Category 3, 4 or 5 with winds of 111 miles per hour or higher.
Food and Water Security
One-third of the food produced for human consumption in the world each year is lost or wasted, with consumers in rich countries wasting about 222 million metric tons of food—about the same as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan
Africa, notes the study Global Food Losses and Food Waste, done at FAO’s request. While in industrialized countries over 40% of losses occur at retail and consumer levels, in developing countries 40% of losses occur at post-harvest and processing levels.
The UNDP Regional Director for Asia and Pacific noted that the recent food price increase could push 64 million people into extreme poverty and the challenge could be further compounded by climate change and other natural disasters.
The Samsung Economic Research Institute report New Food Security Strategies in the Age of Global Food Crises calls for the South Korean government to secure foreign bases for food production through overseas agricultural development. Today, some 60 South Korean companies are involved in farming in 16 countries. Simultaneously, the China Investment Corporation, China’s sovereign wealth fund, reportedly set aside about $6 billion to invest in New Zealand assets, including dairy farms.
India, home of about 25% of the world’s undernourished, proposes a draft National Food Security Bill which guarantees 7 kg of food grain to every person in the 'priority' households (to be selected from the poorest 46% in rural areas and 26% in urban areas) and 3 kg to individuals from 'general' households every month at subsidized prices. The bill is also unique in giving adult women heads of household access to rice, wheat and cereals with ration cards.
British risk analysis firm Maplecroft has recently released their 2011 Water Stress Index, which calculates the ratio of domestic, industrial and agricultural water consumption against renewable supplies of water from precipitation, rivers, and groundwater. The results reinforce that Africa and the Middle East, especially those countries on the Persian-Arabian Gulf, are most vulnerable to serious water shortages, increasing the likelihood of resource-based conflicts in these areas.
Rising Sea Levels
A new report by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme predicts that by 2100, sea level could rise 0.9‑1.6 meters, much depending on the rate of melting of the Arctic and Greenland’s ice sheets.
Adaptation
Over 2,600 delegates attended the Third Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) held May 9-13, 2011, in Geneva, Switzerland, under the theme “Invest Today for a Safer Tomorrow.” The UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2011, launched during the session, notes that the amount of global wealth exposed to natural disasters risk had nearly tripled from $525.7 billion 40 years ago to $1.58 trillion today. The risk of economic losses in OECD countries due to floods has increased by 160% and for tropical cyclones by 262% over the past 30 years. During the session, the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs noted that for every $1 invested in resilience and prevention, $4-$7 are saved in response.
Computer Modeling and Projections
Population Action International launched an interactive website, ”Mapping Population and Climate Change,” which allows users to generate maps using a variety of variables to see how global challenges such as climate change, population growth, water scarcity, and changes in agricultural production might relate over time.
Sources:
Economic losses from disasters on rise, U.N. warns http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/10/disasters-un-idUSLDE7481R520110510
NOAA: Prepare Now for an 'Above-Normal' Atlantic Hurricane Season http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2011/2011-05-25-093.html
Cutting food waste to feed the world. Over a billion tonnes squandered each year http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/74192/icode/
South Korea's food security alarm http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/18525
China's sovereign wealth fund ready to spend $6b in NZ http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/18675
Food security related statistics for India http://palakmathur.wordpress.com/2011/04/26/food-security-related-statistics-for-india/
Maplecroft index identifies Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as world’s most water stressed countries http://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/water_stress_index.html
Report sees sharper sea rise from Arctic melt http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110503/ap_on_sc/eu_arctic_climate_change
Global Platform Website http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2011/
Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2011 http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/home/index.html
Mapping Population and Climate Change http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Interactive_Databases/climate_map.shtml

EPA Issues Significant New Use Rule for Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
EPA is issuing a significant new use rule (SNUR), under the Toxic Substances Control Act, for multi-walled carbon nanotubes, the subject of a premanufacture notice (PMN) P-08-199. It requires their manufacture, import, or processing to be notified to the Agency in advance.
Sources:
SNUR under the Toxic Substances Control Act http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-05-06/pdf/2011-11127.pdf
EPA issues a significant new use rule for multi-walled carbon nanotubes http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21263.php

UCSF Publishes Recommendations for Addressing Nanomaterial Health Risk
The University of California, San Francisco’s (UCSF) Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment has announced the publication of its Recommendations for Addressing Potential Health Risks from Nanomaterials in California. It provides recommendations to the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and to the state of California for addressing potential health risks from nanomaterials. Recommendations are included that are both inside and outside the scope of OEHHA
Sources:
Summary of Policy Recommendations for Addressing Potential Health Risks from Nanomaterials in California http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/nanodocument.html
UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment Publishes Recommendations for Addressing Health Risks from Nanomaterials in California http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/05/articles/united-states/state/ucsfs-program-on-reproductive-health-and-the-environment-publishes-recommendations-for-addressing-health-risks-from-nanomaterials-in-california/

EU Food Safety Authority Publishes Guidance for Risk Assessment of Nanofood
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published a guidance document for the risk assessment of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) applications in food and feed. According to Nanowerk News, it specifies the considerations for risk assessment of ENM, defines the additional data needed for its physical and chemical characterization, and outlines various toxicity testing approaches to be followed by applicants.
Sources:
Guidance on the risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2140.pdf
European Food Safety Authority publishes nanotechnology guidance for food and feed assessment http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21308.php

New Dutch Safety Guidance Document for Nanomaterials Workers
The Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment has released a new document (17 pp.), Guidance on Working Safely with Nanomaterials and Nanoproducts, the Guide for Employers and Employees. It attempts to support workers "in their design of suitable control measures to organize a safe workplace according to the current state of knowledge on health and safety issues of nanomaterials" and aims for "more general awareness raising on nano-risks".
Sources:
Guidance Working Safely With Nanomaterials and Nanoproducts. The Guide for Employers and Employees http://www.industox.nl/Guidance%20on%20safe%20handling%20nanomats&products.pdf
New safety guidance document for employers and employees working with nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21454.php

OECD Review of the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials
According to Nanowerk News, the OECD’s new Current Developments/Activities on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials provides a summary of information on current and planned activities related to the safety of manufactured nanomaterials in OECD member countries as well as other states. There are also reports on current activities from other international organizations such as ISO, FAO and WHO.
Sources:
OECD review: Current developments/activities on the safety of manufactured nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=21512.php
Environment Directorate Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono%282011%2912&doclanguage=en

Some Confirmation of Deleterious Effects of Soil Nanoparticles
A field study by scientists of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has confirmed the predicted harmful effects on plants of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in the soil. The biomass of wheat was reduced 7-13%, and the particles appeared in the plant growth. No final conclusions can be drawn from the study, however, since the concentrations of the particles in the soil were higher than would be encountered in real nanomaterial usage, aside from an environmental spill. [Related item: Silver Nanoparticles Found Very Toxic to Arctic Soils in the April 2011 report.]
Sources:
TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles negatively affect wheat growth and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/em/c0em00611d
Escaped nanoparticles hazardous to crops, says study http://www.scidev.net/en/news/escaped-nanoparticles-hazardous-to-crops-says-study.html

Studies Raise Questions on Nanomaterial Manufacturing Reliability
A brief article summarizes various studies that are raising questions about the ability of current nanomaterial manufacturing processes to reliably produce materials with specified physical and chemical characteristics; i.e., those needed for environmental safety. The problem arises because of the use of "macro-sized" methods to produce “nano-sized” components.
Sources:
Nanotech industry comes under fire http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/45929
Intrinsic top-down unmanufacturability http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/22/24/245303/

Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health
Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health to be published by ResearchandMarkets provides a systematic look at nanoparticle risks within the paradigm of risk assessment, considers the limitations of this paradigm in dealing with the extreme uncertainties regarding many aspects of nanoparticle exposure and toxicity, and suggests new methods for assessing and managing risks in this context. The book is available at an introductory reduced price before its planned release in September.
Source:
Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health http://www.researchandmarkets.com/product/5b558f79/assessing_nanoparticle_risks_to_human_health

5th International Nano Authorities Dialogue Held in Berlin
This meeting among representatives of German-speaking countries was held to discuss the results of NanoKommission Germany 2009-2011 as well as ongoing national and international developments in regulation, registration, and information transfer regarding nanomaterials. Topics mentioned in the brief released account of the meeting included regulatory tools, stakeholder dialogue, and product registers.
Source:
Information Transfer, Traceability and Product Registers for Nanoproducts – 5th Int. Nano Authorities Dialogue in Berlin http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/index.php?section=news&cmd=details&newsid=469&teaserId=7&setLang=2

2011 Global Peace Index
The Global Peace Index uses 23 indicators to measure domestic and international conflict, safety and security in society, and militarization in 153 countries. The 2011 GPI shows the world’s peacefulness decreased for the third year in a row, mostly due to internal unrests rather than warfare between countries; the increase of likelihood of terrorist attacks increased in 29 of the 153 countries; and violent demonstrations increased in 33 countries. The cost of violence to the global economy is estimated to over $8.12 trillion in 2010.
Sources:
2011 Global Peace Index http://www.visionofhumanity.org/info-center/global-peace-index-2011/
2011 Global Peace Index Launch http://www.economicsandpeace.org/page.aspx?docid=5

Transnational Environmental Law (TEL)
The Transnational Environmental Law (TEL) journal published by Cambridge University Press is being launched with the online version of the first issue expected at the end of 2011, to be followed by its print publication in Spring 2012. TEL, “is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the study of environmental law and governance beyond the state.”
Source:
Transnational Environmental Law (TEL) http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=TEL

Gordon Brown Calls for Reform of Global Bodies to Address 21st Century Challenges, including Climate Change
UK former prime minister (and allegedly aspiring IMF Director) Gordon Brown said that global bodies, including the UN and the World Bank, should be reformed and adapted to the challenges of the 21st century, including those induced by climate change. He is calling for a new “global ethic” and international institutions with a greater democratic mandate, able to address environmental problems and economic and political structures that threaten to lead to mass migration, conflict, and terrorism. [Related item: UK Initiates UN Security Council Debate on Climate Change and Security in the April 2007 report.]
Source:
Gordon Brown calls for reform of global bodies including IMF and UN http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/apr/19/gordon-brown-reform-imf-un

Draft UN Treaty for “Rights of Mother Earth”
Bolivia is preparing a draft UN treaty on the Rights of Mother Earth, similar to that on human rights. The treaty aims to institute 11 rights protecting nature from human intervention, ranging from the right to clean water and air, to unaltered vital cycles and equilibrium, and the right of not being genetically modified. It builds upon President Morales’s proposal in January 2010 for an international court for environmental crimes and the “Rights of Mother Earth”, as well as a Bolivia-led UN resolution in 2009 that proclaimed April 22nd International Mother Earth Day
Sources:
Bolivia enshrines natural world’s rights with equal status for Mother Earth http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/apr/10/bolivia-enshrines-natural-worlds-rights
UN resolution looks to give “Mother Earth” same rights as humans http://www.nationalpost.com/m/story.html?id=4597992
UN Press Release (International Mother Earth Day 2011) http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38157&Cr=sustainable+development&Cr1

International Database to Help Protect the Public and Environment in Conflicts
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has begun updating an online database of national practices related to customary international humanitarian law (unwritten rules derived from a general or common State practice generating a custom, which is regarded as legally binding). The database is being built by identifying national practices in military manuals, national legislation, case law, and official statements and reports. The first selection of 30 countries has been updated. Another 100 countries are expected to be available by mid-2012. The updates cover state rules relevant to a range of issues from the use of weapons to use of the environment in military operations. Since conflicts are increasingly more likely to be internal then transborder, customary law (rather than international treaties) becomes increasingly important for improving protection of the public and the environment in military operations. [Related item: International Guidance on the Treatment of Individuals in War May Eventually Guide International Standards on the Treatment of the Environment in War in June 2009 report.]
Sources:
Improving people's protection in war http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2011/customary-law-news-2011-03-28.htm
Practice by country http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou

Earthquake Monitoring and Models to aid Developing Country Policy
Several initiatives to improve environmental security in developing countries were presented during the annual meeting of the Seismological Society of America in Memphis, April 13–15. One was a draft guide for networks of seismological monitoring centers in developing countries to help reduce risks to humans and environment. The AfricaArray has 40 stations in 15 countries collecting seismic data. It is expected to expand its recording to weather and GPS data, which would help monitor groundwater levels and collect atmospheric data for improving climate modeling. The Earthquake Model of the Middle East Region (EMME) is expected to be finished by early 2013. It will offer an assessment of potential earthquake risks and damages.
Sources:
'How-to' guide will boost seismic networks in Africa http://www.scidev.net/en/news/-how-to-guide-will-boost-seismic-networks-in-africa.html
Earthquake model could help reduce risks in Middle East http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/earth-science/news/earthquake-model-could-help-reduce-risks-in-middle-east-1.html
Chinese satellite seeks to predict earthquakes http://www.scidev.net/en/news/chinese-satellite-seeks-to-predict-earthquakes.html

Improving S&T Collaboration in Latin America and the Caribbean
The second high-level meeting on Science and Technology in Latin America was held in Guanajuato, Mexico, March 24‑25, 2011. Science ministers and representatives of 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries adopted a plan for pilot programs on climate change, energy and food security, and biodiversity issues. Other objectives are expected to be discussed at the third meeting, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in March 2012. In the meantime, the European Union–Latin America and Caribbean Joint Initiative for Research and Innovation held its first meeting of senior officials from 20 Latin American and Caribbean countries and 12 European countries as well as of the European Commission and the European External Action Service in Brussels, March 28-29. In the framework of developing the EU-LAC Knowledge Area, participants agreed on three thematic working groups: bioeconomy including food security, biodiversity and climate change, and ICTs, and are exploring a possible fourth group on energy.
Sources:
Latin American countries join forces on innovation http://www.scidev.net/en/news/latin-american-countries-join-forces-on-innovation.html
Policy framework. Latin America, the Caribbean, the European Union’s Member States and the European Commission (EU-LAC/ALCUE) http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/index.cfm?lg=en&pg=latin-americ-carib-2

Potential Nightmare in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in New Delhi Water Supply
A team of researchers from Cardiff University has discovered New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1)-producing bacteria in New Delhi’s water supply; reportedly, the first time found outside a hospital. NDM-1 is a gene enabling some types of bacteria to be resistant to a large variety of antibiotics, and has the ability to jump from one bacterium to another. Its transmission is dramatically increased in public water supply and open sewers. The NDM-1 gene was also found in Puna, India. The World Health Organization has described the spread of such ‘superbugs’ as a “nightmare scenario” and that it might return the world to the pre-penicillin era. However, PolyMedix, Inc. claims its drug, PMX-30063, “has shown activity in an in vitro laboratory test against the NDM-1 drug resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumonia.”
Sources:
Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70059-7/abstract
UK could face a 'nightmare scenario' due to rise of superbugs http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23939284-uk-could-face-a-nightmare-scenario-due-to-rise-of-superbugs.do
PolyMedix Defensin-Mimetic Antibiotic PMX-30063 Active Against NDM-1 Drug-Resistant Bacteria http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110428005220/en/PolyMedix-Defensin-Mimetic-Antibiotic-PMX-30063-Active-NDM-1-Drug-Resistant

Conferences Reflect Increasing International Efforts to Prevent the Militarization of Space
As the world marked the 50th anniversary of Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin’s first manned flight into outer space, and the retiring of the U.S. space shuttle program, dual conferences hosted at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research focused on space-security. Both were largely dedicated to debating the need for international instruments to prevent the weaponization of space. While the Russian Duma released a statement warning against the use of space-based WMDs, some conference attendees went further, calling for the existing definition of ‘space weapons’ to be broadened from strictly WMDs, to include conventional armaments and acts that interfere with other space objects. International consensus is converging around a Russian-led initiative to elicit concrete proposals for Transparency and Confidence Building Measures (TCBMs), which some consider an intermediary step toward a more comprehensive and verifiable international treaty. Moscow has called upon the UN Secretary-General to establish an international consortium of governmental experts to study the issue commencing in 2012. China, by contrast, issued a white paper on March 31, 2011, “China’s National Defense in 2010,” as a comprehensive public statement of its defense posture. In it, Beijing asserts that TCMBs do not substitute for a non-weaponization treaty and called for a more stringent and enforceable international regime. In the meantime, the People’s Republic unveiled plans to build a 60-ton space station to be completed in 2020 and to develop a cargo spaceship to transport supplies. Pakistan also declared space security an “imperative” saying the militarization of space must be prevented. Additionally, civil society activists, NGOs, and other advocacy groups have begun to take up the cause of space security and are attempting to reframe the debate away from traditional military aspects and focus, instead, on implications for human security and development.
Sources:
UNIDIR seminar on The Conference on Disarmament and the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space http://www.unidir.ch/bdd/fiche-activite.php?ref_activite=59
UNIDIR annual conference on space security http://www.unidir.ch/bdd/fiche-activite.php?ref_activite=599
Countdown begins for space station program http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-04/26/content_12393158.htm
Russian Lawmakers to Warn Against Space-Based WMD http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20110411_2563.php

New Coating Detects and Deactivates Peroxide-based Explosives

A team led by Prof. Allen Apblett of the Dept. of Chemistry, Oklahoma State Univ., has reported on the development of a spray-on coating that changes color and conductivity in the presence of vapors (as low as 50 ppm) from peroxide-based explosives, such as the triacetone triperoxide (TATP) liquids favored by terrorists posing as aircraft passengers. The material, which contains molybdenum oxide nanoparticles, also neutralizes the explosive.
Source:
New nanomaterial can detect and neutralize explosives http://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/pressroom/newsreleases/CNBP_026970

Battery-less Chemical Detector
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory researcher Yinmin “Morris” Wang and colleagues and collaborators have developed a chemical sensor technology in which semiconductor nanowire structures develop characteristic output voltages when exposed to organic chemical reagents, thereby eliminating the need for batteries in a sensing device. Testing has been done with 15 different types of solvents.
Source:
Livermore researchers develop battery-less chemical detector https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Apr/NR-11-04-02.html

Potable Water Purification Techniques
Jonathan Liow, now a Product Designer at Kincrome Australia Pty Ltd, Victoria, Australia, has developed an ingenious plastic device, which uses sunlight to evaporate water from any source. He then collects the condensed contaminant-free vapor in a container, for drinking or other use. The unit is reportedly capable of producing 3 liters of potable water per day.
Prof. Joel Pawlak, of the Dept. of Forest Biomaterials at NC State Univ., and colleagues have reported on the development of a foam product that removes contaminants such as heavy metals or salt from water. According to an announcement, the material is, “…a combination of hemicellulose, a byproduct of forest materials, and chitosan, crustacean shells that have been crushed into a powder”.
Sources:
Student-designed Solarball creates drinkable water http://www.gizmag.com/solarball-creates-drinkable-water/18270/
NC State Develops Material To Remove Radioactive Contaminants From Drinking Water http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/cbpawlakwater/

New Battery Runs on Saline and Fresh Waters
Researchers, led by Dr. Yi Cui of Stanford Univ., have announced the development of a battery that generates electricity from the imbalance of salinity in fresh water and seawater, such as can be found at river mouths. The unit is based on nanorod electrodes, one silver, containing Cl-1 ions, and one of manganese dioxide, containing Na+1 ions. Their design, by eliminating membranes, improves costs compared to previous devices.
Sources:
New entropy battery pulls energy from difference in salinity between fresh water and seawater http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-entropy-battery-energy-difference-salinity.html
Batteries for Efficient Energy Extraction from a Water Salinity Difference http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl200500s

New Modeling Tool Provides Urban Air Quality Prediction
A recent paper reports on a new technique for comparing and predicting air quality in cities (Helsinki and Thessaloniki were studied). The study combines principal component analysis and artificial neural networks to analyze atmospheric data (e.g., particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and ozone) and to make air quality predictions. The study is funded by the European Seventh Framework Programme (EU FP7) under the COST ES0602 and TRANSPHORM projects, while the modeling tool should support enforcing the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) initiative and directive.
Source:
Improved prediction of urban air quality through ‘neural’ networks http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/236na5.pdf

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
The oceans capture around 30% of CO2 emissions, therefore apparently slowing global warming caused by GHGs. However, as temperatures rise and the world’s oceans warm, CO2 might bubble back into the atmosphere, amplifying the greenhouse effect. A new study based on climate records from the end of the last ice age found that this phenomenon is likely to begin in 200 years or even less, compared to 400‑1300 years as previously thought, says Tas van Ommen from the Australian Antarctic Division, in Hobart, who led the study. Food and Water Security
“Food security is becoming more and more also an issue of national security," says Franz Fischler, former EU agriculture commissioner and candidate to head FAO.
The FAO calls for food security to be included as an indicator of vulnerability to climate change and for the global adaptation architecture to have a greater emphasis on slow-onset impacts of climate change. The submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat highlights the impacts of slow-onset climate change on food production. It also highlights the need for climate-resilient staple food varieties to be developed and for the collection and sharing of plant genetic materials, while at the same time respecting breeders' and farmers' rights. The submission will be considered by the 14th session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA 14).
Food prices in Asia have increased an average of about 10% already in this calendar year. If prices remain at current levels, an additional 64 million people could be pushed below the poverty income threshold of $1.25 per person a day, warns the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB also notes that economic growth in the region could be reduced by up to 1.5% should the global food and oil price hikes seen in early 2011 persist for the remainder of the year.
The availability of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers needed for sustained commercial agriculture is threatened by steadily diminishing resources of natural gas and phosphate rock. A recent study suggests that to secure a long-term affordable food supply, policy intervention is needed to conserve these essential resources. Experts warn that access problems or shortages of these resources may lead to future conflicts. Although reserves of phosphate rock are thought to be available for another 300‑400 years, alternatives and regulations concerning their ownership and use should be considered, suggests a study on fertilizers’ availability.
Migration
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that the total number of refugees worldwide at the end of 2009 was 15.2 million, while the total number of people displaced (including within their own countries) was about 43.3 million. It turned out that the forecast of 50 million climate refugees by 2010 was a high overestimate. Hence, the prediction by Professor Myers of the up to 200 million people potentially uprooted by climate change by 2050 is also questioned. However, new long-term forecasts are not yet available, since behavior and demographic patterns are still being studied. A Humanitarian Emergency Response Review estimates that around 375 million people will be affected by climate-related disasters every year by 2015 and many more by other ‘rapid onset’ emergencies and the impact of conflicts.
The Social Conflict in Africa Database (SCAD) launched by the Climate Change and African Political Stability program aims to help researchers and policymakers assess conflict patterns and intervention strategies. It includes over 6,300 social conflict events from the period 1990‑2009 with details on the, “…location, timing, and magnitude of the events, as well as the actors, targets, issues of contention, and government response.” The pattern shows more social conflicts in years that were extremely wet or dry than in years of normal rainfall.
Adaptation
"Boots on the Ground" is a new initiative of UNDP to train Least Developed Country leaders in climate-resilient development. Along the same lines, the UN report “Compact for Inclusive Growth and Prosperity” finds that in order to close the gap between LDCs and the rest of the world, structural limitations of LDCs must be addressed. It outlines objectives and targets for a new Programme of Action, including Small Island developing States and climate change.
The African Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, and the African Union agreed to accelerate implementation of the extended program of action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006-2015), in line with the Hyogo Framework for Action. The extended program of action covers emerging trends and challenges, linking disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
Negotiations for a Post-Kyoto GHG-emissions Reduction Treaty
Delegates at the Climate Change talks held in Bangkok, Thailand, April 3-8, 2011, adopted an agenda and organization of work for 2011, to enable the Ad Hoc Working Groups to exercise their mandates in preparing the COP 17, to be held in December 2011, in Durban, South Africa.
China’s chief negotiator to UN climate change talks said that his country is drafting a special law dedicated to climate change suitable for China. Similarly, India’s Environment and Forests Minister Jairam Ramesh said that actions taken domestically and internationally should be “delinked.” He underlined that environmental security is important due to domestic concerns rather than growing international pressures, and noted, “…there are environmental laws and legislations in the country but the onus is on the corporate sector to adhere to them”, and, “while growth brings development at the macro level, it incurs costs at the micro level”.
Sources:
Warmer oceans release CO2 faster than thought http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20413-warmer-oceans-release-co2-faster-than-thought.html
Food security key to global peace: FAO candidate http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/26/us-usa-fao-chief-idUSTRE73P7I120110426
Soaring Food Prices Again Threaten to Push Millions of Asians into Poverty – ADB http://www.adb.org/Media/Articles/2011/13534-asian-food-prices/
Fertiliser resource limitations: recycling for food security http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/236na2.pdf
The origins of the 50 million climate refugees prediction http://asiancorrespondent.com/53023/the-origins-of-the-50-million-climate-refugees-prediction/
Humanitarian Emergency Response Review http://www.dfid.gov.uk/emergency-response-review
Social Conflict in Africa Database: www.scaddata.org
UNDP Project Builds Capacity of Climate Policy Advisors in LDCs http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/undp-project-builds-capacity-of-climate-policy-advisors-in-ldcs/
African Working Group agrees to implement the Strategy for disaster risk reduction http://www.unisdr.org/news/v.php?id=18754
Summary of the Bangkok Climate Talks. 3-8 APRIL 2011 http://www.iisd.ca/vol12/enb12499e.html
China drafting special law on climate change: official http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/27/c_13847244.htm
Environment not a cost but intrinsic to biz: Ramesh http://www.indianexpress.com/news/environment-not-a-cost-but-intrinsic-to-biz/773956/

Arctic Ozone Depletion Highest on Record
Ozone loss over the Arctic has reached a record 40% from the beginning of the winter to late March 2011, reveals a UNEP-WMO Ozone depletion assessment. Continuing presence of ozone-depleting substances in Earth’s atmosphere and extremely cold temperatures in the stratosphere are the main causes, says the WMO. Although this winter the Arctic was warmer than average at ground level, it was colder in the stratosphere than in a normal Arctic winter. The European Space Agency (ESA) also announced that its Envisat satellite has measured record low levels of ozone over the Euro-Atlantic area during March. The Eighth Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for reviewing ongoing national and international research and monitoring programmes to ensure the proper coordination of these programmes and to identify gaps that need to be addressed will occur May 2‑4, 2011, in Geneva, Switzerland. [Related item: More Aggressive Action Needed to Curb Ozone Depletions in January 2011 report.]
Sources:
First North Pole Ozone Hole Forming? http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110321-ozone-layer-hole-arctic-north-pole-science-environment-uv-sunscreen/
Revealing the hole truth on our wacky weather http://www.smh.com.au/national/revealing-the-hole-truth-on-our-wacky-weather-20110422-1drgo.html
Record loss of ozone over Arctic http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMIF24SZLG_index_0.html
Eighth Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/eighth-meeting-of-the-ozone-research-managers-of-the-parties-to-the-vienna-convention/

New Chemicals to Be Added to Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions
The fifth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was held in Geneva, Switzerland, April 25-29, 2011. It considered numerous issues including: adding endosulfan to Annex A of the Convention; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) elimination; exemptions, effectiveness evaluation, and non-compliance issues; unintentionally released POPs reduction; and information exchange and reporting.
The seventh meeting of the Rotterdam Convention Chemical Review Committee, held in Rome, Italy, March 28-April 1, 2011, recommended inclusion in the Rotterdam Convention’s Prior Informed Consent procedure of two pesticides (endosulfan and azinphos methyl), one severely hazardous pesticide formulation (Gramoxone Super), as well as three industrial chemicals: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), its salts and precursors; pentaBDE commercial mixtures; and octaBDE commercial mixtures. The three industrial chemicals were recently included in the Stockholm Convention, thus improving the consistency of the two treaties’ requirements. [Related item: First Joint Meeting of the Main Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals to Improve International Environmental Governance in February 2010 report].
Sources:
Fifth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP5) to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) http://www.iisd.ca/chemical/pops/cop5/
Rotterdam Convention Chemical Review Committee Recommends Listing of Three Chemicals http://uncsd.iisd.org/news/rotterdam-convention-chemical-review-committee-recommends-listing-of-three-chemicals/

The Offshore and Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocols of the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Entered into Force in March 2011
The Protocols aim to protect the Mediterranean Sea from impacts of offshore and coastal exploration and exploitation, as well as to create a framework for assistance in cases of emergency. [Related item: New Construction on Mediterranean Coastlines to be Banned in January 2008 report.]
Source:
Legal Instruments reducing risks from offshore exploration activities and protecting the Mediterranean coasts’ degradation enter into force today http://www.unepmap.org/index.php?module=news&action=detail&id=110

Kenyan Government Requests Assistance with Refugees
Kenya’s Internal Security Permanent Secretary Francis Kimemia has warned that refugee facilities in the northeast of his country are overstretched, posing both an environmental and security threat. Kimemia stated that up to 500 Somali refugees enter Kenya every day and asked the UN to investigate securing space inside Somalia for refugee centers. Kimemia also expressed concern that some refugees are terror suspects posing a challenge to the Kenyan’s undermanned and porous border. [Related item: Food and Water Security in March 2011 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Refugee-burdened Kenya wants UN camps in Somalia http://insidesomalia.org/201104203119/News/Human-Rights/Refugee-burdened-Kenya-wants-UN-camps-in-Somalia.html

China’s Energy Needs Influence Foreign Policy
In the Asia-Pacific region and the South China Sea, tensions among China, Japan, and Southeast Asian nations is increasing because of conflicting interpretations of what constitutes territorial and international waters. China’s energy needs are beginning to influence how it is dealing with contested land claims over islands in the East and South China Seas. Hotly contesting are the foreign claims of ownership of the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South and the Diayou/Senkaku Islands in the East. Although merely rock outcrops breaking the surface of the sea, the political importance of these islands is growing due to the potentially large deposits of oil in the seabed around them. According to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, China’s sovereign control over these islands is indisputable and any exploration of the areas for gas and oil, without the permission of the Chinese government, constitutes a violation of China’s sovereignty and would be considered a threat to Chinese interests. [Related item: Arctic and South China Sea Resource Issues Causing U.S. to Review Law of the Sea in October 2010 report.]
Sources:
China’s Maritime Disputes Fueled by Need for Energy http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east-pacific/Chinas-Maritime-Disputes-Fueled-by-Need-for-Energy-119589449.html
China to become world's biggest energy consumer http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-04/14/content_12323503.htm
Statement of Admiral Robert F. Willard, U.S. Navy commander, U.S. Pacific Command before the Senate Armed Services Committee on U.S. Pacific Command Posture 12 April 2011 http://armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2011/04%20April/Willard%2004-12-11.pdf

Cyber-WMD Dangers Increasing, While Regulations Still Missing
The In the Dark: Crucial Industries Confront Cyberattacks report by McAfee and the Center for Security and International Studies documents that the world is unprepared to deal with cyber threats. Based on a survey of 200 IT security executives in 14 countries, it documents the gap between threats and security readiness. It discusses cyberattacks by governments and crime groups and potential impacts on vital infrastructure systems, as well as cyber extortion and other cyber crimes. While the dangers increase, international and national regulations and preparedness are lacking. [Related items: NATO Continues to Develop Cyber Defense Policies in January 2011 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
In the Dark: Crucial Industries Confront Cyberattacks http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-critical-infrastructure-protection.pdf
West is at Mercy of Stuxnet, German Analyst Hints http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143699

WHO Preparing Guidelines for Protecting Nanoworkers’ Health
According to an announcement, “To address occupational risks of nanomaterials, WHO [the World Health Organization] is developing Guidelines to 'Protecting Workers from Potential Risks of Manufactured Nanomaterials' (WHO/NANOH). These Guidelines aim to facilitate improvements in occupational health and safety of workers potentially exposed to nanomaterials in a broad range of manufacturing and social environments. The guidelines will incorporate elements of risk assessment and risk management and contextual issues.”
Source:
WHO Guidelines on Nanomaterials and Worker's Health http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/nanotechnologies/en/

NanoCode Publishes Stakeholder Survey on EU Code of Conduct for Research
NanoCode, an EU FP7 project, has published a Synthesis Report on its Stakeholder Survey on the opinions of the interested parties about the European Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research (EU-CoC). According to Nanowerk News, its results, “…give insights into stakeholder’s patterns of awareness, their expectations, attitudes and appraisals… [and it] analyses the degree of compliance and commitment, identifies recommendations for the communication, possible incentives, disincentives and monitoring of the EU-CoC.” There was a high level of agreement with the EU-CoC but a very low level of adoption (20%) in practice in their organizations.
Source:
NanoCode publishes synthesis report of stakeholder survey on EU Code of Conduct http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20944.php
European Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research http://www.nanocode.eu/files/reports/nanocode/nanocode-consultation-synthesis-report.pdf

New Lab Safety Guide from National Research Council Adds Nanotechnology
The National Research Council has issued a new edition of Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, its reference guide for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals; the new version adds handling of nanomaterials as a topic.
Source:
Guidelines for Working With Hazardous Chemicals Released http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12654

US/EU Workshop Discusses Coordinated Strategies on Engineered Nanoparticles
A two-day US/EU workshop resulted in the recognition of a need to coordinate nanotechnology research strategies to answer key questions about engineered nanoparticles (NP). Examples were: are workers exposed to NPs; are NPs released into the environment, and if so, are they harmful; and what are techniques for measuring NP concentrations in various media, such as soil and water. One speaker suggested introducing for nanoparticles a category system similar to the one in existence for pharmaceuticals. Proceedings will be available on-line later in the year; a useful summary is provided in the first newspaper article cited in the Sources
Sources:
First, Cooperation. Next, Nano Action? http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/first_cooperation._next_nano_action/
Consultant: Nano Products Need Risk “Categories” http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/nano-categories_as_a_safety_stopgap/id_34929

European Center Does Basic Risk Assessments For Four Types Of Nanomaterials: Scientists from the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the EC's Joint Research Centre (JRC) have performed basic risk assessments for four types of nanomaterials: fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, nanosilver, and metal-oxides. They used REACH methodology and based work on a review of the health and environmental safety concerns of these specific nanomaterials, as laid out in the ENRHES Final Report, Engineered Nanoparticles - Review of Health and Environmental Safety. The results are summarized: "The results of the studies show that the main risk for human health may arise from chronic occupational inhalation exposure, especially during activities of high particle release and uncontrolled exposure."
Sources:
JRC contributes to risk assessment of selected engineered nanomaterials to human health and the environment. Lessons learned from four case studies http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our_activities/nanotechnology/jrc-ihcp-health-safety-results-nanomaterials
Engineered Nanoparticles - Review of Health and Environmental Safety-- Final Report http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/whats-new/enhres-final-report

Silver Nanoparticles Found Very Toxic to Arctic Soils
Prof. Virginia Walker of the Dept. of Biology at Queen's Univ., Kingston ON, Canada, and colleagues have carried out a study showing that nanoparticles may have irreparably damaging effects on soil systems and the environment. Analysis of an Arctic soil sample six months after the addition of silver nanoparticles showed negligible quantities of an important nitrogen-fixing microbe remaining.
Source:
Common nanoparticles found to be highly toxic to Arctic ecosystem http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/common-nanoparticles-found-be-highly-toxic-arctic-ecosystem

Nanomaterials Barred from “Organic” Products
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, “The United States National Organic Program (NOP) … [has] voted to accept the recommendation of the U.S. National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) to prohibit engineered nanomaterials from the production, processing and packaging of certified organic products.” A major basis for the decision was the lack of a definition for “nanomaterials”.
Source:
U.S. national organic program approves ban on engineered nanomaterials from organic products http://www.environmental-expert.com/resultEachArticle.aspx?cid=4280&codi=230184&lr=1

Very Low Levels of Gold Nanoparticles Cause Subcellular Damage in Fish
Researchers at the Univ. of Bordeaux have conducted tests on zebrafish that showed that daily ingestion of 36-106 ng of gold nanoparticles “resulted in various dysfunctions at the sub cellular scale, including alteration of genome composition, and the modulation of the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, detoxification processes, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress”, according to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News. Results varied with size, concentration and exposure time.
Source:
Impact of Dietary Gold Nanoparticles in Zebrafish at Very Low Contamination Pressure: The Role of Size, Concentration and Exposure Time http://sites.merid.org/ndn/more.php?articleID=3207

Public Perceives Low Nanotech Risk
A study conducted by Prof. David Berube, of NC State Univ. has indicated that the general public places nanoparticles at 20th place in a list of 24 possible environmental hazards to human health, ranking above only cell phones, blood transfusions, air travel, and X-rays.
Sources:
Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks http://www.springerlink.com/content/324m53j140vj1236/
Public relatively unconcerned about nanotechnology risks http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20974.php

Regulatory Definition for Nanomaterials not Needed, Yet, Believes Dr. Andrew Maynard
Dr. Andrew Maynard, formerly Science Advisor for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center and currently Director of the Risk Science Center at the Univ. of Michigan, has written an article setting forth his reasons for believing that there is no current need for a definition for nanomaterials, to be used in setting up regulations governing their safety. He argues that regulation should be evidence-based – driven by the possibility that any new material might pose a health risk, rather than by an arbitrary class definition, a definition which cannot be comfortably done now, considering the limited state of our knowledge on the relationship between material characteristics and effects.
Source:
Why We Don’t Need a Regulatory Definition for Nanomaterials http://sites.merid.org/ndn/more.php?articleID=3260

3rd ICPC Nanonet Annual Workshop To Be Held in St, Petersburg
The 3rd Nanonet Annual Workshop, sponsored by the EU FP7 project ICPC Nanonet, will be held in St, Petersburg, 24-25 May 2011, focusing on Nanotechnology for Biomedical and Ecological Applications. Registration for the Webcast and a DVD of the proceedings is available at http://www.icpc-nanonet.org/.
Source:
The Third ICPC Nanonet Annual Workshop takes place on 24th-25th May 2011 in St Petersberg, Russia www.icpc-nanonet.org

Energy Security and Environmental Change are the Main Drivers in Four Security Scenarios by the Canadian Military
Four alternative scenarios designed by a team from the Directorate of Land Concepts and Designs in the Canadian Forces show energy security and global environmental changes as the most unpredictable factors, although having the highest potential impact, for the future of society in general and for the role of Canada’s army specifically. The best-case scenario assumes that Canada would run a prosperous green economy, prioritizing clean energy and environmental protection, and that living standards would improve around the world. However, deteriorating energy security and inadequate addressing of climate change could trigger armed conflicts in parts of the world that are particularly vulnerable to these factors, underlines the research team leader Lt.-Col. Michael Rostek. The results are consistent with findings of recent studies by Royal Dutch Shell and countries such as the United Kingdom, which warn that excessive energy use can be an “Achilles heel.”
Sources:
Energy security and environmental change could radically alter society: military report http://www.globallethbridge.com/technology/Energy+security+environmental+change+could+radically+alter+society/4630821/story.html
Oil shortages and environmental decline could create 'global quagmire': military report http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/shortages+environmental+decline+could+create+global+quagmire+military+report/4630846/story.html

Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030
The National Research Council has published a report, Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030, that, “…identifies major research questions anticipated … in 2030, …, defines categories of infrastructure that should be included in planning, … provides advice on the criteria and processes that could be used to set priorities for the development of new ocean infrastructure or replacement of existing facilities, … [and] recommends ways in which the federal agencies can maximize the value of investments in ocean infrastructure.”
Source:
Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13081.html

Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Nuclear Disasters in Japan
The world is still assessing the actual consequences and long-term impacts of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan’s northeast coast on March 11, 2011. The 9 Mw earthquake and subsequent tsunami with waves of over 20 meters (66 ft) killed over 11,000 people; more than 16,000 are missing (as of March 29), and others might be displaced for a very long time. More than 300 aftershocks of 5 Mw or greater and numerous consequent phenomena such as soil liquefaction are further damaging infrastructure and threatening human security. The significant accidents are topped by the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, where three of the complex’s six units are believed to have partially melted down. Radioactive contamination continues to spread into the land, air, sea, and water down to the Tokyo metropolitan area, which is some 200 km away. The scale of the disaster (in a relatively well-prepared country) and the potential increase of number and intensity of natural disasters around the world due to climate change may reawaken some sections of the environmental movement and trigger important reexaminations regarding preparedness and resilience, as well as the management of nuclear and other hazardous material. be created to assess the most vulnerable and at-risk areas.
Sources:
Hayato Kobayashi, of The Millennium Project staff, reporting from Tokyo
Toxic plutonium seeping from Japan's nuclear plant http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=13241596
Detection of radioactive material in the soil in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11032812-e.html
Leaders tell EU neighbours to stress-test nuclear plants http://euobserver.com/9/32067/?rk=1

Arab Post-Political Turmoil--a Time for Environmental Diplomacy
Environmental security led by water security will play an important role in establishing and maintaining stability in North Africa and the Middle East. Environmental diplomacy could be used to encourage closer cooperative relationships among the region’s countries and the rest of the world. Experts recommend that the UN Security Council could use ‘hydro-diplomacy’ to ease tensions over water issues in regions like the Middle East and North Africa. The UN estimates that 18 of the 30 water-scarce nations by 2025 will be in the Middle East and North Africa. The capital of Yemen is expected to run out of water much sooner. While water could exacerbate present turmoil in the region, it could also be used as a catalyst for peacebuilding. A similar argument was made by an editorial in SciDev Net, which suggests using current opportunities for a major push in ‘science diplomacy’ in today’s rapidly evolving Arab world.
Sources:
"Hydro-diplomacy" needed to avert Arab water wars http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/hydro-diplomacy-needed-to-avert-arab-water-wars
Countries experiencing water scarcity in 1955, 1990 and 2025 (projected) http://www.itt.com/waterbook/intl_scarcity.asp
Now is the time for science diplomacy in the Arab world http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/now-is-the-time-for-science-diplomacy-in-the-arab-world.html

China’s 12th Five-Year Plan: From GDP to Sustainability
China’s National People’s Congress has adopted the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development for the period 2011-2015. Reportedly, the Plan focuses on fairer and greener development, switching the focus “from GDP quantity to sustainable quality.” The Plan outlines new environmental targets with focus on improving energy efficiency, conserving scarce resources, and improving air and water quality. During the five years, the proportion of renewables should grow to 11.4% of the country’s energy supply (from the current 8.3%), and energy intensity be reduced by 16% and CO2 emissions per GDP unit by 17% (meeting its Copenhagen commitments). A sharp rise in public security spending, which for the first time overtook the military budget, is aiming to reduce the rich-poor gap and the number of people living in poverty. [Related item: China is Now the Largest Energy Consumer in the World, in July 2010 report.]
Sources:
China adopts 5-year blueprint, aiming for fairer, greener growth http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/14/c_13777814.htm
China ready to quell disquiet over new environmental policies http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2011/mar/07/china-security-environment-policy
Beijing Boosts Priority of Environment in Development Plan http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/101976/

Climate Adaptation, Development, and Peacebuilding Integrated Strategy
A Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars panel argued that adopting a ‘triple bottom line’ integrated approach of peacebuilding, development, and adaptation to climate change is the only potentially successful strategy for lasting peace and sustainable development in regions with political instability or armed conflict. The panel recommended increased strategic cooperation among the organizations that work in these areas. Similar are the findings of the UN-commissioned report Civilian Capacity in the Aftermath of Conflict: Independent Report of the Senior Advisory Group. The report was passed on to the UN Security Council and the General Assembly. Follow-up action will be coordinated by a Steering Group of the heads of relevant UN entities led by UN Under-Secretary-General for Field Support Susana Malcorra.
Sources:
Civilian Capacity in the Aftermath of Conflict: Independent Report of the Senior Advisory Group http://www.civcapreview.org/
Nimbler UN, global partners needed to build stability in post-conflict States – report http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37700&Cr=post-conflict&Cr1=
Climate Adaptation, Development, and Peacebuilding in Fragile States: Finding the Triple-Bottom Line. Dan Smith, International Alert, and Alexander Carius, Adelphi Research http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=654210

New UN Office to Help Central African Nations with Peacebuilding
The UN Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA) that opened in Libreville, Gabon, is a political office designed to support Central African nations’ efforts for peacebuilding and conflict prevention, as well as help with cross-border issues related to organized crime and arms trafficking. The UNOCA is a reflection of the UN’s focus on preventive diplomacy for avoiding conflict and follows the UN Office for West Africa (UNOWA) and the UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA).
Source:
UN opens office to help Central African nations consolidate peace, prevent conflict
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37663&Cr=central+africa&Cr1=

European Low-Carbon Roadmap to 2050
Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, a white paper by the European Commission, outlines the roadmap for a low-carbon economy by 2050 in the EU. It sets targets by transportation sector, and includes measures aiming to dramatically cut Europe’s dependency on imported oil and reduce transport emissions by 60% by 2050. The main pillar is infrastructure development for creating a ‘Single European Transport Area’ by 2030, estimated at €1.5 billion (approx. $2 billion) to ensure an efficient transportation system across the continent. The 2050 objectives include: conventionally fuelled cars banned in cities by 2050 (50% reduction by 2030); aviation to increase low-carbon fuels use to 40%, and shipping to cut 40% from its carbon emissions. Measures refer to creating infrastructure for high-speed connection networks, expanding the EU’s Single European Sky program to the European Common Aviation Area of 58 countries by 2050, implementing intelligent fuel and transport management systems, and encouraging new engine technologies. The EC is now expected to put forward various legislative proposals to implement the 2050 transport strategy.
Sources:
Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system http://ec.europa.eu/transport/strategies/doc/2011_white_paper/white_paper_com%282011%29_144_en.pdf
Vision of an interconnected Europe http://ec.europa.eu/news/transport/110328_en.htm
Being ambitious. The European Commission maps a path to a low-carbon future. Now to walk it http://www.economist.com/node/18333149

European Commission Opens Study on Maritime Planning
The European Commission has posted a questionnaire for collecting expert and public opinion on the importance, potential implementation strategies, and challenges for improving EU maritime spatial planning (MSP) and integrated coastal zone management. The questions are formulated around the importance of such strategies in view of better collaboration among Member States, as well as with EU neighboring countries, cohesive data collection and management, improving sustainable economic growth, resilience to coastal risks and impacts of climate change, and environmental protection. Conclusions about potential further actions will be decided by the end of 2011. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) under the Barcelona Convention for the Mediterranean is the first significant step towards developing such international legislation. [Related item: New Construction on Mediterranean Coastlines to be Banned in January 2008 report.]
Sources:
Commission seeks views on how to reduce pressure on Europe's coastal and marine areas http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/353&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Possible ways forward for Maritime Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the EU (questionnaire) http://ec.europa.eu/yourvoice/ipm/forms/dispatch?form=MAREENV&lang=en

Health Experts Call for Regulations to Combat Environmental Causes of Cancer
The first International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Determinants of Cancer: Interventions for Primary Prevention took place in Asturias, Spain, on March 17-18, 2011. The conference was organized by the WHO in collaboration with a consortium of cancer organizations. Experts underlined that preventable cancers attributed to the environment and occupational factors comprise roughly 19% of all cancers and cause 1.3 million deaths per year. They adopted the ‘Asturias Pledge,’ which calls on governments to adopt regulations and implement mechanisms for preventive actions and enforcement of standards concerning environmental and occupational carcinogens. The conference recommended that the WHO lead a global effort for establishing a network of institutions for policy development, while civil society networks should raise awareness, and industry and the private sector should not only implement measures and better inform their workers on risks they face but also contribute to policy development.
Sources:
The Asturias Pledge – A new call to action on environmental and occupational cancer prevention http://www.who.int/phe/news/asturia_pledge/en/index.html
Experts at UN meeting urge action to combat environmental causes of cancer http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37812&Cr=cancer&Cr1

New Computer Model for Predicting ‘Tsunami Earthquakes’
A new computer model developed by a team of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology may help to more accurately predict ‘tsunami earthquakes, ’which are more rare but produce larger tsunami waves than the more common “subduction earthquakes.’ The new RTerg (Realtime erg.) system uses data from approximately 150 seismic stations to calculate the length of time it takes for the earthquake’s energy to build up and cause a tsunami. According to the researchers, the new technology could easily be incorporated by any earthquake processing or tsunami warning center that receives real-time global seismic information, which would allow for an easy transition to the new detection equipment. The technology is expected to be ready for general distribution soon.
Sources:
New System Can Warn of Tsunamis Within Minutes http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?nid=64749
Simple model could predict rare 'tsunami earthquakes' http://www.scidev.net/en/news/simple-model-could-predict-rare-tsunami-earthquakes-.html

Open-source Software for DNA Order Screening Released
A team led by Prof. Jean Peccoud, of the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, has released GenoTHREAT, a software tool for the detection of attempts to acquire synthetic DNA for bioterrorism attacks from commercial providers. The program allows bioinformatics analysis on an implementation of the government-proposed outline for a screening protocol for the automatic identification of potentially dangerous DNA sequences.
Source:
Open-source software designed to minimize synthetic biology risks is released http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20626.php

Nanotech-Augmented Membrane for Desalination
Prof. Somenath Mitra and colleagues at the New Jersey Institute of Technology have reported development of a new membrane for water desalination. By inserting carbon nanotubes into membrane pores that separate pure water vapor from salt-laden liquid, the process runs six times as fast and at a 20C° lower temperature, which the scientists hope will make this desalination method competitive with others.
Sources:
Water Desalination Using Carbon-Nanotube-Enhanced Membrane Distillation http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am100981s (Abstract; purchase or subscription required for full text)
New desalination process using carbon nanotubes http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20537.php

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
New Chemical Sensor Uses Triple Cascade of Tests
A new highly sensitive chemical sensor announced by Prof. William Heineman of the Univ. of Cincinnati uses a sequence of three filtering techniques on samples to improve its performance. The process begins with a coating that allows only negative ions to pass, continues with electrolysis, and ends with spectroscopy. The device has been tested on radioactive waste at the Hanford site. A UC news release suggests applying it for detection of toxic heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Superfund locations.
Source:
UC research produces novel sensor with improved detection selectivity http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-uc-sensor.html

Ionic Liquids Clean Up Contaminating Oil in the Environment
Prof. Paul Painter and his group in the Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering at Pennsylvania State University are testing a process which efficiently removes petroleum from sand or other material that it is contaminating. The technique utilizes a group of ionic liquids based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, consumes little water or energy, requires no heat, and ejects the contaminant material and solvent separately for further use.
Source:
New process cleanly extracts oil from tar sands and fouled beaches http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-cleanly-oil-tar-sands-fouled.html

Computational models predict nanoparticle toxicity
Two recent papers discuss the use of computational models to predict nanoparticle cell toxicity. Such a model was used to assess the toxicity to E. coli of 17 different types of metal oxide nanoparticles and reliably predicted the toxicity of all considered compounds.
Sources:
Computational models predict nanoparticle toxicity http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20704.php
Using nano-QSAR to predict the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v6/n3/full/nnano.2011.10.html#/affil-auth

Nanotechnology Used for Two New Anti-bacteria Water Filters
Prof. Javid Rzayev and colleagues at the State University of New York at Buffalo have used block copolymers to create a nanomembrane containing pores about 55 nm in diameter – much larger than a water molecule but smaller than a bacterium, and thus suitable for use as a water filter component.
Chad Vecitis and a group at Yale Univ. report developing an anodic microfilter using a combination of electrolysis and filtration through a porous multi-walled carbon nanotube film to accomplish the removal and inactivation of viruses (MS2) and bacteria (E. coli) from water.
Sources:
A nano-solution to global water problem: Nanomembranes could filter bacteria http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20228.php
Large Pore Size Nanoporous Materials from the Self-Assembly of Asymmetric Bottlebrush Block Copolymers http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl103747m
Nanotube-Based Filter Cleans Drinking Water http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/89/i12/8912scene3.html
Electrochemical Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Filter for Viral and Bacterial Removal and Inactivation http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2000062

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Organic-treated Nanotubes Replace Expensive Platinum in Fuel Cell Cathodes
A team of engineers at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, led by Prof. Liming Dai, has published a paper announcing a major breakthrough in the design of fuel cell cathodes. Fuel cells using carbon nanotubes treated with the $100/kg polymer polydiallyldimethylammoniumn chloride produced as much energy as those using $65,000/kg platinum. The new components are also claimed to be longer-lasting and more stable.
Sources:
Cheap Fuel Cell Catalyst Made Easy http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=3206
Polyelectrolyte Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Metal-free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja1112904

Berkeley Lab Produces Nanocomposite for Hydrogen Storage
A scientific team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has reported developing a composite material for the storage of hydrogen. Made of magnesium metal nanoparticles encapsulated in a gas-barrier matrix, the new polymer allows rapid hydrogen breathability at non-extreme temperatures without oxidizing the metal after cycling. According to the researchers, the polymer offers a breakthrough in materials design for hydrogen storage, batteries, and fuel cells, allowing “rapid storage kinetics without using expensive heavy-metal catalysts.”
Sources:
Berkeley Scientists Achieve Breakthrough in Nanocomposite for High-Capacity Hydrogen Storage http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/berkeley-scientists-achieve-breakthrough-nanocomposite-high-capacity-hydrogen-storage
Air-stable magnesium nanocomposites provide rapid and high-capacity hydrogen storage without heavy metal catalysts http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat2978.html (Abstract free, article $18, or requires subscription to NATURE)

UN Convention on Biological Diversity Protocol Open for Signatures
The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress opened for signature on March 7, 2011. This supplementary protocol to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity provides international rules and procedures for liability and redress in the event of damage to biodiversity caused by trans-boundary movement of living modified organisms. It will enter into force 90 days after ratification by 40 countries. [Related item: Biosafety Regulations Reviewed in Context of Worrying Forecasts in October 2010 report.]
Sources:
An Introductory Note in Preparation for Signature and Ratification of the Nagoya-Kula Lumpur [sic] Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/news/
New biosafety protocol to UN treaty on biological diversity opens for signature http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37701&Cr=biodiversity&Cr1 =

Greenness of New Technologies Needing Rare Earth Elements Questioned
The annual demand for rare earth elements has skyrocketed over the last decade from 40,000 tons to 120,000 tons, and by 2014 this might increase to 200,000 tons, if green and IT technologies continue as forecasted, notes The Independent. Meanwhile, China cut its exports to only about 30,000 tons a year and threatens to completely stop them by 2012. This had triggered a price rise from $14.40 per tonne in July 2010 to $109 per tonne in February 2011, with the February rise being triple the recent months’ average.
The main problem is that rare earth mining and ore processing are extremely polluting. Present discrepancies between national environmental standards and regulations can make rare earth processing similar to hazardous waste dumping and might lead to increased environmental security issues. The Australian mining giant Lynas is now building the world’s largest rare earth ore-processing plant in Malaysia (the first to be built outside China in about 30 years) for ore mined in Australia. Since the ore is slightly radioactive, fears increase over potential local unrest, as happened with the country’s last such refinery, which is now one of Asia’s largest radioactive waste sites.
Hence, in order to meet future demands and reduce the environmental footprint of “green technologies” and IT devices, international environmental standards for production, as well as recycling frameworks and regulations will be necessary. [Related item: New Frameworks for Securing Supply of Rare Earth Elements in February 2011 report.]
Sources:
China rare earth prices explode as export volumes collapse http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/24/us-china-rareearth-idUSTRE72N0X720110324
Global supply of rare earth elements could be wiped out by 2012 http://www.naturalnews.com/028028_rare_earth_elements_mining.html
Malaysia gambles on rare earth http://www.montrealgazette.com/Malaysia+gambles+rare+earth/4413144/story.html
China to lose monopoly on rare earth minerals http://www.vancouversun.com/China+lose+monopoly+rare+earth+minerals/4434648/story.html

World Water Day 2011 Focused on Urbanization
This year’s World Water Day theme was “Water for cities: responding to the urban challenge.” If current trends continue, the number of people living in urban areas with perennial water shortage (less than 100 liters per person per day within their urban extent) could increase from the current 150 million to almost 1 billion by 2050 estimates the report Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability by the NAS.
Sources:
World water day 2011: Water for cities - responding to the urban challenge http://www.unwater.org/worldwaterday/
Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/03/21/1011615108.abstract
Green hills, blue cities. An ecosystems approach to water resources management for African cities http://dev.grida.no/RRA_BlueCities/layout/RRA_GHBC_screen.pdf

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
According to U.S. Geological Survey data, the number of mega-quakes increased from four in the 1980s, to six in the 1990s and 13 in the last decade, while the number of major earthquakes for the same decades increased from 1,085 to 1,492, and 1,611 respectively. Although there is no consensus among scientists about the link between the increased frequency and intensity of earthquakes and climate change, it is believed that the melting of glaciers might be a factor.
A recent study by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory designed to understand the relationship between movements in the Earth’s core, its rotation, and surface air temperatures revealed clear large-scale impacts of human-induced warming.
The Taiwan Central Weather Bureau reported that over the past century its temperature rose by 1.4ºC (2.6ºF), twice the global rate of 0.65ºC (1ºF), and the number of typhoons that hit Taiwan increased from 3.1 to 3.6 per year.

Food and Water Security
The FAO Food Price Index averaged 236 points in February, up 2.2% from January, the highest record in real and nominal terms since 1990 when FAO started monitoring prices.
Small-scale farmers can double food production in a decade by using simple ecological methods, according to the UN study “Agro-ecology and the right to food.”
Kenya, where 80% of the farmers depend on rain for their crops, is suffering another extended drought. In Somalia, 2.4 million people (a third of the country’s population) are in need of relief aid due to drought and two decades of conflict. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, an estimated 51 million people (75% of the population) have no access to safe drinking water, although the country holds over 50% of Africa’s water reserves, notes the UNEP study Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo – Challenges and Opportunities.

Melting glaciers and sea ice
The Arctic sea ice extent reached a record low 14.64 million square kilometers (5.65 million square miles) on March 7, 2011 (the likely day of maximum ice coverage for the year), as shown by preliminary data at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder CO. A study found that the Arctic plankton blooming peak shifted from September in the 1990s, to July in 2009, occurring up to 50 days earlier. This is expected to also have a ripple effect for other species.

Rising Seas Level
New research found that ice loss from Antarctica and Greenland has accelerated over the last 20 years and is occurring faster than models predict. If these trends continue, the two polar ice sheets would add 15 cm (5.9 inches) to the average global sea level by 2050. Migration
The President of Kiribati says that the situation in the country’s outer islands is critical and that an increasing number of coastal villagers need to be relocated because of rising sea levels. While previously the villagers were asking the government to build sea walls so that they could remain in the village, now they ask for help with relocation, reported Kiribati President Anote Tong.

Health
Warmer waters could increase the spread of harmful bacteria and toxic algal species, which, if ingested via contaminated seafood or water, could cause gastrointestinal infections and infectious diseases such as cholera.
Increased rainwater in urban areas could exceed sewage system capacities and cause storm water overflows, which could taint drinking water and increase risks of waterborne diseases like cholera.

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
OECD Report Reviews Past Nanotech Risk Study and Recommends Future
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development released a report, OECD Nanosafety Work: The First Five Years, which says. "…as countries consider whether manufactured nanomaterials require special regulation, they will need a coordinated international approach to address environmental and health risks." It reviews past efforts and discusses the work of OECD's Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials, which helps countries implement policies to address nanotech EHS problems. Also of interest is the new OECD Work on Environment brochure, which highlights the OECD's environmental work for 2011-2012.
Sources:
Nanosafety at the OECD: The First Five Years 2006-2010 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/25/47104296.pdf
OECD WORK ON ENVIRONMENT 2011-2012 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/35/47058547.pdf
OECD Says Coordination Needed to Address Manufactured Nanomaterials' Potential Risks http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=3163

Nanotechnology Law and Policy Cases and Materials
According to the announcement, this comprehensive 538-page book. "…includes an examination of the scope of nanotechnology as a science and as a commercialized application of science, and the legal, regulatory and policy aspects of this emerging technology."
Sources:
Forthcoming new treatise: Nanotechnology Law and Policy http://www.nanolawreport.com/2011/02/articles/forthcoming-new-treatise-nanotechnology-law-and-policy/
Victoria Sutton. Nanotechnology Law and Policy, CAP, 2011 http://www.cap-press.com/isbn/9781594607516

EC Joint Research Center Launches Repository of Nanomaterials
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "The European Commission's Joint Research Center has launched the first European repository of nanomaterials that contains a representative range of 25 different types of reference nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, silver nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, bentonite, gold and silicon dioxide."
Source:
Small Material, Big Impact: European Repository of Reference Nanomaterials Will Improve Safety Assessment http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=3155
Small material, big impact: European Repository of Reference Nanomaterials will improve safety assessment http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=2300&obj_id=2950&dt_code=PRL&lang=en

EC Releases Compendium NanoSafety Cluster 2011 Overview of Projects
The European Commission has released the second edition of the Compendium NanoSafety Cluster 2011. This 230-page publication provides summaries of EU FP6 and FP7 nanosafety projects. The Nanosafety Cluster, a projects and stakeholders open forum, has as its main aims synergy among these projects, collaboration for maximizing impact, policy elaboration, planning of future actions, and international cooperation.
Source:
European Commission releases the second edition of the Compendium NanoSafety Cluster 2011 http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20637.php
Compendium http://www.nanoimpactnet.eu/uploads/file/NanoSafetyCluster/Compendium_2011_web.pdf
NanoSafety: http://www.nanosafetycluster.eu/

Nanotech Accreditation Scheme Gives Out First Certification
The AssuredNano® nanotech EHS accreditation scheme has awarded its first certification, to Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd., a manufacturer of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The evaluation covers 19 aspects of the production process, including manufactured nanomaterial types and characteristics; nanoparticle exposure, risk, and risk assessment and management; life cycle analysis; and exposure control and measurement.
Sources:
Assured Nano: http://www.assurednano.com/
Thomas Swan Pioneers Responsible Nano Accreditation http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20640.php

Study Examines Regulation of Nanotech with Uncertain Risks
A study, Regulating Uncertain Risks of Nanomaterials, conducted under the sponsorship of three Netherlands ministries, "examines the possibilities and limitations for such regulation under existing legislation covering the environment, consumer protection and occupational health and safety, given the uncertain risks attached to the use of nanomaterials," according to Nanowerk News. It discusses governmental powers and others' obligations in this area, with an emphasis on Dutch and EU legislation.
Sources:
Study analyses the possibilities and bottlenecks for regulating nanomaterials with uncertain risks http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20689.php
Regulating Uncertain Risks of Nanomaterials http://www.chemicalwatch.com/downloads/Dutch_STEM_publication_2010_Regulating_uncertain_risks_of_nanomaterials_summary_and_conclusions.pdf (26-page English summary; contains link to Dutch original)

UK Food Safety Organization Calls for Increased Nanomaterial Vigilance
The UK Institute of Food Science and Technology is calling for increased attention to possible environmental and health hazards arising from the use of anti-microbial nanomaterials in food packaging, from both direct contact and their disposal in waste, including the possibility of heightened bacterial resistance.
Source:
Assess Risk from Nano-pollution and Antimicrobials in Packaging – IFST
http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=3173

Nanotech a Major Example in New Book, Risk and Precaution
In his new book, Risk and Precaution, Prof. Alan Randall of Australia's Univ. of Sydney, uses nanotechnology as an example of a field in which his proposed framework for risk management should be applied. According to the author, his scheme, "...would combine elements of traditional risk management with a more precautionary approach, screening more innovations for risk, identifying real threats sooner, and allowing less-risky innovations to proceed. If we can quickly identify those cases where further testing is necessary, precaution could be less intrusive and costly while still providing substantial protection from harm."
Sources:
The risky business of innovation: a new framework for risk management http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newscategoryid=2&newsstoryid=6470
The risky business of innovation: a new framework for risk management http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20385.php

NIOSH Requests Hazard and Risk Comments to Update Nanotech Strategic Plan
NIOSH is seeking comments on the types of hazard identification and risk management research that it should consider in updating the NIOSH 2009 nanotechnology strategic plan. It would like to build on the accomplishments of ongoing research to develop strategic research goals and objectives through 2015. NIOSH identified ten critical research areas for the effort and five key goals; they are laid out in the Federal Register announcement. NIOSH requests comment on how research in these areas can be enhanced. Comments are due 15 April 2011.
Source:
Request for Information: Update of NIOSH Nanotechnology Strategic Plan for Research and Guidance [Docket Number NIOSH 134-A] http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2011/2011-5110.htm

Conferences to Discuss Current Nanotech Developments, Including Safety - A two-day symposium, Safety issues of Nanomaterials along their life cycle, will be held 4-5 May 2011 at LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona. Sessions will include International, national and regional initiatives on Nanotechnology / Nanosafety; Synthesis, characterization and applications; Human health impact; Environmental impact; Risk assessment; and Life cycle assessment of Nanomaterials. http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20638.php
- EuroNanoForum 2011, to be held in Budapest, 30 May – 1 June 2011, will present updates on the latest developments in nanotechnology from over 70 leading research centers, information about industrial applications, and data on future R&D funding strategies from the European Commission and 14 other funding agencies. http://www.leitat.org/nanoLCA/
- Greener Nano 2011 (GN11) will be held at HP Headquarters in Cupertino, CA 1-3 May 2011, and, "…will address challenges and opportunities for nanotechnology and delineate how companies can incorporate green nanotechnology into its products and processes." http://oregonstate.edu/conferences/event/greenernano/index.htm
- The Univ. of Cincinnati NIOSH Education and Research Center (ERC) will sponsor a 10 May 2011, conference, Nanotechnology -- Health and Safety Considerations, at the Dept. of Environmental Health, Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine. http://eh.uc.edu/erc/ERC-Nanotechnology-symposium.pdf

Reports and Information Suggested for Review
National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces
National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces, a new report by the National Research Council of the NAS, argues that climate change raises challenges to America’s current naval capabilities, requiring serious changes to the design of their fleets, training, and ships’ deployment.
Sources:
US navy faces up to a new enemy – climate change http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20228-us-navy-faces-up-to-a-new-enemy--climate-change.html
US Navy ill-prepared for new Arctic frontier: study http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/climatewarmingusrussiamilitaryoil

Considerations for “Green Buildings”
A new website, www.BuildingRating.org, offers a collection of more than 500 documents and a host of other resources that cover all aspects of building energy efficiency, including legislative and regulatory examples and policy implementation.
ASTM International has released Standard Practice for Building Energy Performance Assessment for a Building Involved in a Real Estate Transaction (E2797-11), a standard for collecting, compiling, and analyzing energy use in buildings, in order to develop data to assess building energy performance.
The Latham & Watkins LLC law firm has prepared a brief report discussing a number of considerations that should be taken into account in applying the concept of a "green building" to new construction.
Sources:
www.BuildingRating.org
New ASTM standard for measuring energy performance in commercial http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c305c8ff-4a19-4845-b93a-9763d86fb2a6
Green Building Projects: The Growing Trend Brings Both Opportunities and Potential Liability Risks http://www.lw.com/Resources.aspx?page=FirmPublicationDetail&publication=4016#page=1

New Set of Tools for Estimating Data Center Carbon Footprint
The commercial company APC recently introduced a set of free Web-based tools, using a simple approach, for estimating the carbon footprint of a data center anywhere in the world.
Source:
Estimating a Data Center’s Electrical Carbon Footprint http://www.apcmedia.com/salestools/DBOY-7EVHLH_R0_EN.pdf

The UN Security Council session of February 11, 2011, focused on the links between security, climate change, and development. The UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, stated, “Nine of the ten countries with the lowest Human Development Indicators have experienced conflict in the last 20 years.” He went on to say that while development and social aspects have gradually come to be considered in peace building strategies, focus should increase, “…on the climate change - security - development nexus”, and “We cannot achieve security without securing energy and managing climate risks.” The concept paper “The maintenance of international peace and security: the interdependence between security and development”, distributed to Council members prior to the meeting, notes the Council’s awareness of the important impact of this interdependence since the late 1990s. Countries’ statements citing economic factors affecting conflict included aspects such as loss of livelihoods, illegal exploitation of minerals, and climate change. France gave examples of how development, climate change and food security fuel conflict, noting that they will be a priority for the country’s G-20 chairmanship. [Related item: Germany to Propose Adding Climate Change to UN Security Council Agenda in December 2010 report.]
Sources:
Security Council Presidential Statement Stresses Need to Consider Economic, Social as well as Political Factors in Maintaining International Peace, Security http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10172.doc.htm
New York, 11 February 2011 - Secretary-General’s remarks to the Security Council thematic debate on “Interlinkages between Peace, Security and Development” http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=5086
The maintenance of international peace and security—the interdependence between security and development
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/IPS%20S%202011%2050.pdf

NEP Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environmental Forum Focused on Transition to Green Growth
The 26th session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum was held in Nairobi, Kenya, February 21-24, 2011. The ministerial consultations focused on emerging policy issues in preparation for the “Rio 2012” Conference on Sustainable Development. Several countries called for changes to the current economic system while Finland said it’s working on indicators to replace GDP accounting methods. Countries also pledged support for the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The UNEP report “Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,” released at the Forum, asserts that an investment of 2% of global GDP ($1.3 trillion) per year into ten key sectors could trigger “greener, smarter growth,” removing the inherent risks and crises associated with the current “brown economy” model. Investing about 1.25% of global GDP per year in energy efficiency and renewable energies could cut global primary energy demand by 9% in 2020 and close to 40% by 2050. Transition to a Green economy is also the theme of UNEP’s Year Book 2011.
Sources:
26th session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum http://www.unep.org/gc/gc26/
Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/
UNEP Year Book 2011: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2011/

Middle East Protests and Oil Prices Increase Energy Security Concerns
Energy security concerns around the world are increasing as the scope and spectrum of the protests started in the Middle East at the beginning of 2011 are expanding. The political turmoil could further affect the living standards in the region, fuelling tension in an already conflict-prone region. Since the beginning of the protests, the price of Brent (a specific North Sea crude) has remained over $100 per barrel (on February 23rd reaching $111/barrel), while West Texas Intermediate is over $97 per barrel. Extended interruptions in oil supplies from these countries would probably drive up prices further. Unreliable production and exportation of oil from the region would cause greater demand on oil supplies from the North Sea and Africa. In January 2011, Russia (already the leading producer of oil) signed a deal with British Petroleum to begin drilling for oil in the Arctic Ocean.
Sources:
EU registers first energy shock from Libya unrest http://euobserver.com/9/31859/?rk=1
Oil pressure rising http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/02/arab_worlds_unrest_and_oil_prices
Western oil firms react to Libya crisis http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2011/02/21/Western-oil-firms-react-to-Libya-crisis/UPI-20681298317375/
Russia Embraces Offshore Arctic Drilling http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/business/global/16arctic.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss

Environmental Security Proposed as Focus for US-China Military Strategic Trust
Prior to his Washington visit, Chinese President Hu Jintao met with U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates in Beijing and urged the two militaries to deepen strategic trust. Given the internal environmental problems of China and the emerging international consensus on the importance of environmental security, the Millennium Project talk for the Army Environmental Policy Institute’s Sustainability Lecture Series recommended that a key focus of such strategic trust should be environmental security.
Sources:
Chinese president meets U.S. defense chief, urges deeper strategic trust http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/gdxw/t785145.htm
International Environmental Security Briefing February 23, 2011 http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/presentations.html

South Korea Releases National Chemicals Control Basic Plan
The South Korean Ministry of Environment has released the National Chemicals Control Basic Plan. This is in support of the UN’s sustainable chemical control rules under the 2006 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). By 2020 the Plan will expand the national toxicity information database to cover 80% of the current 43,000 chemical substances known to be in circulation. Nanomaterials are among priority chemicals that will be subject to in-depth hazard assessment, exposure analysis, and safety studies.
Sources:
South Korea Includes Nanosubstances in Ten-Year Plan http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/02/articles/international/south-korea-includes-nanosubstances-in-tenyear-plan/

China Plans to Curb Heavy Metal Pollution
China is the largest producer and user of lead in the world. Its environmental protection agency is considering tougher environmental regulations to curb heavy metal pollution. The consequences of widespread industrial contamination and pollution accidents have been rising for the past five years and are expected to worsen over the next five, warns China’s Greenpeace. Most notable are contamination of large quantities of rice with heavy metals like cadmium, and lead poisoning (mostly of children), which began triggering protests.
Sources:
China Plans To Rein In Heavy Metal Pollution http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/22/us-china-metal-pollution-idUSTRE71L2IC20110222
China rice laced with heavy metals: report http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-02-china-rice-laced-heavy-metals.html

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

New Global Network of 100 Stations to Measure GHG Emissions
The Earth Network and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography will establish a global network of GHG-measuring stations over the next five years. The network will have 50 stations in the U.S. and 50 in other countries. The observations will be made using a cavity ring-down spectroscope from Picarro of Sunnyvale CA. It will compare the behavior of laser beams passing through two chambers, one empty and one air-filled; the measurement is accurate within a few parts per billion (ppb).
Sources:
Earth Networks http://www.earthnetworks.com/
New global network to precisely measure emissions Addressing Food Security http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/11/AR2011011107140.html

Silicone Greatly Enhances TiO2 Catalytic Sterilizing Effect
Chemistry Prof. Andrew Barron and colleagues at Rice Univ. have reported discovering that adding a carefully chosen amount of silicone to the viral disinfecting catalyst TiO2 improves its performance more than threefold, by changing its UV absorption.
Source:
Virus killer gets supercharged http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-01/ru-vkg011111.php

Magma-fed Geothermal Sources Promise Major Improvement
The Iceland Deep Drilling Project has announced that drilling hydrothermal wells into magma intrusions provides greater geothermal energy than drilling into weakly heated rock. The geothermal field at China Lake, California produces approximately 270 MW from about 100 wells in production depths up to 12,000 feet and relatively low temperatures up to 350ºF. The magma-fed geothermal unit in Iceland at 6,900 feet encountered high pressure dry steam at 750ºF, which they estimate could produce 25 MW of electricity from one well alone. This discovery substantially expands the possible significance of geothermal power as an alternative energy source.
Sources:
Iceland Volcano Drilling Suggests Magma Could Become Source of High-Grade Energy http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110216123545.htm
Origin of a rhyolite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/39/3/231.abstract?sid=40206649-75ee-4829-840e-b0fc7bfbc21b

Waste Management Improvements
EU to Introduce Stricter Regulations for E-Waste Management
The European Parliament has adopted amendments for strengthening the Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE Directive). The proposed new rules require that from 2016 on, depending on the category, 85% of WEEE be recovered and 50-75% recycled, while 5% is to be prepared for re-use. The Directive also sets producer and consumer responsibilities, and holds the exporter responsible for the legality of WEEE export and treatment in developing countries. The European Council is expected to debate the proposal in March 2011. [Related item: Hazardous E-waste Grows as Major Environmental Problem in November 2010 report.]
Sources:
Waste electrical and electronic equipment. Texts adopted, Thursday, 3 February 2011 – Brussels http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0037+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN
MEPs demand better e-waste management http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/infopress/20110203IPR13097/20110203IPR13097_en.pdf

International Partnership to be Established for Improving Local Waste Management
The CSD-19 Intersessional Conference on Building Partnerships for Moving towards Zero Waste was held February 16-18, 2011, in Tokyo, Japan. It concluded that the transition to a zero-waste society is key to achieving green growth and sustainable development. The conference also highlighted the need for building a platform to foster international cooperation and explore new opportunities, including reusing/converting wastes as resources. Delegates also agreed to establish the International Partnership for Expanding Waste Management Services of Local Authorities (IPLA) to serve as a clearinghouse of best practices and boost waste management capacity at local and regional levels. IPLA will be officially launched at CSD-19 to be held in May 2011. [Related item: First Joint Meeting of the Main Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals to Improve International Environmental Governance in February 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
CSD Intersessional Conference on Building Partnerships for Moving towards Zero Waste http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/spc/docs/csd19_concept_note.pdf
CSD-19 website: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/csd/csd_csd19.shtml
Result of the United Nations meeting concerning waste management (in Japanese) http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=13491

EU to Ban Six Toxic Chemicals under the REACH Program
The EU has selected the first six substances to be listed in Annex XIV of the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) program. The chemicals’ use or commercialization is banned unless special authorization is obtained. Three phthalates, a flame retardant, a synthetic musk, and a compound used in epoxy resins and adhesives are to be phased out from 2014 to 2015. [Related items: EU Updates the REACH System, and WEEE and RoHS Directives in December 2008 environmental security report.]gulations, as applicable.
Sources:
Chemicals/REACH: six dangerous substances to be phased out by the EU http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/196&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
First Chemicals Banned In European Union http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/89/i08/8908news2.html

New Zealand Establishes Vast Marine Reserves around Subantarctic Islands
The government of New Zealand is establishing three huge marine reserves totaling 1,680 square miles in the Subantarctic Islands, covering Antipodes Is., Campbell Is., and the Bounty Islands. [Related item: New Protected Areas Proposed in the Pacific in November 2010 environmental security report.]
Source:
Subantarctic Islands to become marine reserves http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1101/S00154/subantarctic-islands-to-become-marine-reserves.htm

New Frameworks for Securing Supply of Rare Earth Elements
Japan Suggests "Triangular cooperation" for Addressing Rare Earth Supply
Keiichi Kawakami of the Japanese Ministry for Industry has suggested that Japan, the U.S., and the EU build a “triangular cooperation” network to join forces for developing strategies to diversify supply sources and develop substitutes, as well as to encourage China to, “…establish quotas sufficient to prevent adverse effects on the world industrial supply chain.” He made the suggestion at the European Parliament, while presenting Japan’s Rare Earth Elements strategy, adopted in October 2010, after China stopped shipments to Japan over a territorial dispute. U.S. held bilateral meetings with Japan and the EU in November and December 2010 respectively.

China to Increase the Framework Related to Rare Earth Elements Production and Supply
China controls over 90% of present rare earth supply. It has been gradually reducing export quotas since 2005 and might even become a major importer, due to its high level of consumption of these materials. Meantime, China’s State Council announced that over the next five years it will establish and improve the supervision regulations framework and standards that relate to rare earth mining, processing, and export, to protect the environment and resources. There are speculations that the government is planning to reduce the number of active rare earth metal mines from the current 123 to approximately 10, as well as reduce processing facilities by more than two-thirds.

The U.S. Increasing Efforts to Secure Rare Earth Elements Supply
The report Energy Critical Elements: Securing Materials for Emerging Technologies by the American Physical Society and Materials Research Society offers recommendations for securing future supplies of rare earths and other elements critical to the development of new technologies to foster U.S energy independence. Similar recommendations are included in the bill “Critical Minerals and Materials Promotion Act of 2011” introduced by Sen. Mark Udall, of Colorado on February 17, 2011 and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. [Related item: The Battle for Rare Earth Elements Continues in January 2011 report.]
Sources:
EU, US, Japan should cooperate on rare earth supply http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/eu-us-japan-cooperate-rare-earth-supply-news-501917
China to further regulate rare earth exports: MOC spokesman http://english.gov.cn/2011-02/17/content_1805274.htm
New rules regulate rare earth industry http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/business/2011-02/18/content_12041065.htm
Energy Critical Elements—Developing New Technologies to Foster U.S. Energy Independence http://aps.org/about/pressreleases/elementsreport.cfm
A bill to promote the domestic production of critical minerals and materials, and for other purposes http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s112-383

Ecuadorian Court Fines Chevron $8.6 Billion for Environmental Damages
An Ecuadorian court verdict orders Chevron Corp. to pay about $8.6 billion to Amazonian communities for environmental damage caused by oil drilling during 1964-1992. Although this is the largest compensation for its type, the plaintiffs’ lawyers estimate the damage costs to around $113 billion. Lack of a clear legal system, and liability and redress framework for environmental damage from exploitation of natural resources might keep the case unsettled for several more years. [See also Environmental Courts and Tribunals Are Rapidly Increasing Around the World and The Oil Spill Likely to Initiate International Regulations Discussions and Accelerate Alternative Energy Developments in the April and May 2010 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Ecuador Judge Orders Chevron to Pay $9 Billion http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/world/americas/15ecuador.html
Indigenous people wins ruling against Chevron http://www.npaid.org/en/News_Archive/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=16825
Chevron to pay Billions in Damages, Ecuadorian Court Rules http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/101288/
Chevron, Ecuador Lawsuit http://www.chevron.com/ecuador/

Climate Change
Food and Water Security
The FAO Food Price Index averaged 231 points in January 2011, the highest level since 1990, when it is backtracked. Prices of all monitored commodity groups showed strong gains, with the exception of meat, which remained constant. The World Bank’s food price index is also on the rise and in January was only 3% below its 2008 peak. The Bank estimates that rising food prices have pushed 44 million more people into extreme poverty since June 2010, and warns that global food prices have reached “dangerous levels,” which could aggravate political and social conditions in fragile regions. Additionally, severe weather conditions in China, the world’s largest wheat producer, affected 12.75 million (of a total 35 million) acres of wheat fields. If China, which has the highest foreign exchange reserves, begins importing large quantities of food, international prices might rise even higher, with serious impact on the rest of the world.
A five-point action plan developed by FAO to help countries cope with food price volatility includes creating a multilateral mechanism to improve transparency of food markets.
The FAO report, Making Integrated Food-Energy Systems (IFES) Work for People and Climate: An Overview, presents examples of approaches that integrate food and energy crops. The paper describes two types of IFES: a) food and biomass for energy are grown on the same land, and b) the use of agro-industrial technology that allows agricultural byproducts to be used through gasification or anaerobic digestion. It underscores that integrating crops can also be an effective climate change mitigation approach.
South Korea announced plans for creating a national body for addressing food security issues, and establishing its own grain-trading company in Chicago by mid-2011, trying to mitigate the impact of global food price volatility.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
The Arctic’s air temperatures were 2º-6ºC (4º-11ºF) above normal in January 2011, and the extent of ice was the lowest for the month since the beginning of satellite records. Ice coverage for the month declined by roughly 10% in three decades (see graph in the Appendix ).
Peru’s Huaytapallana Mountain glacier lost 50% of its surface ice between June 1983 and August 2006, announced Peruvian officials, reinforcing concerns over threats to fresh water resources. A World Bank report of 2009 said that Peru’s glaciers have shrunk by 22% over the past 35 years, leading to a 12% loss in the amount of fresh water reaching the coast, where most of the country’s population lives. The report warned that Andean glaciers and permanent snowcaps could disappear in 20 years.

Rising Seas Level
Using data from the U.S. Geological Survey, a study by the University of Arizona maps the U.S. coast showing in detail where and how much coastal land could be lost if global sea levels rise by about 3 feet by 2100. The study found that an average of 9% of the land in the 180 coastal cities is threatened, with the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico most affected.

Migration
The Asian Development Bank project on Policy Options to Support Climate-induced Migration aims to enhance regional preparedness for migration triggered by climate change. This project considers the assumption that increased occurrence and intensity of extreme weather conditions will force a growing number of people to migrate. It is the first international initiative addressing climate-induced migration in Asia and the Pacific to generate policies and finance recommendations. Also as part of the project, the report, Climate Change and Migration in Asia and the Pacific, expected to be published in March 2011, will highlight “hotspots” and potential migration management options for improved adaptation and opportunities.

Adaptation
The briefing note, Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation Through Effective Disaster Risk Reduction, by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) presents climate risk reduction strategies and an assessment of how managing risks can reduce costs. One of the key messages is that disaster risk reduction and adaptation should be included in national development planning.
On February 9, 2011, the UN General Assembly held its first debate on disaster risk reduction. The debate included two panels: “Invest Today for a Safer Tomorrow,” and “Addressing the Challenges of Disaster Risk in Urban Settings.” The outcomes will inform the third session of the biennial Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction to be held May 8-13, 2011, in Geneva, Switzerland.
The World Resources Institute, in collaboration with UNEP, UNDP, and the World Bank, have launched the World Resources Report website in an open form that invites expert views to be considered for the findings and recommendations of the 2011 edition of the World Resources Report to be published in April 2011. This report aims to provide guidance on mainstreaming climate change risks into planning and policies across sectors such as agriculture, electricity production, and forestry and water management.

Netherlands to Require Nanotech Development to Include Risk Analysis
The Netherlands government has announced that joint public/private investments in the development of nanotechnology must devote at least 15% of the investment to risk analyses. According to nanotech.lawbc.com, a recent report found that citizens have a positive attitude about the opportunities offered by nanotech, but are concerned about the risks.
Source:
The Netherlands Will Require Nanotechnology Development to Include Investment in Risk Analysis http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/02/articles/international/the-netherlands-will-require-nanotechnology-development-to-include-investment-in-risk-analysis/

Joint US/UK Consortium to Develop Nanotech Risk-management Tools
A new organization from the US and the UK, the Nanomaterial Bioavailability and Environmental Exposure (Nano-BEE) Consortium, is developing risk-management tools government officials will be able to use to effectively regulate nanomaterials. According to a project spokeswoman, "[R]egulators need tools that will allow them to look at a wide variety of nanomaterials and rapidly identify the most significant potential problems for a specific nanomaterial in a specific location. This [consortium] … will model how the local environmental chemistry influences the availability of nanomaterials. We expect to see a lot of variability: What is safe in one area may be unsafe someplace else."
Sources:
US, UK Join Forces for Nano Safety http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=15276&SnID=2013438090
Consortium for Manufactured Nanomaterial Bioavailability & Environmental Exposure http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/9271/report/0

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) Releases 2011 Strategic Plan
The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) has released the 2011 NNI Strategic Plan, which states four goals: advance a world-class nanotech R/D program; foster the transfer of new technologies into products; develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure and tools to advance nanotech; and support responsible nanotech development. It also lays out specific objectives under each goal, “outlining concrete steps that NNI member agencies will take toward collectively achieving the NNI vision and goals”, according to nanotech.lawbc.com.
Sources:
NNI Releases 2011 Strategic Plan http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/02/articles/united-states/federal/nni-releases-2011-strategic-plan/
2011 NNI Strategic Plan http://www.nano.gov/nnistrategicplan211.pdf

A New Toxicology of Sophisticated Materials Required for the Nano Future
A new paper notes, "…it has become ever-more important to understand how the physical form and chemical composition of these [nano] materials interact synergistically to determine toxicity. … Research within … [nanotoxicology] is highlighting the importance of material physicochemical properties in how dose is understood, how materials are characterized in a manner that enables quantitative data interpretation and comparison, and how materials move within, interact with and are transformed by biological systems." The paper presents "…a brief overview of the current state of the science …, and focus on three emerging … challenges … that will become increasingly important over the next fifty years: identifying relevant materials for study, physicochemical characterization, and bio-interactions. "
Source:
The New Toxicology of Sophisticated Materials: Nanotoxicology and Beyond http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/12/22/toxsci.kfq372

Scientists Review State of Nanotoxicology
Harald F. Krug and Peter Wick of the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology have published a paper, How Safe Is Nano? Nanotoxicology: An interdisciplinary challenge, that, according to the abstract, “…seeks to cast light on the phenomena that may occur as nanoobjects interact with cells, tissues, and organisms … [and to] demonstrate that the many data made available on the biological effects of nanomaterials do not always come from studies that can be considered reliable.”
Sources:
Nanotoxicology: An Interdisciplinary Challenge http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001037
How Safe Is Nano? Nanotoxicology: An interdisciplinary challenge http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-safe-nano-nanotoxicology-interdisciplinary.html

More Assurance of Nanotech Safety A Factor in Public Acceptance
A new paper, Still more questions than answers on nanotechnology in food, raises the problem that the unanswered questions on nanotech safety, and the failure to communicate to the public the information that is available on its benefits and risks, especially in food, are obstacles to achieving consumer acceptance of the technology. The author concludes: "Achieving safe and widely accepted commercial uses of nanotechnology will require concerted effort across countries, Federal agencies, disciplines and sectors. Ultimately, the success or failure of nanotechnology may hinge on how and the extent that these challenges are overcome."
Sources:
Nanotechnology for Food Applications: More Questions Than Answers http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01182.x/abstract
Still more questions than answers on nanotechnology in food http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Financial-Industry/Still-more-questions-than-answers-on-nanotechnology-in-food

New EU NANOCHANNELS Project Aims to Improve Public Understanding
The new NANOCHANNELS, an EC-funded project, implemented by a consortium of nanotech, media, public communications, and educational organizations, will engage in “a dynamic programme of communication, dialogue, and engagement in issues of nanotechnology (NT) aimed at European citizens, … [with] the overarching aim … to build trust and achieve a social consensus in the development and implementation of nanotechnology.” The Institute of Nanotechnology will be the project’s scientific advisor and it will operate in six countries, including Israel.
Source:
‘It’s good to talk’: Institute of Nanotechnology participates in the Nanochannels project http://www.nano.org.uk/news/1189/

Review of Nanotechnology and Public Opinion
Nanowerk Spotlight recently published an article by Prof. Dietram A. Scheufele of the College of Agricultural & Life Sciences at the Univ. of Wisconsin reviewing the history and current state of public opinion about nanotechnology. He reports on two trends in public knowledge about nanotech, viz., “levels of knowledge about nanotechnology across the general population have remained fairly static in the last few years; and, there is a widening gap among education groups, with highly educated individuals showing increased learning over time, and less-educated respondents falling behind in terms of how much they know about nanotechnology.” The paper has an extensive list of references.
Source:
Nanotechnology and public opinion http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=19819.php

Article Suggests More Regulation Would Benefit Nanotech Development
A recent post on an Environmental Defense Fund blog suggests, “…a little regulation would have done – and still could do – the world of nanotechnology a world of good.” concluding that “A little regulation could go a long way toward restoring confidence in our ability to produce and use these emerging materials in a manner that reaps the benefits and avoids the harm they may otherwise cause.”
Source:
Regulating nanomaterials to life, not death http://blogs.edf.org/nanotechnology/2011/01/28/regulating-nanomaterials-to-life-not-death/

NanoHealth and Safety Center Created at Univ. at Albany
SEMATECH, a global consortium of chipmakers, its subsidiary, the International SEMATECH Manufacturing Initiative, Inc. (ISMI), and the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) of the University at Albany (SUNY Albany) have announced the creation of the world's first NanoHealth and Safety Center (NSC), at CNSE's Albany NanoTech Complex. Its initial challenges will include occupational and environmental health and safety, and resource utilization.
Source:
SEMATECH, ISMI and UAlbany NanoCollege partner to launch groundbreaking NanoHealth and Safety Center http://www.cnse.albany.edu/newsroom/newsreleases/11-02-15/SEMATECH_ISMI_and_UAlbany_NanoCollege_partner_to_launch_groundbreaking_NanoHealth_and_Safety_Center.aspx

Zimbabwe Starts National Nanotechnology Programme
The Zimbabwe Ministry of Science and Technology has adopted a National Nanotechnology Programme, in partnership with the Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences and the Zimbabwe Research Council, to help guide local industry in taking advantage of the emerging technology.
Source:
Zim Adopts Nanotechnology Programme http://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2011-01-27-zim-adopts-nanotechnology-programme

Nanotech Conferences to Examine Current and Future Problems
- A conference The Biggest Issues for the Smallest Stuff: Regulation and Risk Management of Nanotechnology is being held 21 March 2011 in Phoenix AZ, featuring experts from government, industry, non-governmental organizations, the insurance industry and academia, who will examine recent trends and challenges in regulation and risk management of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology regulation conference to tackle big policy questions for the small science http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20166.php
The Biggest Issues for the Smallest Stuff: Regulation and Risk Management of Nanotechnology http://lsi.law.asu.edu/nanoregulation/

- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office will hold Bridging NanoEHS Research Efforts - a joint US-EU Workshop on March 10-11, 2011, to provide an open forum and engage in an active scientific discussion about nano EHS, to encourage joint US-EU programs of work that would leverage resources, and to establish communities of research practice, between key U.S. and EU researchers for near-term and future collaborations. Registration for the workshop is closed, but proceedings will be available later at www.nano.gov.
National Nanotechnology Coordination Office: Bridging NanoEHS Research Efforts - a joint US-EU Workshop http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20179.php
US-EU Bridging NanoEHS Research Efforts http://www.nano.gov/html/meetings/us-eu/index.html

-The International Conference on Frontiers of Characterization and Metrology for Nanoelectronics 2011 (IC-FCMN 2011) will be held 23-26 May 2011 at MINATEC, an international center for micro- and nanotechnologies, in Grenoble, France.
International Conference on Frontiers of Characterization and Metrology for Nanoelectronics Set for May 23-26 http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20181.php
Frontiers of Characterization and Metrology for Nanoelectronics www.nist.gov/pml/semiconductor/conference

Evaluation of BioWatch (Biowarfare Detection) System and Upgrades
BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance: Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version by the National Academies is an evaluation of the federal monitoring system for rapid detection of specific biological agents during a biological attack. The report is a comprehensive evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the current BioWatch program and the planned new generation of BioWatch devices, while also assessing whether BioWatch and traditional infectious disease surveillance systems are redundant or complementary.
Source:
BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance: Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12688#description

Earthquakes and Corruption
The study “Corruption kills” by Nicholas Ambraseys and Roger Bilham, published in the journal Nature (volume 469), assesses the link between governance and casualties due to building structures and quality. It shows that in impoverished areas, where corruption is rampant, substandard building materials are routinely used in order to cut costs and gain greater profits. This places the people who live and work in those buildings at risk in the event of a natural disaster. Using data from the last 30 years, the authors found that 83% of deaths that occurred from building collapses in earthquakes happened in countries where corruption is an issue. They contend that “there is statistical support for widespread anecdotal evidence of a correlation between corruption and loss of life in earthquakes” and that this data supports widely-voiced opinions that the number of deaths resulting from earthquakes is likely to correspond to the ability to afford quality building materials and enforce standards for building earthquake-resistant structures, rather than the geology of the area.
Sources:
Ambraseys, Nicholas & Roger Bilham (13 January 2011). “Corruption kills.” Nature 469 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v469/n7329/full/469153a.html.
Tackle corruption to cut earthquake deaths http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/natural-disasters/opinions/tackle-corruption-to-cut-earthquake-deaths.html

An Emerging Nordic-Baltic Alliance Might Have Security Implications
The first Nordic-Baltic Summit was held in London, January 19-20, 2011 to establish a regional “alliance” for addressing issues of common interest. The Summit was attended by the leaders of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, and the host, the UK Prime Minister, David Cameron. Reportedly, one of the outcomes is building an energy “supergrid” to link suppliers of renewable energy. A follow-up summit is planned for Sweden in 2012. Although the Summit’s focus was on economic and social issues, speculations are that the alliance will be expanded to security issues. In the meantime, Nordic foreign ministers will hold an April meeting in Helsinki to discuss prospects for a “NATO-type” defense pact to address Arctic-related security issues. Since there are conflicting national jurisdictions over the Arctic, and global warming is expected to open shipping and access to large gas and oil resources, new agreements seem necessary to prevent future conflicts.
Sources:
UK: Northern summit was not anti-European http://euobserver.com/19/31677
Nordic Baltic Summit http://uknordicbaltic.readandcomment.com/
Arctic NATO to watch the Russians http://english.pravda.ru/world/europe/20-01-2011/116584-arctic_nato-0/
UK-Nordic-Baltic Summit to form new "alliance" http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/27816/

International Air Cargo Screening Cooperation Requested
The executive director of the Airforwarders Association cargo industry group asked the U.S. Transportation Security Administration to bring shipping countries together to share screening methods for inbound international packages on passenger planes to meet deadlines. The lack of international standardized procedures impedes the implementation of a global system.
Source:
TSA Wants Countries to Cooperate on Air Cargo Screening: Industry Official http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20110124_5589.php

Fuel efficiency standards are changing around the world
UNEP in cooperation with other agencies has developed guidelines on sustainable procurement of vehicles for the UN. Recent reports by international organizations are pointing to the need for globally harmonized standards for assessing the efficiency of different fuels and relevant new technologies. The UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) report Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves notes the lack of a transparent methodology for quantifying the energy efficiency of motor systems and insufficient data for documenting present and future cost effectiveness potentials. The International Energy Agency’s 50by50 Prospects and Progress report calls for global fuel economy reduction to about 8L/100km with emissions halved in new automobiles by 2030 and in all automobiles by 2050 (by the Global Fuel Economy Initiative). A European expert group states that alternative fuels could replace fossil fuels by 2050. A RAND Corporation study Alternative Fuels for Military Applications concludes thatthe military should direct its efforts more towards increasing energy efficiency rather than investing in alternative fuels.
Sources:
Buying Better Vehicles for the UN http://www.greeningtheblue.org/news/buying-better-vehicles-un
New report gives green light to the feasibility of halving carbon emissions from new cars by 2030 http://www.iea.org/index_info.asp?id=1775
Clean Transport Systems http://ec.europa.eu/transport/urban/vehicles/road/clean_transport_systems_en.htm
RAND study concludes use of alternative fuels by US military would convey no direct military benefit; recommends energy efficiency instead http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/01/rand-20110125.html

Prosecution of Pillage of Natural Resources as War Crime
At a conference held in The Hague, under the auspices of the Open Society Institute’s Justice Initiative in coordination with the Dutch and Canadian governments, lawyers and human rights activists suggested legal instruments for prosecuting pillage of natural resources as a war crime. While this would primarily apply to companies profiting from the trade of “conflict minerals” and to cases that use resulting revenue to fund armed conflict, concerns also include environmental degradation and social aspects. The most notorious situation is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Other countries on the “watch list” include: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and Turkey. In a related development, the U.S. Dodd-Frank Act (H.R. 4173) becomes effective on April 11, 2011. It includes a clause requiring companies to report on the use of certain minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighboring countries. Non-compliance will be fined. [Related item: Natural Resources Fuel Violence in Eastern D.R. Congo in September 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Firms Linked to Conflict Minerals May Face Prosecution http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2011/2011-01-03-02.html
‘Conflict Mineral’ Strategy Emerging http://wardsauto.com/ar/conflict_mineral_strategy_101228/
Digging In: Recent Developments on Conflict Minerals http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/digging-in-conflict-minerals
Conflict minerals law could push prices higher - MSCI ESG http://www.miningweekly.com/article/conflict-minerals-law-could-push-prices-higher---mcsi-esg-2011-01-21

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

Flexible Supercapacitor Could Power Wearable Environmental Sensors
Prof. Zhong Lin Wang of the Georgia Inst. of Technology and Jong Min Kim of South Korea’s Samsung Electronics claim development of a prototype flexible supercapacitor that can be incorporated into textiles. The devices use zinc oxide nanowires as electrodes. Combined with their previously developed flexible fiber nanogenerators, these units could power wearable environmental sensors.
Source:
T-Shirt replaces battery: Fiber-based electrochemical micro-supercapacitor http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-t-shirt-battery-fiber-based-electrochemical-micro-supercapacitor.html

Nanoimprint May Create Synthetic, Chemical-Free, Anti-Bacterial Surfaces
Singapore’s A*STAR Industrial Consortium On Nanoimprint and collaborating organizations are working on a project to create synthetic, chemical-free, anti-bacterial surfaces that can protect external structures from harboring pathogenic organisms. The nanoimprint technology creates complex nanometer-sized patterns on surfaces to mimic the texture of natural contaminant-repelling materials.
Sources:
Singapore consortium learns from nature to produce new chemical-free, anti-bacteria plastic 'skins' http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19556.php
I.C.O.N. Project #2 : Towards Anti-Bacterial Surfaces http://www.imre.a-star.edu.sg/nil/project2.pdf

Potential Bioweapon Countermeasure against Ebola and Marburg Virus
Scientists of the University of Illinois at Chicago have identified a family of small molecules that apparently inhibit the Ebola and Marburg virus entry into human cells. Although not a cure, the breakthrough could represent a potential bioweapon countermeasure against use of those agents.
Source:
Small Molecules May Prevent Ebola Infection http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/newsbureau/cgi-bin/index.cgi?from=Releases&to=Release&id=3111&start=1287856211&end=1295632211&topic=0&dept=0

Charged Particle Generators Produce Desert “Rainstorms”
Scientists from the Swiss company Metro Systems International, working in the United Arab Emirates, have been trying to produce rainfall in the desert. Their system uses electronic ion generators to produce charged dust particles, which rise in the atmosphere and attract moisture that then falls as rain. Their claim of having created at least 52 specific “rain storm events” with this system has been met with some skepticism, although most of the storms were in July and August, when usually there is no rain at all.
Source:
Technology created 50 rainstorms in Abu Dhabi's Al Ain region last year http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1343470/Have-scientists-discovered-create-downpours-desert.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques

Spectrometer Provides Accurate Beta/Gamma Detection in 15 Minutes
Profs. David Hamby and Abi Farsoni of Oregon State Univ. have announced development of a new type of radiation spectrometer that can take as little as 15 minutes to determine the type and amount of beta- and gamma-emitting radionuclides present in materials such as soil. The development will be commercialized by Avicenna Instruments, of Corvallis, Oregon.
Source:
New technology to speed cleanup of nuclear contaminated sites http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-technology-cleanup-nuclear-contaminated-sites.html

Molecular Imprinted Polymers Provide Basis for Sensors of Multiple Compounds
Prof, Rigoberto Advincula and colleagues of the Depts. of Chemistry, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the Univ, of Houston, are developing a family of sensors based on molecular imprinted polymers, which can be tailored to show an affinity for certain chemicals. These materials, prepared by electropolymerization directly on a gold surface, can form the basis for sensitive detectors for hazardous compounds in the environment.
Sources:
Sensors to detect explosives, monitor food http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19807.php
Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Films of a Bis-Terthiophene Dendron: Folic Acid Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensing http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am100805y

Water Testing and Cleaning Techniques
Scientists at the Univ. of Central Florida, led by Prof. J. Manuel Perez, have developed a fast, sensitive, and probably less expensive test for cholera toxin in water. The test uses the sugar dextran coated with iron oxide nanoparticles, with a positive result detected by magnetic relaxation measurements.
ABSMaterials, Inc. of Wooster, OH is offering water purification systems based on the properties of a new swellable nano-structured glass, Osorb®, developed at the College of Wooster. In a demonstration, the material expands to eight times its original volume in the presence of hydrocarbons, purifying a gasoline-tainted sample of drinking water for consumption.
Sources:
Special Sugar, Nanoparticles Combine to Detect Cholera Toxin http://news.ucf.edu/UCFnews/index?page=article&id=00240041052a2b5bb012d4490764900622f
Identification of Molecular-Mimicry-Based Ligands for Cholera Diagnostics using Magnetic Relaxation http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bc100442q
NSF Webcast: Water and Oil Everywhere, and Now it's Safe to Drink http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=118400&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click

Environment-friendly Cement Processes
New Cement Process Greatly Reduces Energy Load and CO2 Emission
A project led by chemist Peter Stemmermann at Germany’s Karlsruhe Institute of Technology reports a new variety of cement called Celitement. It requires less energy to manufacture and emits less CO2 in the production process. Cement manufacturing is responsible for about 5% of global CO2 emissions.
Sources:
New Chemistry, Less Energy Could Yield Greener Cement http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2010/12/101209-green-cement-energy-greenhouse-gas/
Celitement GmbH http://www.celitement.com/en/

Sustainable Method to Recycle Rubble into Durable Construction Material
Researchers at Georgia Tech describe a technique to recycle such building debris as that from the Haiti earthquake into a strong concrete material using sands and other natural materials widely available locally. While concerns remain about the variable quality of the concrete rubble and local materials, and the need to conduct further research on recycled concrete in general, lab tests show the new building substance “meets or exceeds the minimum strength standards defined by the American Concrete Institute and used in the U.S.”
Sources:
Researchers Find Method for Recycling Rubble, Rebuilding Haiti http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?nid=63746
The American Ceramic Society Jan-Feb 2011 Bulletin http://ceramics.org/publications-and-resources/the-bulletin/
Breaking Haiti’s the reconstruction logjam: Progress through rubble reuse http://americanceramicsociety.org/bulletin/2011_pdf_files/jan_feb_11/#/22/

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

UN Review of Sustainable Development in Preparation for Rio+20 in 2012
The First Intersessional Meeting for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in preparation for the Rio+20 to be held in 2012 took place January 10-11, 2011. The advanced unedited version of the Synthesis Report presented to the delegates is a comprehensive assessment on the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Barbados Programme of Action, based on feedback from member states and UN agencies. It identifies, “Low political priority for integrated decision making…” (para. 44) as nations’ most important challenge, while, “Unclear mandates, low accountability, competition for funds, conflicting interests, the absence of institutional mechanisms for joint work and collaboration all exacerbate these [implementation] problems, which are also reflected in the UN system.” (para. 50) [Related item: UN Reform Report Stresses Environmental Issues in March 2005 environmental security report.]
Sources:
The United Nations General Assembly advanced unedited copy of the Synthesis Report http://www.earthsummit2012.org/index.php/news/313-synthesis-report-231210
First Intersessional Meeting for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development http://www.uncsd2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=73&Itemid=124

More Aggressive Action Needed to Curb Ozone Depletions
In The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2010 by UN, EU, and US organizations present a comprehensive analysis of the effect of stratospheric ozone changes on the Earth’s surface climate and of the effects of climate change on stratospheric ozone. It also includes several scenarios, finding that leakage from ozone-depleting substance (ODS) banks are the largest source of current ozone-depleting potential and warns that delaying capture and destruction of chlorinated fluorocarbon compound (CFC) bank leakage beyond 2011-2015 could reduce the possible ozone and climate benefits by about 30%. The report also includes policy options and recommendations. [Related item: Call for Expanding Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances in September 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
The 2010 Assessment of the Scientific Assessment Panel http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/index.shtml
Ozone Secretariat Releases 2010 Scientific Assessment Report http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/ozone-secretariat-releases-2010-scientific-assessment-report/?referrer=climate-change-daily-feed

The Battle for Rare Earth Elements Continues
The Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources again tightened control over the rare earth mineral supply by taking under central control 11 mining districts in the south of the country, applying a seldom-used mining law. It suggested that this is only a first step of a larger process that will place additional districts under the national government control. The move is justified for addressing potential illegal strip-mining and refining of rare earths, and environmental degradation (including contamination of fields and waterways with powerful acids and other materials). Reportedly, export quotas for the first half of 2011 were cut by 35%, in addition to a 72% reduction in the second half of 2010. Tougher regulations, production quotas, and export restrictions, combined with rising international demand triggered rising prices (e.g. the price of neodymium—used in Toyota’s Prius hybrid car—rose to $80 a kilogram from $19 in 2009.)
A Japanese government-backed enterprise plans to deploy remote-controlled robots to mine rare earth elements up to a depth of 6,600 ft. from the seabed in proximity to the Izu and Ogasawara island chain and southwestern Okinawa islands. The project is targeting seabed volcanoes in search of minerals released from hydrothermal vents. Precious metals and methane hydrate, a potential next-generation fuel, are also a potential area of focus. [Related item: Chinese Rare Earth Restrictions in September 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
China Seizes Rare Earth Mine Areas http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/business/global/21rare.html
Rare Earth Metals Leave Toxic Trail to Toyota, Vestas http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-06/rare-earth-metals-leave-toxic-trail-to-toyota-vestas.html
Japan deep-sea robots to seek minerals: report http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-japan-deep-sea-robots-minerals.html

EU to Set Resource Efficiency Targets
The European Commission is preparing a "roadmap" in the form of a set of resource efficiency targets to be published at mid-2011. It is expected that member states will be required to limit their consumption of fuels, minerals, and water, among other resources, potentially linked to the “European Semester” system for monitoring member state budgets. [Related item: European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
EU moots link between resource efficiency and budgetary targets http://euobserver.com/9/31704/?rk=1

NATO Continues to Develop Cyber Defense Policies
NATO nations’ Senior National Policy Advisors held a meeting in Brussels, January 25, 2011, assessing ways of using NATO assets and capabilities for further developing the Alliance’s cyber defense policy and common defense system against cyber threats. “There simply can be no true security without cyber security,” noted NATO Secretary General, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, highlighting that this meeting is an “important part of getting ahead of the cyber curve.” Cyber security is also identified as an increasing challenge in NATO’s New Strategic Concept. [Related items: The EU Strengthens Legislation to Counter Cybercrime in December 2010, and NATO’s New Strategic Concept Includes Environmental Security in November 2010 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Developing NATO’s cyber defence policy http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_70049.htm

India Urges Strengthening Outer Space Treaty
The “Space, Science, and Security” conference held in New Delhi, January 19-21, 2011, addressed eventual updates to the Outer Space Treaty to better address security aspects. Keynote speaker Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamy, India’s former head of the Air Force, in addition to amendments to the Treaty, suggested establishing, “a strong policing force in the UN,” to prevent militarization of space. He underlined that the new amendments should specifically outlaw installing nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as establishing military bases or conducting testing or military maneuvers in space or on celestial bodies. However, any research and use of equipment for peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The conference was organized by Observer Research Foundation, Secure World Foundation, and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. [Related item: Steps for an International Regime for Space Debris and Space Traffic Control System in May 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Plug holes in UN 'Outer Space Treaty', says former Air Chief http://news.oneindia.in/2011/01/19/plugholes-in-un-outer-space-treaty-says-former-airchief-aid0121.html
Space, Science, and Security: The Role of Regional Expert Discussions New Delhi, January 19-21 http://swfound.org/events/2011/space,-science,-and-security-the-role-of-regional-expert-discussions

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
2010 was one of the two warmest years on record (tied with 2005), and the 34th consecutive year above the 20th century average, announced the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) based on data from the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Center, NOAA, and NASA. Exceptionally warmer regions included much of Africa and southern and western Asia, Greenland, and Arctic Canada, with some sub-regions registering temperatures 1.2 to 1.4°C (2.2 to 2.5°F) above the long-term average. The WMO also notes that 2001-2010 was the warmest decade on record, with the global average 0.46°C above the 1961-1990 average. WMO also underlines the high number of extreme weather events in 2010, including severe floods in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Brazil and Australia, as well as the heat wave in Russia.
2010 was also one of the deadliest years of the least two decades, according to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. There were 373 disasters registered, which killed 296,800 people, affected 207 million, and caused damages estimated to $109 billion. Some 89% of all those affected by disasters in 2010 lived in Asia. Similarly, according to Munich Re, 2010 natural catastrophes killed 295,000 people, costing approximately $130 billion. By its standards, there were 950 natural disasters in 2010 (365 in the Americas, 310 in Asia, 120 in Europe, 90 in Africa and 65 in Australia and Oceania); 90% were weather-related. The other major reinsurer, Swiss Re, reported that man-made and natural disasters in 2010 caused worldwide economic losses of $222 billion, more than three times more than in 2009.
Mapping the impacts of natural hazards and technological accidents in Europe, a report by the European Environment Agency, found that the number and impacts of disasters in Europe have increased over the period 1998-2009, causing nearly 100,000 fatalities and economic losses of about €150 billion (approx. $200 billion). It warns that losses due to climate change are likely to increase in the future.

Food and Water Security
The sixth edition of the Global Risk report by the World Economic Forum identifies the "water-food-energy" nexus as one of three key clusters of risks (the other two being macroeconomic imbalances and illegal economy). The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that food prices hit a record high in December 2010. Its Food Price Index was 214.7, the highest since 1990 when it was created. In its report Guide for Policy and Programmatic Action at Country Level to Address High Food Price, FAO urges countries to refrain from export bans and other actions that could exacerbate the current food crisis. Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia, warned that the next economic war could be over scarce resources, if problems of rising food prices, poverty and population growth are not addressed and urged that food security must be a G20 priority.

Melting glaciers and sea ice
The WMO reports that Arctic sea-ice cover in December 2010 was the lowest on record, with an average monthly extent of 12 million square kilometers, 1.35 million square kilometers below the 1979-2000 average for December. Greenland also experienced record surface melting and runoff in 2010, with the annual melting season up to 50 days longer than the average observed between 1979 and 2009, and with summer snowfall below average, notes an international group of researchers in a study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, on January 21, 2011.

Health
An Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk study published in Science magazine, warns about potential change of patterns of infectious diseases and their transmission from animals to humans due to climate change and environmental degradation, changes of migration patterns, and greater interaction between human and animal habitat.

Computer Modeling and Scenarios
A computer modeling of climate change to the year 3000 shows that even with zero CO2 emissions beginning in 2100, climate change effects will continue for the next 1,000 years. Regional changes in temperature and precipitation would still be considerable, although the global mean temperature would likely remain the same. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet would collapse by 3000, raising global sea levels by approximately 4 meters. The model was produced by researchers at the Univ. of Victoria and Univ. of Calgary in Canada.
Sources:
It’s Official: 2010 in a Statistical Tie for Warmest Year On Record http://www.climatecentral.org/news/its-official-2010-in-a-statistical-tie-for-warmest-year-on-record/
2010 equals record for world’s warmest year http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_906_en.html
Overall picture of natural catastrophes in 2010 – Very severe earthquakes and many severe weather events http://www.munichre.com/en/media_relations/press_releases/2011/2011_01_03_press_release.aspx
Mapping the impacts of natural hazards and technological accidents in Europe' http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/mapping-the-impacts-of-natural
Global Risk 2011 http://riskreport.weforum.org/
Policy guide for countries hit hard by high food prices http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/49954/icode/
Indonesia's President says food security must be G20 priority http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmhg0nKzrqDTGK9ww6o9bUkohyGQ?docId=CNG.7cf561b86d25fb9fcfc035de4e9a829a.f1
2010 equals record for world’s warmest year http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_906_en.html
Greenland's ice feels the heat in record-setting 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/01/21/21climatewire-greenlands-ice-feels-the-heat-in-record-sett-93789.html
Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk. Science 331, 6015: pp. 296-302 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6015/296.full?ijkey=uTHIpzF2u3UUw&keytype=ref&siteid=sci
Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1047.html

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
ISO Published Standard for Inhalation Toxicity Testing of Nanoparticles
The International Organization for Standards (ISO) has published an International Standard to support the inhalation toxicity testing of nanoparticles: ISO 10808:2010, Nanotechnologies – Characterization of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicity testing. An ISO official states, “In order to test inhalation toxicity it is necessary to monitor concentration, size and size-distribution of nanoscale particles in an inhalation chamber. Traditional methods used in other areas are considered insufficient for testing nanoparticles since parameters specific to them like particle surface area or number, might be crucial determinants of toxicity.”
Sources:
How toxic are nanoparticles? New ISO standard helps find out http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19862.php
ISO 10808:2010 Nanotechnologies -- Characterization of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicity testing http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=46130

Transatlantic Partners to Analyze Environmental Safety and health (EHS) for Manufactured Nanomaterials
According to Nanowerk News, in Phase 2 of the Environmental Nanoscience Initiative, scientists from the UK and the US will collaborate on three major research projects:

a risk assessment for manufactured nanoparticles used in consumer products;
an investigation of how nanomaterials are transported into sewage treatment systems, soil and surface waters and sediments, and a range of organisms;
an examination of the rate and behavior of nanomaterials carried into agricultural soil and absorbed into its biota, as well as new knowledge from a unique pilot-scale waste water treatment facility."

Sources:
Transatlantic partners to analyse environment and health risks of manufactured nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19871.php

Thailand Moves Toward Nanotechnology Safety and Ethics Strategy Plan
According to Nanowerk News, the Thai National Nanotechnology Center, NANOTEC, and the Nanotechnology Assoc. of Thailand are working on the country's first strategy plan on nanotech safety and ethics, to be submitted to the government in 2011, with full regulation expected in five years.
Source:
Thailand pushing forward on nanosafety regulations http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19736.php

Review of the Long History of Nanosilver Usage and Regulation, and Implications
A recent paper, 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers, points out that nanosilver in the form of colloidal silver has been used for more than a century and has been registered as a biocidal material in the U.S. since 1954, and states, "it would be a mistake for regulators to ignore the accumulated knowledge of our scientific and regulatory heritage in a bid to declare nanosilver materials as new chemicals, with unknown properties and automatically harmful simply on the basis of a change in nomenclature to the term ‘nano.’”
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology Article Reviews History of Nanosilver and Policy Implications http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/01/articles/united-states/federal/environmental-science-technology-article-reviews-history-of-nanosilver-and-policy-implications/

Study Shows TiO2 Nanoparticles Disrupt Aquatic Ecosystems
A paper by environmental engineers April Gu and Carla Cherchi of Northeastern University in Boston reports that titanium dioxide nanoparticles, at the levels found in wastewater, “…could disrupt an aquatic ecosystem’s carbon and nitrogen cycles”, after experiments using a blue-green alga, Anabaena variabilis.
Sources:
TiO2 Nanoparticles in the Environment http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2909
TiO2 Nanoparticles in the Environment (study) http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/88/i40/8840news5.html

Nanotech Insight Conference to Be Held in Cairo, 27 February – 2 March
The Nanotech Insight Conference is to be held in Cairo, 27 February – 2 March 2011. One of the listed topics is Nano Ethics / Environmental Impact. According to the announcement, the conference aims, "…to integrate the scientific and ethical aspects of nanoscience and technology where lasting relationships between scientists, technologists and legislators in the developed and developing areas of the planet may be formed."
Source:
Nanotech Insight Conference http://www.nanoinsight.sabrycorp.com/conf/nanoinsight/11/index.cfm

EU Launches Public Consultation on Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials in Food
According to Nanowerk News, “…the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has launched a public consultation on its draft guidance document for engineered nanomaterial (ENM) applications in food and feed … [that] sets out for applicants, the data needed to understand the specific properties of the ENM, allowing a risk assessment to be carried out.”
Source:
European Food Safety Authority launches public consultation on risk assessment of nanomaterials in food and feed http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2011/01/articles/international/efsa-begins-public-consultation-on-draft-guidance-on-risk-assessment-for-nanoscience-and-nanotechnologies/

Reports and Information Suggested for Review Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Security
Environmental Security: A Guide to the Issues by Elizabeth L. Chalecki is a comprehensive overview of environmental security issues and discourse. It addresses the security implications of shortages and abundance of natural resources, the international ramifications of food security, the social impacts of changes of the global ecosystem due to climate change, and the effects of war and preparation for war on the natural environment. The book also, “…explores how nations can, and must, cooperate with each other to confront and manage these threats.”
Source:
Environmental Security. A Guide to the Issues http://www.greenwood.com/books/printFlyer.aspx?sku=A3197C

New Global Land Cover Maps
A global land cover map was created by European Space Agency and the Belgian Université Catholique de Louvain using 12 months of 2009 data from Envisat’s Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer at a resolution of 300 m. (http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int/)
A pan-European land cover and use map for 2009 created by ESA’s GlobCorine project is now available on-line. (http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int/globcorine/)
The first regional atlas on the state of the environment in Latin America and the Caribbean, with more than 200 images illustrating the principal environmental issues of the region was prepared by UNEP in cooperation with others. (http://www.cathalac.org/lac_atlas/)
The new on-line National Atlas of the U.S. produced by the USGS has scores of layers covering a wide range of environmental topics. (http://nationalatlas.gov/)

Evolution of Environmental Management Philosophy in China
The paper The Evolution of Environmental Management Philosophy Under Rapid Economic Development in China published in AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, seems to be a comprehensive assessment of China’s approach to environmental matters, mainly from an energy needs point of view.
Source:
The Evolution of Environmental Management Philosophy Under Rapid Economic Development in China (only preview available; purchase or subscription required for full text) http://www.springerlink.com/content/72l5678t41281v40/

December 2010

Germany to Propose Adding Climate Change to UN Security Council Agenda
Germany will join the UN Security Council for two years beginning in January as one of ten non-permanent members. During this time it is expected to urge this UN body to begin addressing climate change as a global security threat. This view is shared by many other UN members, as evidence of the security implications of climate change mount, and environmental security is becoming part of the security agenda of states and international security organizations. The UN General Assembly December 15, 2010 session focused on improving the coordination of efforts in case of disasters, including those associated with natural hazards. [Related items: UK Initiates UN Security Council Debate on Climate Change and Security in April 2007, and UN General Assembly Stressed Environment-related Issues in September 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Security Council must tackle climate change: Germany
http://www.france24.com/en/20101213-security-council-must-tackle-climate-change-germany
Surge in Demand for Humanitarian Assistance in High-Risk Environments Informs General Assembly Debate on Strengthening UN Disaster Relief Assistance
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2010/ga11038.doc.htm

Cancún UN Climate Change Conference Consolidates Progress
The UN Climate Change Conference held in Cancún, Mexico, November 29-December 10, 2010, included the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 6th session of Conference of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Although no legally-binding outcomes emerged, the “Cancún Agreements” helped to reverse the pessimism from the stalled negotiations during the Copenhagen conference on climate change. The Cancún Agreements include: 1) long-term cooperative action for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and eventually keeping global warming under 2ºC by the end of the century; 2) improved monitoring and reporting of national commitments by developed and developing countries; 3) enhanced action for adaptation, including establishing the Cancun Adaptation Framework, an Adaptation Committee, and a work program on loss and damages; 4) creation of the Green Climate Fund with a pledge of $100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries reduce emissions and adapt to climate change; 5) acceleration of technology transfer; 6) strengthening of REDD+ (reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) for lowering (or not raising) rates of deforestation (including fair treatment of indigenous people); and 7) capacity building. There were also around 20 other decisions covering administrative, financial, and institutional matters. The next Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC is scheduled to be held in Durban, South Africa, November 28‑December 9, 2011.
Sources:
The outcome documents of the COP16:
http://unfccc.int/conference_documents/items/5776.php
Back from the brink
http://www.economist.com/node/17730564
An Ethical Analysis of the Cancun Climate Negotiations Outcome.
http://rockblogs.psu.edu/climate/2010/12/an-ethical-analysis-of-the-cancun-climate-negotiations-outcome.html

The EU Strengthens Legislation to Counter Cybercrime
The European Commission is developing legislation for criminalizing cyber attacks. A proposed Directive addressing cyber crimes is supplemented by a proposal for strengthening the European Network and Information Security Agency. The strategy also includes setting up a 24-hour alert system in each member state, where citizens and companies can announce attacks. The EU’s anti-terrorism coordinator Gilles de Kerckhove said that “state-driven or state-sponsored attacks” are identified as the highest risk to cyber security. He also warned that while having an international “code of conduct” regulating the use of cyberspace would be helpful, an international legally binding treaty could also legitimize state controls over content. Cybercrime is also identified in the EU Internal Security Strategy action plan as one of the five main areas needing more coordinated strategy to help member countries counter rapidly developing security threats—along with organized crime, international terrorism, borders’ management, and response to natural and man-made crises and disasters. It is likely that the international discussions over coordinated action to counter cybercrime will accelerate and lead to some binding legal frameworks. [Related item: International Legal Frameworks Needed for Cybersecurity in April 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Commissioner concerned about cyber-attacks on WikiLeaks
http://euobserver.com/9/31409/?rk=1
Commission to boost Europe's defences against cyber-attacks
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/1239&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
For a more secure Europe
http://ec.europa.eu/news/external_relations/101122_en.htm

The ICC to Establish an Independent Oversight Mechanism
The 9th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held December 6–10, 2010, was attended by representatives of the 114 ICC States Party and over 150 NGOs. The decisions adopted include a resolution on creating an Independent Oversight Mechanism and its operational mandate, to enhance the Court’s efficiency. The IOM’s working procedures will be set out in a manual over the coming year, to be adopted at the next Assembly of States Parties, in December 2011. An omnibus resolution, “Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties,” covers a wide range of policy and practical issues relating to the ICC and international criminal justice. [Related item: Updates of the Rome Statute Include Amendments on the Crime of Aggression and Expansion of Criminalizing the Use of Certain Weapons in Non-international Conflicts in July 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
9th Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the ICC, Official documents
http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/exeres/f16c9b3e-55a6-4989-8987-f57125a0d306.htm
Assembly of States Parties concludes its ninth session
http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ASP/Press+Releases/Press+Releases+2010/Assembly+of+States+Parties+concludes+its+ninth+session.htm

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
Improved Plastic Recycling
Warwick Ventures at the University of Warwick, Coventry, England, has announced a new technology, using pyrolysis and fluidized beds that they claim will allow the recycling of 100% of household plastics instead of only 11% processed today (as measured in the U.K.).
Source:
Researchers: New tech could recycle all household plastics
http://www.smartplanet.com/people/blog/pure-genius/new-tech-could-recycle-100-percent-of-household-plastics-even-holiday-wrap/5195/

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Electrified Nanotube-Fabric Filter Offers Cheap, Fast Water Purification
The abstract of a research paper by Prof. Yi Cui of the Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University and colleagues states that an inexpensive, fast acting electrical water purification system has been developed using silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes on a cotton base. This operates at 100,000 L/(h × m2) and can deactivate >98% of bacteria within several seconds. The deactivation is achieved by large electric field concentrations near the silver nanowire tips.
Sources:
High-speed filter uses electrified nanostructures to purify water at low cost
http://www.rdmag.com/News/2010/08/Materials-Nanotechnology-High-speed-filter-uses-electrified-nanostructures-to-purify-water-at-low-cost/
High Speed Water Sterilization Using One-Dimensional Nanostructures (Abstract)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl101944e

Russian Enterprise to Mass Produce Low Cost Detectors for More than 40 Substances
The Russian firm Neutron Technologies has received funding for a project that will mass produce detectors of explosives and narcotics, using labeled neutron technology. The detectors are designed to operate in any kind of surroundings, can identify more than 40 different kinds of explosives, narcotics, and highly toxic substances, and are claimed to be significantly less expensive and more effective by numerous measures than other countries’ offerings.
Source:
RUSNANO Funds Project for Detectors of Explosives and Narcotics
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19545.php

Marine Bacteria Which Can Metabolize Steel Discovered
A new species of bacteria was discovered corroding the Titanic. The newly identified species, while potentially dangerous to vital underwater installations such as offshore oil and gas pipelines, could also offer a new way to recycle iron from old ships and marine structures, according to the researchers from Dalhousie University in Halifax NS, Canada, and Seville University in Spain. Evidence for this species of marine bacteria originated with investigation into strange formations, referred to as “rusticles”, found on the underwater wreckage of the Titanic, hence the name designation of Halomonas titanicae. In the context of marine bioremediation and recovery of recyclable metals, this discovery provides yet another avenue of investigation into these types of metabolic processes, and the potential organisms (naturally occurring and genetically engineered) utilizing them.
Source:
Steel-munching bacteria are devouring the Titanic, say scientists
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/dec/06/titanic-steel-bacteria-rusticles-pipelines

Improved Method to Remove Pollutants from Gas and Liquids
University of Illinois researchers led by Prof. Mark Rood have created a continuous process for the creation of tailorable carbon/iron-based catalysts. The technology uses ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, also developed at the University, to produce porous carbon spheres with iron nanoparticles dispersed throughout, differentiating it from previous processes which typically provided only one ingredient or the other. The group will now work on developing catalysts to remove three bioaccumulating pollutants from gas streams simultaneously; where now such pollutants are addressed individually.
Source:
New method for making tiny catalysts holds promise for air quality
http://www.news.illinois.edu/news/10/1215carbon_spheres_rood.html

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

UNEP Study on Inter-Linkages of Climate Change, POPs, and Human Health
The UNEP study Climate Change and POPs Inter-Linkages is the first systematic review of the link between climate change and the release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and the impact on human health and the environment. The study reveals that melting glaciers and ice sheets are releasing POPs trapped years ago, while severe and more frequent flooding triggered by climate change could lead to the secondary emissions of POPs through inundation of agricultural lands and POP storage sites. The study underlines the major impact on human health due to bio-magnification through the food chain. The full study will be presented to the 5th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention, to be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in April 2011. [Related items: New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Climate change increases vulnerability of planet to Persistent Organic Pollutants
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=653&ArticleID=6862&l=en
Climate Change Increases Planet’s Vulnerability to Persistent Organic Pollutants
http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/Pressreleases/UNFCCCCOP16ClimateChangeCancun7Dec2010/tabid/1269/language/en-US/Default.aspx

International Atomic Fuel Banks to Reduce Nuclear Proliferation
Following the March 2010 agreement with the IAEA, the Russian government opened the world’s first reserve of low enriched uranium (LEU) at the International Uranium Enrichment Center in Angarsk, Siberia. The plant is holding 120 metric tons of LEU enriched between 2.00% and 4.95%, a safe level compared with the 90% enrichment required for weapons grade uranium. The LEU reserve is intended for IAEA member states, and is part of the global effort to control nuclear proliferation. Separately, on December 3, 2010, the IAEA Board of Governors decided to establish an IAEA LEU bank that will be owned and managed by the IAEA; the location has yet to be identified. [Related items: Advancements on Non-proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament in May 2009, and Advancements on Denuclearization in April 2010 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
IAEA approves global nuclear fuel bank
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF-IAEA_approves_global_nuclear_fuel_bank-0612105.html
The first in the world guaranteed reserve of nuclear fuel has been set up in the Russian Federation
http://www.rosatom.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosatom/rosatomsite.eng/presscentre/news/6a376f8044e2e26db0bdfa6fd126209c
Russia Inaugurates World's First Low Enriched Uranium Reserve
http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2010/leureserve.html

Shipping Efficiency Database to Reduce Emissions from Maritime Transportation
Shippingefficiency.org is a database developed by the Carbon War Room, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from maritime shipping. The database contains energy efficiency ratings for over 60,000 international vessels based on the IMO’s Energy Efficiency Design Index. While global shipping is responsible for about 3% of total man-made CO2 emissions, 15% of the global fleet is responsible for 50% of all emissions. The new database will be helpful for monitoring and enforcing the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan and the expected revised regulations for mitigation of emissions from maritime transport. [Related item: IMO MEPC Revises MARPOL, Addresses Emissions from Ships in October 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Shippingefficiency.org website
http://www.shippingefficiency.org/
Cleaning up shipping. New database to rate energy efficiency of ocean-going vessels
http://thechronicleherald.ca/Business/1218898.html

Indigenous People Demanding Regulations for Addressing Climate Change and Mining
The Forum of Indigenous Peoples Mining, Climate Change and Well Being, held in Lima, November 18-20, 2010, has issued the Lima Declaration demanding measures to address implications of climate change and mining on indigenous land. The Declaration calls on governments to enact measures limiting (or revoking) transnational companies’ rights to mine on indigenous land without consultation with the indigenous people, and the adoption of laws to determine zones prohibited for mining on indigenous territories. It calls upon the UN to declare indigenous peoples “the rightful owners since the ancient times of the soil, subsoil and natural resources” of their territories. They also declare being “committed to instrumentalize the International Court of Justice Climate” and the “construction of a national and regional agenda for climate justice.” [Related item: Indigenous Peoples Demand More Involvement in Environmental Policies in May 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Indigenous Peoples in Latin America Unite Against Mining
http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=4967&giella1=eng
Lima Declaration - Forum of Indigenous Peoples Mining, Climate Change And Well Being
http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/peru/lima-declaration-forum-indigenous-peoples-mining-climate-change-and-well-being

Regional Cooperation in Africa to Counter Wildlife Trafficking
Africa’s only wildlife law enforcement NGO, Last Great Ape Organization (Laga), has coordinated successful transinstitutional ‘sting’ operations against wildlife crime in Cameroon, Gabon, CAR and DR Congo. For the first time, Gabon has jailed ivory dealers. The Laga founder noted, “African governments have started realizing international trafficking has to be fought internationally. These arrests in four neighboring countries are a warning… – no longer can you hide on the other side of a border.” [Related item: International Consortium Created to Curb Environmental Crime in November 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Central Africa: four-nation ‘sting’ operation busts wildlife smuggling ring
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/dec/12/africa-wildlife-ivory-smuggling

Bioethics Commission Calls for Enhanced Federal Oversight of Synthetic Biology
The Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues has released its first report, New Directions. The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies – a comprehensive review of the emerging field of synthetic biology, including 18 recommendations, covering such topics as the risks likely to be encountered and approaches to regulation. With respect to seven of those 18, the Commission recommends “ongoing review by the government, in consultation with the relevant scientific, academic, international, and public communities, with initial action completed within 18 months and made public.”
Sources:
Presidential Commission on Bioethics calls for enhanced federal oversight of synthetic biology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19449.php
NEW DIRECTIONS. The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies
http://www.bioethics.gov/documents/synthetic-biology/PCSBI-Synthetic-Biology-Report-12-16-10.pdf

China to Expand Weather Control Program
Reportedly, the Director of the China Meteorological Administration has said that chronic water shortages in parts of the country will worsen over the coming decades, and therefore the need for using weather-control technologies will increase. China already began last year to allocate a special budget for weather control activities, and spending grew 19% in the first ten months of 2010, to $114 million. [Related item: Chinese Use of Weather Modification Technologies Might Cause Disputes in July 2004 environmental security report.]
Source:
China to step up efforts to control Mother Nature
http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-china-efforts-mother-nature.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Since 1970, each decade has been warmer than the preceding one, and 2000-2010 has been the warmest one on record, conclude preeminent meteorological organizations, despite some uncertainties and differences of measurement methodologies. Based on preliminary data from NASA and NOAA, 2010 might be the warmest year on record.
The Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2010 estimates that the number of countries with most acute vulnerability will increase from 17 in 2010 to 48 in 2030. Using color-coded graphics, the report shows the worldwide vulnerability to climate change, comparing today’s situation with forecasts to 2030 as to health impacts, weather disasters, habitat loss, and economic stress. For example, annual deaths due to changing climate conditions could rise from 350,000 now, to 1 million by 2030, unless adaptation policies are implemented in vulnerable countries. Floods will cause most of the deaths from extreme weather.
Climate Risk Index 2011 by Germanwatch shows that in the period 1990-2009, developing countries are among the ten most affected by extreme weather and noted the importance of comprehensive risk management which includes new regional and international insurance approaches in accordance with the 'polluter pays' principle.

Food and Water Security
The World Bank’s new initiative “Roadmap for Action: Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change” stresses the role agriculture can play in climate and finance, such as: enhanced resilience and carbon sequestration.
The World Bank notes considerable increase in acquisition of farmlands since 2008. Over the first 11 months of 2009, there were signed deals covering at least 110 million acres, compared to an average 10 million acres per year before 2008.
Food security, farming, and climate change to 2050 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has 15 scenarios that examine potential population and income growth. While warning that climate change could push staple food prices up 130%, it suggests that improved agricultural productivity, broad economic growth, and robust international trade could mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on food security.
The Abu Dhabi Water Declaration adopted by the 31st Gulf Cooperation Council Summit stresses the connection between water security and diversification of energy and food security as important priorities. The GCC states are expected to create legislation to increase water efficiency, including the pricing system, review of the agricultural sector, and the efficiency of water desalination plants.
The Managing Blue Gold: New Perspectives to Water Security in the Levantine Middle East study by the Finnish Institute of International Affairs depicts future challenges of water security in this part of the Middle East and focuses on the ability of governments to secure a sustainable water supply for their populations.

Melting glaciers and sea ice
Recent research shows that the waters off the Western Antarctic Peninsula are warming exponentially, accelerating the melting ice shelf.

Migration
Following November’s Brasilia Declaration, Mexico has recently passed a unique Law on Refugees and Complementary Protection, becoming the first country in the region to grant “complementary protection” for those not considered refugees but at risk of other threats.
Within Africa’s Sahel, a region of approximately 60 million inhabitants, extreme drought and unpredictable weather patterns continue to worsen food and water security, and interregional migration. Additionally, insecurity triggered by spending money from natural resources (such as the oil money in Chad) on soldiers and military weaponry, exacerbates human migration.
The IOM reports that, worldwide, there are an estimated 740 million internal migrants and 214 million international migrants, with approximately 60% of all migration occurring within countries in the same category of development.

Adaptation
The UNEP Latin America and the Caribbean: Atlas of our Changing Environment is highlighting environmental challenges in the region due to climate change, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, the impacts of mining and natural disasters, changes in land use, and degradation of coastal areas.
According to the ECLAC report Economics of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the region’s temperate countries, losses from climate change may amount to around 1% of annual GDP by 2100 in the scenario of highest emissions (A2 of the IPCC).
Sources:
How Will We Know if 2010 Was the Warmest Year on Record?
http://www.climatecentral.org/news/tracking-the-temperature-of-a-warming-planet/
Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2010 report
http://daraint.org/climate-vulnerability-monitor/climate-vulnerability-monitor-2010/
Global Climate Risk Index 2011
http://www.germanwatch.org/klima/cri.htm
World leaders announce roadmap for action on agriculture, food security and climate change
http://www.agricultureday.org/blog/index.php/?p=423
African Farmers Displaced as Investors Move In
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/22/world/africa/22mali.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=a22
Food security, farming, and climate change to 2050
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/food-security-farming-and-climate-change-2050
UAE-GCC SUMMIT: Abu Dhabi Water Declaration calls for adoption of modern farming technologies
http://ipsnotizie.it/wam_en/news.php?idnews=7963
Managing Blue Gold: New Perspectives on Water Security in the Levantine Middle East
http://www.upi-fiia.fi/en/publication/154/managing_blue_gold/
Water as a Strategic Resource in the Middle East
http://csis.org/publication/clear-gold
Antarctic Melting as Deep Ocean Heat Rises
http://news.discovery.com/earth/antarctica-melting-warming-penguins-101214.html
UN High Commissioner Guterres welcomes breakthrough Mexico legislation on international protection
http://www.unhcr.org/4d025bb66.html
On the move in a warming world: The rise of climate refugees
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/on-the-move-in-a-warming-world-the-rise-of-climate-refugees/article1843024/page1/
World Migration Report 2010
http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/WMR_2010_ENGLISH.pdf
Latin America and the Caribbean: Atlas of our Changing Environment
http://www.cathalac.org/lac_atlas/
Economics of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
EC Committee Presents Scientific Basis for the Definition of "nanomaterial"
According to nanowerk.com, the EC's Scientific Committee for Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) has published a 46-page paper – Scientific Basis for the Definition of the Term "nanomaterial, in which it basically concludes that size should be the basis for this definition. The Executive Summary from the paper briefly lays out the multitude of considerations and qualifications related to this complex question.
Sources:
EU scientific committee publishes opinion on definition of nanomaterials
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19377.php
Scientific Basis for the Definition of the Term "nanomaterial"
http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_032.pdf

The Geopolitics of Nanotech
ETC Group, a Canadian NGO, has released a 68-page report, The Big Downturn? Nanogeopolitics, which “revisits nano’s geopolitical landscape, providing a current snapshot of global investment, markets, governance and control, including intellectual property.” The report devotes 24 pages to questions of nanotech regulation and public communication, pointing out that “industry is increasingly nervous about its health and environmental exposure.”
Source:
The Big Downturn? Nanogeopolitics
http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/5245

California Asks Manufacturers for Nano Analytical Test Measures
The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (CDTSC) has issued a call to manufacturers for information regarding analytical test methods for nanosilver, nano zero valent iron, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, nano cerium oxide, and quantum dots, citing the almost total lack of such information.
Source:
CDTSC issues DCI for Nano Metals, Nano Metal Oxides, and Quantum Dots
http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2010/12/articles/united-states/state/cdtsc-issues-dci-for-nano-metals-nano-metal-oxides-and-quantum-dots/
Bibliography
http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/TechnologyDevelopment/Nanotechnology/upload/Round_Two_Biblio.pdf

Management of Nanomaterials Safety in Research Environment
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "This article … presents a practical, 'user-friendly' procedure for university-level safety management of nanomaterials. … The procedure …involves classifying laboratories into risk classes, with a list of risk mitigation measures given for each hazard level." It is currently being implemented at the Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, Switzerland, in more than 100 research labs.
Source:
Management of Nanomaterials Safety in Research Environment
http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=3034

Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles in City Pavement Raises Risk Questions
The TiO2 nanoparticles used for air purification in city pavement in Antwerp allegedly agglomerate to a larger molecule with a size of 1.5 µm, and so escape suspicion of possibly producing “nanoparticle pollution”, but questions have been raised about their long-term fate – whether weathering over the decades may result in their release in their original form or in a form that may be degrade after inhalation., creating an environmental problem. Dr. Anil Kumar Suresh of the Biological and Nanoscale Systems Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, warns,” There’s not much known about the fate, transport and transformation of these particles in the environment. The area is not so explored and we cannot tell what will happen if the concentration of nanoparticles increases in the atmosphere. We have to be very careful”, a reasonable warning considering the widespread use of TiO2-containing materials.
Source:
TiO2 nanoparticles-containing materials in our cities: Impacts are difficult to predict
http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-tio2-nanoparticles-containing-materials-cities-impacts.html

OECD Publishes Documents on Manufactured Nanomaterials Safety
OECD has published two new documents in its Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials:
No. 27: List of Manufactured Nanomaterials and List of Endpoints for Phase One of the Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials: Revision
A list of representative manufactured nanomaterial selected by the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) for use in its work. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf?cote=env/jm/mono(2010)46&doclanguage=en

No. 28: Compilation and Comparison of Guidelines Related to Exposure to Nanomaterials in Laboratories
An overview of recently published guidelines regarding the usage of nanomaterials in a laboratory scale. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf?cote=env/jm/mono(2010)47&doclanguage=en

NIOSH Calls For Comments on Draft Nanotechnology Recommendations
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has invited public comment on a draft document, Current Intelligence Bulletin: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers, that "summarizes the adverse respiratory health effects that have been observed in laboratory animal studies with single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and CNF and provides recommendations for the safe handling of these materials." According to Nanowerk News, it also suggests areas where further research is vital. The draft document is available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/review/docket161A/ for written public comment until February 18, 2011, and NIOSH will hold a public meeting to discuss and obtain comments on February 3, 2011, in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Source:
Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/review/docket161A/
NIOSH seeks comments on draft nanotechnology recommendations
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19308.php

Austrian Nanotrust Documents Now Available in English
The NanoTrust project of the Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences has released some of its dossiers in English: Nanoparticles and the Human Body, Nanosilver, What is Accompanying Research on Nanotechnology?, Can nanoparticles end up in the brain?, Nano-Textiles, Voluntary approaches by industry in the field of nanomaterials, EU Regulation. The dossiers are a brief summary of the most important information about possible health and environmental risks and on societal aspects of nanotechnologies. Additional items will be added gradually.
Sources:
NanoTrust documents now available in English
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19338.php
Can nanoparticles end up in the brain?
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=19339.php
NanoTrust-Dossiers
http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/ita/nanotrust-dossiers/

NanoSafe 2010 Proceedings Now Available
Proceedings of the International Conference on Safe production and use of nanomaterials, Nanosafe 2010, November 16-18, 2010 in Grenoble, France, are now available on-line. Topics at the event included:, Exposure assessment, Characterization, Detection and Monitoring, Nanomaterials life cycle, Toxicology, Environmental impact, Nanoparticle release from consumer products, Personal protection equipment, Secure industrial production, Safety parameters evaluation, Standardization, and Regulations.
Sources:
NanoSafe 2010 presentations now available online
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19267.php
Poster presentations at Nanosafe 2010
http://www.nanosafe.org/scripts/home/publigen/content/templates/show.asp?P=119&L=EN&SYNC=Y

Reports and Information Suggested for Review

Global Energy Market Shifts to Asia Over Next Ten Years
More for Asia: Rebalancing World Oil and Gas, a paper published by Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) offers forecasts through 2030 on the world’s oil and gas industries. Important highlights include anticipated increased politicization of access as industries governed by the state play a larger role in supply and distribution.
Source:
More for Asia: Rebalancing World Oil and Gas
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/981/

U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing on Latin America
The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a hearing titled Latin America in 2010: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Future of U.S. Policy in the Hemisphere on December 1, 2010, which included emphasis on various aspects of the environment and energy. Collaboration within the Americas on preservation of the Amazon (as well as general environmental protection aligned with economic development), initiation of a new U.S.-Brazil energy partnership elevated to international stature, sustainable agriculture and development approaches targeted to small farmers, and focusing of attention on the civil and economic causes of migration were proposed by senators as issues important to U.S. foreign policy.
Sources:
Latin America in 2010: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Future of U.S. Policy in the Hemisphere
http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=28bfd63d-5056-a032-522a-f15cc4df8ef0
Senators Listen to Ideas for Improving Relations with Latin America
http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/45119/

November 2010

NATO’s New Strategic Concept Includes Environmental Security
“Key environmental and resource constraints, including health risks, climate change, water scarcity and increasing energy needs will further shape the future security environment in areas of concern to NATO and have the potential to significantly affect NATO planning and operations”, reads NATO’s new Strategic Concept for the next decade, adopted at the alliance’s Summit meeting in Lisbon, November 2010. The new roadmap was updated considering modern threats such as energy security, cyber attacks, and the security impacts of emerging technologies, along with and in the context of the spread of terrorism and extremist groups. It stipulates that, “A number of significant technology-related trends – including the development of laser weapons, electronic warfare and technologies that impede access to space – appear poised to have major global effects that will impact on NATO military planning and operations.” In the spirit of enhancing EU-NATO cooperation, an EU-US Working Group on Cyber-security and Cybercrime was established to address specific priority areas, and an agreement on the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program was negotiated.
Sources:
Active Engagement, Modern Defence. Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation adopted by Heads of State and Government in Lisbon http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68580.htm
EU-US Summit in Lisbon, Portugal: Joint Statement http://eurunion.org/eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3926&Itemid=58

International Consortium Created to Curb Environmental Crime
The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) came into effect, by the signing of a Letter of Understanding by the heads of five organizations: INTERPOL, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the World Bank, and the World Customs Organization. In the same spirit, the resolution adopted by INTERPOL’s 79th General Assembly, attended by 650 delegates from 141 countries, underlines that environmental crime is “multi-disciplinary in nature due to the complexity and diversity of crime types.” Since it is “not restricted by borders and involves organized crime networks…”, a global response is needed, with INTERPOL and the National Central Bureaus playing a leading role. The resolution also stipulates that environmental crime impacts the global economy and security, and recommends that INTERPOL form the Environmental Crime Committee.
Sources:
World's police at INTERPOL General Assembly rally against environmental crime http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/News20101110.asp
Powerful alliance to fight wildlife crime comes into effect http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/PR098.asp
AG-2010-RAP-08, Appendix. Resolution: Subject: Sustainable Environmental Crime Programme http://www.cites.org/eng/news/press/2010/20101108_Interpol_resolution.pdf

Food Security Threatened by Diminishing Low-Cost Phosphorus
Professor Dana Cordell of the University of Technology in Sydney estimates that world phosphate demand is over 150 million tons per year, that demand will exceed production by 2033, and states, “There is nothing on the market that can replace phosphate on the scale that we need it.” Phosphate is critical for life support and essential for agriculture. U.S. reserves might be exhausted by 2050. Since the lower concentration phosphate deposits are laced with radioactive elements like uranium and thorium, or heavy metals like cadmium, environmental concerns might complicate their exploitation. Addressing phosphorus supply and its environmentally sustainable exploitation and use should be part of strategies addressing food and environmental security.
Sources:
Elemental Shortage http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/57777/
The Story of Phosphorus: Sustainability implications of global phosphorus scarcity for food security
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53430

Renewed Protection for Refugees in Latin America
The “Brasilia Declaration on the protection of refugees and stateless persons in the Americas” was adopted by the delegates of 18 Latin American countries meeting in Brasilia, Brazil, November 11, 2010. In addition to renewed pledges stipulated in previous treaties, the Declaration calls for improved mechanisms for the protection of refugees, migrants, internally displaced, and stateless persons in Latin America by addressing new displacement situations. It reiterates the, “…unrestricted respect for the principle of non-refoulement (non-forced return), including non-rejection at the border and indirect non-refoulement, as well as for the nonpenalization of illegal entry, and non-discrimination, as the fundamental principles of international refugee law”. Since climate change-related factors are expected to increase the number of displaced people around the world, new approaches for potentially larger numbers of such displaced persons seem necessary. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees considers the Declaration, “…a valuable international precedent”, which could help, “…accelerate global efforts to improve the situation of displaced people and end the scourge of statelessness,” and encourages other world regions to follow the example.
Sources:
Latin America nations pledge more for the protection of the displaced and stateless http://www.unhcr.org/4cdd4dc09.html
UN lauds Latin America’s declaration on refugee protection http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/11/mil-101112-unnews01.htm
Brasilia Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons in the Americas http://www.unhcr.org/4cdd3fac6.html

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

New Insights into Photosynthesis Could Change Energy Storage and Transmission
Researchers at MIT have observed the maximal efficiencies of chromophores (light-sharing molecules active in photosynthesis) via a laboratory-based construct of artificial self-assembling molecules. The researchers believe they now have a macro-understanding of the photosynthetic process. With this new understanding, scientists in the field believe synthetic chemical systems based on photosynthesis have the potential to store and transmit solar energy with far greater performance ratios than today’s photovoltaic technology. [Related item: Photoelectric Energy Efficiency Increase by Photosynthesis-type Semiconductor Structure in March 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Fine-tuning photosynthesis http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/fine-tuning-photosynthesis.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Novel Micro-enabling Technology Potentials to Improve Detection Efficiency
Sphere Fluidics, a University of Cambridge spin-out company, states that the use of, “…an integrated microfluidics and picodroplets system for rapid analysis, isolation and discovery of single (and small populations of) cells and molecules…”, offers efficiency, control and automation advantages to existing systems of analysis and detection. Applications to energy, health, and chemical investigation are anticipated and in progress. [Related item: New Substrate Preparations Make for Inexpensive “Labs on a Chip” in October 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Miniature droplet technology receives Royal Society Enterprise Fund backing http://royalsociety.org/news/miniature-droplet-technology/
Sphere Fluidics http://www.spherefluidics.eu/

Portable Virus Detector Could Check Pandemics
A team at the A*STAR Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN) in Singapore, led by Pavel Neuzil, reports developing a portable device for rapid detection of viruses in the environment. The unit implements a real-time polymerase chain reaction capability by using a silicon-based micromachined ‘lab-on-a-chip’, replacing the conventional light source with a light-emitting diode, and replacing the photomultiplier tube with a photodiode. The developers claim that the system can detect H5N1 viruses in as little as 35 minutes and is some 50 times cheaper than competing devices. This technology, when commercialized, could greatly improve the efficiency of detecting pathogenic organisms in the environment.
Sources:
Sensors: A portable device for virus detection http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18701.php
Rapid detection of viral RNA by a pocket-size real-time PCR system (by subscription only) http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/LC/c004921b

New Technologies for Improving Marine Monitoring
New Super-efficient Undersea Marine Research Robot
Engineers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing CA have announced a highly efficient autonomous underwater vehicle that is fast, capable of carrying instruments and also designed for long-term expeditions. The LRAUV (long-range AUV) runs on batteries and incorporates power-saving and internal control software allowing it to monitor its own energy use and make intelligent choices about how to pursue its mission. The robot is claimed to be flexible enough for inclusion in most scientific excursions and is designed to work as a member of a group. The next phase of MBARI experimentation will monitor marine ecology using two units.
Source:
New long-range undersea robot goes the distance http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2010/lrauv/lrauv-release.html

Cost-Effective Real-Time Electronic Monitoring for Coastal Ecosystems
Researchers from North Carolina State University led by Prof. Alex Dean report developing a “cost-effective electronic monitoring system that will enable researchers to advance … understanding of critical coastal ecosystems by allowing users to track water-quality data …in real time.” The system uses inexpensive, wireless sensors that can be anchored to the seabed, moored to buoys, or towed behind vessels to collect data, which is then transmitted to a central server. This project is "open source" and should enable other institutions concerned with coastal environments to develop their own efforts more efficiently.
Source:
Researchers Developing Real-Time Electronic Monitoring For Coastal Waters http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wmsdeanbaysensors/

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

New International Mechanisms Adopted for Protection of Biodiversity
The 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in Nagoya, Japan, adopted several new mechanisms for increasing protection of biodiversity and assessed new and emerging issues. The 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity identifies 20 targets, such as: expanding the world’s protected areas to include 17% of terrestrial surface and 10% of the marine surface; the restoration of a minimum 15% of ecosystems already degraded; and halving, or bringing as close as possible to zero, the rate of loss of the world’s natural habitats. The “Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization” will enter into force after 50 ratifications. The attendees also agreed that signatories to the CBD must ensure that no geoengineering projects take place until risks to the environment, as well as social, cultural, and economic impacts, have been properly assessed. A sample of other outcomes includes the: Global Biodiversity Outlook; Multi-year Programme of work; Biofuels and Biodiversity; and Invasive Alien Species. [Related item: Biosafety Regulations Reviewed in Context of Worrying Forecasts in October 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
COP 10 Outcomes http://www.cbd.int/nagoya/outcomes/
Nagoya biopiracy agreement 'is unexpected success'
http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/indigenous-knowledge/news/nagoya-biopiracy-agreement-is-unexpected-success-.html
No to Geo-Engineering: UN Issues a Moratorium on Efforts to Manipulate the Earth's Climate http://www.alternet.org/environment/148768/no_to_geo-engineering%3A_un_issues_a_moratorium_on_efforts_to_manipulate_the_earth's_climate
Research into the possibility of engineering a better climate is progressing at an impressive rate—and meeting strong opposition
http://www.economist.com/node/17414216

Revised Standards Proposed for Corporate Greenhouse Gas Reporting
The World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) released proposed new standards for how companies should report the GHG impact of their supply chains and products. These guidelines supplement the Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, which is (in turn) part of the GHG Protocol Initiative, which is a larger framework for calculating and reporting a company’s environmental footprint. [Related item: Corporate CEOs Pledge Actions on Climate Change at UN Global Compact Summit in July 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
New measures emerge for measuring carbon emissions, both corporate and municipal http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/business-brains/new-measures-emerge-for-measuring-carbon-emissions-both-corporate-and-municipal/11209/
The GHG Protocol Initiative http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-and-supply-chain-standard

New EU Directive on Industrial Pollution
The European Commission adopted a stricter policy on industrial emissions. It is merging seven pieces of pre-existing environmental legislation including the IPPC Directive (2008/1/EC, integrated pollution prevention and control). New parameters include a more rigorous process for permits by strengthening the Best Available Techniques (BAT), tightening emission limits for Europe’s largest fossil-fuel-fired combustion plants and improving compliance tools for better verification and control. The new Directive comes into force 20 days after publication in the Official Journal, which is expected before the end of 2010. Then the member States have two years to start implementation. [Related item: EC Enforces Compliance with EU Environmental Regulations in June 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EU adopts stricter rules on industrial emissions http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/1477&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
The IPPC Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/ippc/summary.htm

Comments Invited on EPA/DOT Proposed Heavy Truck Mileage/Emission Standards
EPA and the Dept. of Transportation announced a comprehensive, proposed national program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel efficiency of heavy-duty trucks and buses. This is projected to reduce GHG emissions by nearly 250 million metric tons and save 500 million barrels of oil over the lives of the vehicles produced within the program’s first five years. [Related item: EPA Proposes Tougher Air-Quality Rules in January 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
New Truck Emission Standards and Controls http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/41927
EPA and NHTSA Propose First-Ever Program to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improve Fuel Efficiency of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Regulatory Announcement http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations/420f10901.htm

New Protected Areas Proposed in the Pacific
The Univ. of Queensland Ecology Centre's marine protection blueprint has determined that 50% of the oceans in the southwest of the country will need to be protected in a network of marine sanctuaries to minimize risks to marine life, fish stocks, and ecosystems. The Australian federal government intends to plan new marine sanctuaries in the southwest of Australia. Indonesia has declared a protected zone around three coral-rich islands near Bali. Palau's Minister of the Environment, Natural Resources and Tourism announced the establishment of a marine mammal sanctuary covering over 230,000 mi2 (600,000 km2) of the nation’s waters. [Related item: Factors to Consider in Establishing and Operating Marine Protected Areas in March 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Blueprint to protect the future of Australia's oceans revealed http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-blueprint-future-australia-oceans-revealed.html
Island nation announces Ukraine-sized sanctuary for whales and dolphins http://news.mongabay.com/2010/1024-hance_mammal_sanctuary.html

Hazardous E-waste Grows as Major Environmental Problem
More than 12 countries participated in the International Hazardous Waste Inspections Exercise at Seaports. The exercise was coordinated by the International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement’s (INECE) and the Seaport Environmental Security Network (SESN). Initial results indicate that 54% of the 72 total targeted inspections showed infringements. “The illegal waste streams most often encountered during the event were: e-waste wrongly declared as second-hand goods, waste batteries wrongly described as plastic or mixed metal scrap, and cathode ray tubes from television and computer monitors wrongly classified as metal scrap,” said INECE. [Related item: Half of Transported European Hazardous Waste Could Be Illegal––How Much More Elsewhere? in April 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Global Crackdown on Illegal Hazardous Waste Shipping Confirms Benefits of Cross-Border Cooperation
http://inecesecretariat.wordpress.com/2010/11/02/global-crackdown-on-illegal-hazardous-waste-shipping-confirms-benefits-of-cross-border-cooperation/
INECE Seaport Environmental Security Network www.inece.org/seaport

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Unusually heavy rains since mid-September have caused Benin’s worst floods in half a century. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that floods affected over 680,000 people in two-thirds of the country, and severely damaged schools, hospitals, and infrastructure, and that there were about 850 reported cases of cholera. Since rains were predicted to continue through November, the total devastation is likely to increase.
Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention, a joint report by the World Bank and the UN, estimates that by the end of this century, annual global losses from natural disasters could triple to $185 billion, without calculating the impact of climate change, which could add $28-68 billion per year from tropical cyclone damages alone. By 2050, the number of people exposed to storms and earthquakes in large cities could double, to 1.5 billion. The report outlines a number of measures to prevent death and destruction from natural hazards, calling for increased spending for early warning systems, particularly weather forecasting.

Food and Water Security
FAO’s Food Outlook report notes that global grain production will drop by 2% (63 million metric tons) this year, putting the world “dangerously close” to a new food crisis. The bills for food import for the poorest countries are predicted to rise 11% in 2010 and by 20% for the low-income food-deficit countries.
The Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change took place October 31-November 5, 2010, at the World Forum in The Hague, around the theme ‘It’s Down 2 Earth.’ The Conference initiated a roadmap for action which links agriculture-related investments, food security, and climate change. The roadmap focuses on climate-smart agriculture and includes sections on: policies and strategies; tools and technologies; financing for transformational change; forging partnerships; and the way forward. The Conference was a follow-up to the Shared Vision Statement agreed to at the 17th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD 17) in May 2009; the next follow-up conference will be hosted by Vietnam in 2012.
The new Africa Water Atlas released by UNEP shows how the challenges of water scarcity in Africa are compounded by high population growth, socioeconomic and climate change impacts, and, in some cases, policy choices. UNEP warns that the findings indicate a decline in the availability of water per person in Africa, and that only 26 of the continent’s 53 countries are on track to reach the UN Millennium Development Goals on water. It also features new solutions and success stories across the continent.

Migration
The Tarawa Climate Change Conference held November 9-11, 2010 in Tarawa, Kiribati, as a session of the Climate Vulnerable Forum, concluded with the release of the Ambo Declaration. Participants called for a number of actions, including design of strategies for protecting people displaced within or across borders due to climate change, and establishing a mechanism for climate change disaster risk. The Declaration was adopted by: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Cuba, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, and Tonga.

Adaptation
A technical paper “Guiding principles for adaptation to climate change in Europe” by the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change of the European Environment Agency presents a set of guiding principles and implementation mechanisms for adaptation to climate change in Europe. The paper is based on opinions from more than 250 adaptation experts from 35 European countries, who took part in a survey conducted by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Effect.
More than 400 technical experts and policy makers met in Cairo, Egypt, November 2-3, at the Fifth Symposium on ICTs and the Environment & Climate Change (ICT = Information and Communication Technologies). Emphasizing the climate change monitoring and mitigation requirements of Africa and other developing regions that can be met through ICT solutions, the symposium issued the “Cairo Roadmap,” a six-step program for the use of ICTs to benefit environmental management.

Health
The WHO has published the report of the consultation on Essential Public Health Package to Enhance Climate Resilience in Least Developed Countries. The consultation was held in September 2010, in Geneva, Switzerland, with representatives from vulnerable countries, the UNFCCC Secretariat, and relevant WHO departments. There was broad agreement on enhancing resilience through linking environment and health surveillance, vector control, and disaster risk reduction.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
An update analysis on CO2 emissions shows the global CO2 emissions’ decrease in 2009 by 1.3% appears to be only a “blip” on the radar due to the economic slowdown, with the emissions expected to return to the 3% yearly increase as the effects of the recession decline.. The study also highlights that in 2009, while developed countries’ carbon emissions fell—e.g. Japan (11.8%), United Kingdom (8.6%) and Germany (7%), they increased considerably in developing countries, mainly in China (8%) and India (6.2%.)
As world attention turns towards the UN Climate Change Conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico, November 29-December 10, 2010, expectations of reaching agreement for a post-Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions treaty are low. Nevertheless, the high-profile meeting galvanized efforts and created the opportunity for holding many side-events that are all oriented toward improving energy efficiency, reducing GHG emissions, and promoting green technologies.
Sources:
Benin suffers worst floods since 1963 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/25/benin-worst-floods-since-1963
Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/node/281
Food Outlook report http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al969e/al969e00.pdf
Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change http://www.afcconference.com/
Africa Water Atlas http://na.unep.net/atlas/africaWater/book.php
Kiribati’s Tarawa Climate Change Conference (TCCC) http://www.climate.gov.ki/tarawa_climate_change_conference.html
Guiding principles for adaptation to climate change in Europe ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2010/6 http://air-climate.eionet.europa.eu/reports/ETCACC_TP_2010_6_guid_princ_cc_adapt
Essential Public Health Package, Consultation Report http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/EssentialPublicHealthPackage_September_2010_Consultation_Meeting_Report.pdf
Update on CO2 emissions. Nature Geoscience, 21 November 2010, doi:10.1038/ngeo1022 http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1022.html
United Nations Climate Change Conference Cancun - COP 16 & CMP 6 http://unfccc.int/2860.php

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
Report Outlines Nanotech Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020
The Wilson Center/Pew Trusts’ Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies has issued a new report, Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020, that, according to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, “…outlines the foundational knowledge and infrastructure development in the last decade, the current ~$15 billion in R&D programs underpinning about $250 billion of products incorporating nanoscale components in the world in 2009, and the likely evolution towards a general purpose technology by 2020.”
Sources:
Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 http://www.nanotechproject.org/events/archive/researchdirections/
Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2986

International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies
A new 648-page International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies seems to be a comprehensive examination of the regulatory challenges presented by nanotechnologies, with speculations on potential future evolution of the regulatory landscape, including, “potential legislative responses that could be employed by governments [and] a range of other options available to stakeholders,” says the press release.
Source:
International Handbook on Regulating Nanotechnologies
http://2020science.org/international-handbook-on-regulating-nanotechnologies/

Chemical Heritage Foundation Issues Two Reports on Nanotech Regulation
The Chemical Heritage Foundation’s Studies in Sustainability series has issued two white papers on nanotechnology regulation. The two titles are Emerging Nanotechnologies and Life-Cycle Regulation: An Investigation of Federal Regulatory Oversight from Nanomaterial Production to End of Life and Nanotechnology Regulation: Policies Proposed by Three Organizations for the Reform of the Toxic Substances Control Act.
Sources:
Emerging Nanotechnologies and Life-Cycle Regulation: An Investigation of Federal Regulatory Oversight from Nanomaterial Production to End of Life http://issuu.com/chemheritage/docs/emerging-nanotechnologies?viewMode=presentation&mode=embed
Nanotechnology Regulation: Policies Proposed by Three Organizations for the Reform of the Toxic Substances Control Act
http://issuu.com/chemheritage/docs/nanotechnology-regulation?viewMode=presentation&mode=embed

Regulation of Products Containing Nanoscale Materials
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, this article, prepared by lexology.com, addresses regulatory issues of nanotechnology and takes an in-depth look at how the EPA, FDA, and OSHA, “…have dealt with nanotechnology regulation since a November 2007 memorandum from the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Council on Environmental Quality, stated that federal agencies ‘must implement sound policies to protect public health and the environment' from risks related to nanotechnology.’
Sources:
Regulation of Products Containing Nanoscale Materials http://sites.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2979
Regulation of products containing nanoscale materials http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=4b460c16-b0cc-4c05-972d-c9b152cf3400

Voluntary Initiatives, Regulation, and Nanotechnology Oversight: Charting a Path
The Wilson Center/Pew Trusts' Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies has issued a 56-page report, Voluntary Initiatives, Regulation, and Nanotechnology Oversight: Charting a Path, that, according to the Project’s director, “…is the most extensive analysis done to date of how voluntary programs can be applied to managing nanotechnology's possible environmental and health effects [with] … analysis and recommendations [that] extend beyond nanotechnology to the newer generation challenges that we face as science rapidly advances.”
Sources:
Voluntary Initiatives, Regulation, and Nanotechnology Oversight: Charting a Path http://www.nanotechproject.org/events/archive/voluntary/
PEN 19 - Voluntary Initiatives, Regulation, and Nanotechnology Oversight http://www.nanotechproject.org/publications/archive/voluntary/

Organizations Address Key Issues For Nanomaterial Definition
According to Nanowerk News, "The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) has released a document addressing key issues that need [to be] addressed when considering the definition of manufactured nanomaterials for regulatory purposes. It advocates five 'Core Elements of a Regulatory Definition of Manufactured Nanomaterial' ". The proposed elements are: solid, particulate substances, intentionally manufactured at the nano-scale, with at least one dimension between 1 and 100nm, and their aggregates and agglomerates, with a weight based cut-off of either 10 wt.-% or more of nano-objects or 50 wt- % or more of aggregates / agglomerates consisting of nano-objects.
The Center for International Environmental Law and the European Environmental Bureau submitted on behalf of a consortium of 46 organizations comments on the European Commission’s proposed definition of “nanomaterial”. The Reply begins by cautioning, “The present understanding of nanomaterials properties and potential health and environmental impacts is still very limited and therefore warrants much research and careful evaluation.”
Sources:
International Council of Chemical Associations addresses key issues for nanomaterial definition http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19145.php
ICCA Core Elements of a Regulatory Definition of Manufactured Nanomaterials http://www.icca-chem.org/ICCADocs/Oct-2010_ICCA-Core-Elements-of-a-Regulatory-Definition-of-Manufactured-Nanomaterials.pdf
Reply form for the public consultation on Proposal for a Commission definition of the term "nanomaterial"
http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Nanomaterials_ReplyForm_Nov10.pdf

New Book Addresses Nanotechnology Education and Workforce Training
According to an item in Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, the new book Nanoscience Education, Workforce Training, and K-12 Resources, by Miguel Aznar, of the Foresight Institute, is divided into four parts:
- Historical perspective and the emerging technology
- Teaching the skills for understanding and evaluating the emerging technologies
- The current status of, and links to, teaching materials, and evaluation of the US model vs. elsewhere
- Plans of action and links to sustainable development tools
Source:
New Book Addresses Nanotechnology Education and Workforce Training http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/

Studies Discussing the Possibility of Understanding Nanotoxicology
David B. Warheit from the DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences and colleagues has written an article addressing five issues that they perceive to be myths and misconceptions regarding nanotoxicology, generally related to the complex relationships, still the subject of much research, between the chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials and their biological effects. The emphasis of the paper is on the deficiencies in current knowledge and its application and the need for a very large amount of further detailed investigation before specific nanomaterials can be fully "trusted".
Similarly, a study paper produced by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) on the release and behavior of nanoparticles in the environment indicates, not too surprisingly, that the characteristics they exhibit depend on a multitude of factors, both of the material and the environment through which they pass – factors whose effects are as yet largely unknown in detail. The materials tested were nanosilver, titanium dioxide, carbon black, and cerium oxide. The study concludes, "…current knowledge is insufficient for making any generalised statements which are relevant for risk assessment."
Sources:
Nanotoxicology myth buster http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18774.php
Debunking Some Misconceptions about Nanotoxicology. David B. Warheit, DOI: 10.1021/nl103432w http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=warheit&qsSearchArea=author&type=within&publication=40026042& (Abstract)
"Study of nanoparticle emission of selected products during their life cycle" (English summary) http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/technik-verfahren-sicherheit-e/publikationen/texte_52_2010_kurzfassung_e.pdf

Structured Relationship Modeling Allows Prediction of Nanoparticle Properties
Scientists led by Prof. Alexander Tropsha of the Univ. of NC School of Pharmacy have developed a structured modeling technique by which the biological effects of manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) can be predicted using their chemical, physical, and geometrical properties.
Sources:
Predicting the toxicological effects of nanomaterials with novel modeling approach http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18875.php
Quantitative Nanostructure−Activity Relationship Modeling http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nn1013484

Risk Analysis Devotes November 2010 Issue to Nanotechnology
The entire November 2010 issue of the journal Risk Analysis is devoted to risk analysis articles related to nanotechnology.
Sources:
An anticipatory governance approach to carbon nanotubes http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=19037.php
Risk Analysis. Volume 30, Issue 11, Pages 1627–1734 (full text by purchase or subscription)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risk.2010.30.issue-11/issuetoc

Reports and Information Suggested for Review

Literature Addressing Arctic Security
Protecting the Arctic Biodiversity: Limitations and Strengths of Environmental Agreements, a report by UNEP, assesses the status and adequacy of current multilateral environmental agreements that deal with protecting the Arctic from the effects of climate change. It underlines that changes in Arctic biodiversity also impact neighboring countries and regions, given the migratory nature of many of the Arctic species, and that global effort is needed to address climate change causes and effects. Challenges include the generally outdated nature of the MEAs—based on past understandings of the Arctic environment—as well as insufficient implementation, which makes it difficult to assess progress and adequacy. Recommendations include: an audit of the MEAs on the Arctic to assess their effectiveness, relevance, and options for improvement, as new actors become involved in the Arctic and its resources; and an increased role of the Arctic Council to ensure sustainable use of the Arctic.
The ArcticSea Competition and Key Strategic Challenges for Europe. an article published in Second Line of Defense summarizes the present state of affairs in the Arctic, highlighting its economic and strategic importance.
The Canadian Arctic: Threat from Terrorists and Extremists. a newly declassified intelligence assessment, prepared by the Integrated Threat Assessment Centre, claims that in recent years, vessels with links to human smuggling, drug trafficking, and organized crime have attempted to access the Canadian Arctic. It also notes that over the past 10 years, the population of the Canadian Arctic increased by 16%. Visitors to the area have also increased, including cruise ships, tourists, and peace activists, leading federal agencies to increase monitoring of incoming people, goods, and threats from the North.
The Security in Canada’s North: Looking Beyond Arctic Sovereignty report by the Conference Board of Canada suggests “community security” should be considered instead of only military sovereignty.
Sources:
Global action needed to conserve Arctic biodiversity http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=649&ArticleID=6800&l=en&t=long
Protecting Arctic Biodiversity: Limitations and strengths of environmental agreements http://www.grida.no/publications/arctic-biodiversity/
The Arctic Sea Competition and Key Strategic Challenges for Europe (Part One) http://www.sldinfo.com/?p=11635
Arctic terror threats real: security agencies http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2010/11/10/cp-arctic-security-threats.html
Climate change a top fear in North: report http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2010/11/16/arctic-security-conference-board.html

Economic Argument for Peace-building in Sudan
A recent publication by Frontier Economics suggests that the January 2011 Southern Sudanese referendum on independence could cost Sudan, regional neighbors, and international agencies more than $100 billion over 10 years (and over $800 billion in 25 years), if the vote results in civil war. The study looks at different conflict scenarios within varying baseline contexts; assessing economic outcomes of impacts on infrastructure, oil production, peacekeeping, and humanitarian aid.
Sources:
Return to conflict in Sudan could cost in excess of US$100 billion http://www.frontier-economics.com/europe/en/news/1028/
The cost of future conflict in Sudan http://www.frontier-economics.com/_library/pdfs/frontier%20report%20-%20the%20cost%20of%20future%20conflict%20in%20sudan.pdf

October 2010

UN Human Rights Council Affirms Right to Water as Legally-Binding
Water tables are falling on all continents; more than 40% of humanity gets its water from watersheds controlled by two or more countries. About 900 million people lack clean water and 2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation. The UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution affirming that rights to safe drinking water and sanitation are basic human rights contained in existing human rights treaties, and therefore legally binding. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) give rise to obligations for States parties in relation to access to safe drinking water and sanitation. This action addresses previous objections by those nations who abstained from supporting this right in the UN General Assembly in July this year. The UN Human Rights Council calls upon all States to create the legal and procedural frameworks for assuring the implementation, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms “to achieve progressively the full realization of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, including in currently unserved and underserved areas.” [Related item: UN Resolution Acknowledges Access to Clean Water and Sanitation a Human Right in August 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
UN united to make the right to water and sanitation legally binding
http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E
15/… Human rights and access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/15/L.14 (Sept. 24, 2010)
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G10/163/09/PDF/G1016309.pdf?OpenElement
UN landmark decision: right to water and sanitation is legally binding
http://internationallawobserver.eu/2010/10/14/un-landmark-decision-right-to-water-and-sanitation-is-legally-binding

International Biosecurity Initiative
U.S. Rep. Brad Sherman (D-Calif.), chair of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade introduced the International Biosecurity Act of 2010 (HR 6297) to pursue efforts to establish international cooperation to counter both natural and man-made biological risks and assess the establishment of a global legal regime for biosecurity. The bill might be included in the proposed WMD Prevention and Preparedness Act of 2010 (HR 5498), which is awaiting a House floor vote. [Related items: BWC Meeting Improves International Resilience Systems to Address Infectious Disease and BioWeapons in August 2009, New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems in March 2009, and other items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Bill: To improve the international strategy of the United States for monitoring, reducing, and responding to biological risks, and for other purposes.
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-6297
Bill Would Establish Global Biosecurity Body
http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20101005_4535.php
H.R. 5498: WMD Prevention and Preparedness Act of 2010
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-5498

Synthetic Biology Guidelines to Reduce Bioweapon Threats
Synthetic biological voluntary guidelines released October 13, 2010 by the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services call for sellers of synthetic double-stranded DNA products to know their buyers and their intended use. These guidelines will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis. Since synthetic biology could one day be misused to create bioweapons and potentially even weapons of mass destruction, international agreements to regulate this new technology seem both likely and warranted. The scale and scope of the expected future biological revolutions may one day require an international regulatory agency similar to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Source:
Screening Framework Guidance for Providers of Synthetic Double-Stranded DNA
http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/guidance/syndna/Documents/syndna-guidance.pdf

Arctic and South China Sea Resource Issues Causing U.S. to Review Law of the Sea
A Joint Statement of the 2nd US-ASEAN Leaders Meeting reaffirmed regional peace in accordance with principles of international law including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which is a main legal tool for protection against China’s claims in the South China Sea. “Disagreements over territorial claims and the appropriate use of the maritime domain appear to be a growing challenge to regional stability and prosperity,” stated Secretary of Defense Robert Gates at a multilateral event in Hanoi, Vietnam, with reference specifically to the South China Sea. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton also underlined that the U.S. will “prioritize the Law of the Seas next year. It is critical to how we’re going to manage the Arctic. It is critical to our credibility in working with nations in Southeast Asia over questions regarding activities in the South China Sea.” The Convention has 161 parties (including the European Union), and out of the 35 nonparties, 17 are land-locked states. [Related item: Resources Trigger Overlapping Claims for Maritime Areas in May 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Joint Statement of the 2ND U.S.- ASEAN Leaders Meeting
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/24/joint-statement-2nd-us-asean-leaders-meeting
Remarks by Secretary Gates at ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus
http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4700
Secretary Clinton: Remarks on Innovation and American Leadership to the Commonwealth Club
http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/10/149542.htm

Islamic Conference of Environmental Ministers Approves Detailed Program
Participants to the 4th Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers (ISESCO) adopted a comprehensive Islamic Environmental Programme and endorsed the broader implementation of the program by all Islamic countries. Programs were also adopted for development and implementation of renewable energy, environmental protection, water resources, and sustainable development, as well as for reinforcing member states’ capacities to develop national strategies and emergency plans to cope with natural disasters.
Sources:
4th Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers Starts in Tunis
http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/latest-news/128323-4th-islamic-conference-of-environment-ministers-starts-in-tunis-.html
4th Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers and Conference documents
http://www.sesric.org/event-detail.php?id=432

Hungary Industrial Plant Spill Might Trigger Tougher Environmental Regulations
Approximately 700,000 cubic meters (184 million gallons) of heavy-metal-contaminated sludge has impacted at least 40 km2 (15.4 mi2) of territory, including what appears to be pollution of the Danube, due to a sludge spill from a bauxite refinery in Ajka, Hungary, a town 160 kilometers (100 miles) from Budapest. Experts warn that the chemically polluted sludge could flow from Hungary to countries downstream, polluting the water and agricultural land. The Danube basin is historically linked to the mining and industrial farming industries. Chemicals such as copper, manganese, and cadmium already contaminate its tributaries, while pollutants have accumulated in soils, sediments, and groundwaters of the region. Research conducted after the Ajka spill suggests there may be hundreds, possibly thousands, of unreported chemical facilities without jurisdictional clarity “orphaned” by the fall of communism and with failing containment infrastructures in the basin, posing a chemical “time bomb” threat. International liability and redress issues are likely.
Sources:
The Danube’s menacing industrial legacy
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/the-danubes-menacing-industrial-legacy/article1759897/
Danube Largely Safe Despite Toxicity of Hungarian Spill
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,722100,00.html
UN sends experts to Hungary to help assess health impact of sludge spill
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36414&Cr=health&Cr1

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
U.S.-China Ozone Microbubbles Provide Widely Applicable Cleanup Technique
Prof. Andy Hong of the University of Utah has developed a technology, “heightened ozonation treatment (HOT)” that is claimed to have the potential to aid a wide range of environmental cleanup efforts, such as removing oil and gas byproducts from water, and organics and heavy metals from industrial sites, and removing harmful algae from lakes. The University, in cooperation with the Chinese company Honde LLC and the Chinese government, is testing the technique to remediate a lakeshore industrial site.
Source:
Utah Microbubbles Clean Dirty Soil in China
http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=101110-1

Laser Detector Offers Fast Gas Analysis
Scientists at the JILA laboratory operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado at Boulder report having extended into the mid-infrared (IR) range the coverage of a laser-based spectroscopic system capable of fast molecular analysis of complex gas mixtures, with parts-per billion (ppb) precision, using an “optical frequency comb.” The researchers plan to extend this coverage to an important longer wavelength portion of the IR spectrum.
Source:
JILA unveils improved 'molecular fingerprinting' for trace gas detection
http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-10-jila-unveils-molecular-fingerprinting-gas.html

New Colorimetric Sensor Uniquely Detects Vapor from TATP Explosive
Prof. Kenneth Suslick and Hengwei Lin of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign claim development of a fast, inexpensive colorimetric sensor array device that can quantitatively detect levels of vapor from the explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) down to 2 ppb. TATP is a high-powered explosive that has been used in several bombing attempts. The sensor uses an inert plastic film with 16 tiny colored dots – each a different pigment – where a solid acid catalyst breaks down TATP into detectable components that cause the pigments to change color in an indicative pattern. It is being commercialized by iSense, a sensor manufacturer based in Palo Alto CA.
Sources:
Sniffing out shoe bombs: A new and simple sensor for explosive chemicals
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18571.php
A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide Vapor
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja107419t

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Carbon Nanotube Cathodes, Silicon Anodes Improve Battery Performance
Contour Energy Systems, Inc. of Azusa CA has announced its licensing from MIT of a carbon nanotube technology that it says can dramatically improve the power capability of lithium-ion batteries. Prof. Shao-Hom of MIT stated, “These carbon nanotubes contain numerous functional groups on their surfaces that can store a large number of lithium ions per unit mass … [Thus] for the first time, carbon nanotubes can serve as the cathode in lithium-ion batteries, instead of the traditional role that carbon materials have played as the anode in such systems,” producing faster reactions and delivering high power, approaching 10 times current total power delivery capability. Corvus Energy of Vancouver reports achieving 22% better power storage by using lithium nickel manganese cobalt instead of lithium iron phosphate.
According to Nanowerk News, Prof. Sibani Lisa Biswal, of Rice University and colleagues there and at Lockheed Martin have developed a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries consisting of silicon densely filled with pores 1 micron wide and 10-50 microns long in which lithium can be absorbed and released – as much as 10 times as much as with equivalent carbon material. This structure overcomes the previous deficiency of a silicon base: cracking after a limited number of recharge cycles.
Sources:
Contour Energy Systems Signs Exclusive Technology Licensing Agreement with MIT
http://www.contourenergy.com/newsmodule/view/id/13/src/@random4c7d17e3c79cc/
Monster power. Lithium-ion batteries start to take on the big stuff
http://www.economist.com/node/17352944?fsrc=nwl
Silicon strategy shows promise for batteries
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18492.php

NSF Makes 14 Grants in Renewable Energy and Sustainability
The National Science Foundation Office of Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation announced 14 grants for fiscal year 2010, awarded to 62 investigators at 24 institutions, working over the next four years on storing energy from renewable sources; and engineering sustainable buildings. According to the announcement, the groups “will pursue creative new approaches to making large-scale energy storage efficient and economical. They aim to construct capacitors and regenerative fuel cells with unprecedented capabilities to harness the sun’s thermal energy, to produce chemical fuel on demand, and to trap off-shore wind as compressed air” and “will investigate the critical flows and fluxes of buildings--power, heat, light, water, air and occupants --to create new paradigms for the design, construction, and operation of our homes and workplaces.”
Source:
Exploring Sustainability for Energy and Buildings
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117731&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

Kenya to Implement E-Waste Management Program
The 40 million metric tons of e-waste generated annually around the world is expected to increase, adding toxins throughout the environment. Kenya is set to become the first East African nation to develop regulations on the management of electronic waste, following a national conference held at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Nairobi. Delegates from Kenya's Environment Ministry and National Environment Management Authority, Microsoft, UNEP, and the telecommunications industry attended to chart a common way forward in dealing with e-waste management in line with the Basel Convention and other international frameworks.
Source:
UNEP backs action on e-waste in East Africa
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=647&ArticleID=6744&l=en&WT.rss_f=pr&WT.rss_a=647-6744

Biosafety Regulations Reviewed in Context of Worrying Forecasts
The Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (COP/MOP 5) held October 11-15, 2010, in Nagoya, Japan, was preceded by the fourth meeting of the Group of Friends of the Co-Chairs on Liability and Redress in the context of the Biosafety Protocol, and followed by the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP10). The meetings considered a series of strategic, content, and administrative issues, including new strategic plans and cooperation with other conventions, organizations and initiatives for improving capacity building, compliance and monitoring. The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (the Supplementary Protocol) is expected to further strengthen and increase its efficiency.
Meanwhile, the Living Planet Report 2010 produced by the World Wildlife Federation (WWF) in collaboration with Global Footprint Network and the Zoological Society of London, and released prior to the Nagoya meetings, details alarming biodiversity declines along with the warning that humanity’s ecological footprint reached 1.5 times Earth’s capacity to produce renewable resources and is producing CO2 at a rate 50% faster than the Earth can sustain. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) report, launched at the CBD COP10, documents the multi-trillion dollar importance to the global economy of the natural world, and suggests policy-shifts and market mechanisms that could help curb biodiversity loss. According to the report, halving current deforestation rates alone by 2030 is worth $3.7 trillion in global climate change adaptation savings. [Related item: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity to Connect UN Conventions and UN Bodies in September 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Fifth meeting of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. 11-15 October, 2010
http://www.iisd.ca/vol09/enb09528e.html
Nagoya 2010: Report puts economic value of nature on the global political radar
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=649&ArticleID=6791&l=en
Living Planet Report 2010
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/press/LPR2010.pdf

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Updated
The sixth meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC-6) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) took place October 11-15, 2010 in Geneva, Switzerland. It formed a working group to prepare a draft risk management evaluation for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), risk management evaluation for endosulfan and recommended its listing in Annex A, with exemptions, risks of combined exposures, and other related conditions. The Committee considered a revised draft risk profile and further evaluation of short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and it provided for increased harmonization of relations with the Basel Convention. [Related item:Stockholm Convention Updated with Nine New Chemicals in May 2009 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Sixth Meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC6) to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15176e.html

International Civil Aviation Pact Cuts Climate Emissions from Aircraft
The Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted a global agreement and roadmap for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft though 2050. Some key elements: improving aviation fuel efficiency 2% per year up to 2050; a framework for development and deployment of alternative fuels; and CO2 emission standards for aircraft by 2013. The ICAO Environmental Report 2010 launched at the Assembly brings together scientific, technological, economic, political and regulatory aspects of aviation environmental protection. [Related item: Provisional Agreement for Including Aviation in the Emission Trading Scheme from 2012 in June 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
ICAO Member States Agree to Historic Agreement on Aviation and Climate Change
http://www2.icao.int/en/Assembly37newsroom-public/Documents/ICAO%20Member%20States%20Agree%20To%20Historic%20Agreement%20On%20Aviation%20And%20Climate%20Change.pdf Civil Aviation Pact Cuts Climate Emissions from Aircraft
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2010/2010-10-13-02.html
ICAO Environmental Report 2010
www.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/pubs/environmentreport_2010.pdf

IMO MEPC Revises MARPOL, Addresses Emissions from Ships
The 61st session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), which took place 27 September-1 October 2010, in London, addressed technical, operational, and market-based measures. For the mitigation of emissions from maritime transport, it requested proposed amendments to Annex VI, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), with an intersessional meeting of the Working Group to be held in March 2011. It adopted the revised MARPOL Annex III for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships expected to enter into force on 1 January 2014. It was also approved, in view of adoption at its next session, an updated Annex V of the Convention on Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships. [Related item: Concerns over Maritime Air Pollution Increase in February 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
IMO Environment meeting discusses GHG measures for new ships
http://www5.imo.org/SharePoint/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1859&doc_id=13710
Revised MARPOL Annex III adopted at IMO environment meeting
http://www5.imo.org/SharePoint/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1859&doc_id=13711

Chile Establishes 150,000 KM2 Protected Marine Reserve in Pacific
Chile has established the 150,000 km2 no-take Sala y Gómez Marine Park surrounding Sala y Gómez Island in the east Pacific, to protect what a National Geographic Ocean Fellow calls “one of the last undisturbed and relatively pristine places left in the ocean … [with] deep seamounts with unique marine life.”
Source:
Chile Creates Large Marine Reserve at Sala y Gómez Island
http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/10/chile-creates-large-marine-res.html

NASA’s SERVIR Environmental Imaging-Decision Support System Extended from Mesoamerica and Africa to Asia
According to an announcement, NASA and the Agency for International Development have unveiled SERVIR-Himalaya, a Web-based environmental imaging and management system based in Kathmandu, Nepal. NASA’s SERVIR system, already in use in Mesoamerica and Africa, combines satellite imagery, data management tools, and interactive visualization capabilities to help scientists and decision-makers address climate change, biodiversity, and environmental threats, such as flooding, forest fires, and storms. [Related item: Increased Use of Space Technology for Monitoring Environmental Events in September 2008 environmental security report.]
Source:
SERVIR: Program brings satellite imagery, decision support tools to Himalayan region
http://www.physorg.com/news205578190.html

New Earth-Approaching Asteroid Discovered
The Hawaii-stationed Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) detected its first potentially hazardous object (PHO) September 16th and predicted the 150-ft diameter asteroid would pass within four million miles of Earth by mid-October 2010. This is 16 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. In March 2009 a different asteroid came 80% closer to the Earth than the Moon. No one knew it was coming. Although the more recent asteroid was not a threat, it will be catalogued and monitored with other known objects that may pose a danger within the next fifty years. Although scientists believe many of the largest PHOs have been discovered, there is concern that many with diameters less than one mile (5,280 ft.) are still unknown. Pan-STARRS is considered the world’s most sophisticated system for PHO detection. [Related item: Steps for an International Regime for Space Debris and Space Traffic Control System in May 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Pan-STARRS discovers its first potentially hazardous asteroid
http://www.physorg.com/news204826766.html
Pan-STARRS
http://pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/public/

Artificial Grass May Pose Threat of Lead Poisoning to Children
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry in Atlanta GA has reported that some artificial grass can begin to release lead dust after a few years of wear and tear. It found lead levels above US legal safety limits for 12 out of 29 synthetic surfaces tested, as well as in two out of four new artificial turf products. The turf manufacturers' association claims that other US studies have concluded children are not at risk. [Relevant item: Call for Global Ban on Lead-based Paints in October 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Warning of threat to children posed by artificial grass
http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/health/warning-of-threat-to-children-posed-by-artificial-grass-1.1062033
Evaluating and Regulating Lead in Synthetic Turf
http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action;jsessionid=603B9732578818DD76D9060DCB31669A?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1002239

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
2010 will be the warmest for Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, in 138 years. Four glaciers lost more than 10 square miles (25.90 sq km) each. Since glacier ice losses seem to be accelerating, sea level rise projections might also need to be revised.

Food and Water Security
The WFP and the FAO released the 2010 edition of The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. According to the report, the number of undernourished people has declined but remains unacceptably high (925 million), with 22 countries being in protracted food crises.
According to the World Bank, up to 30 million hectares (74 million acres) of farmland are lost each year due to severe degradation, conversion to industrial use, and urbanization. Additionally, more than a third of large-scale land acquisitions—which in 2009 reached some 45 million hectares—are intended to produce agrofuels rather than food, increasing poverty. The problem is more severe in Africa, where 90% of land is not documented with land rights and ownership.
According to the Asian Development Bank, Asia could face a 40% gap between water supply and demand in 2030. In order to meet its goals of providing drinking water and sanitation, it would need around $8 billion a year, most of it having to come from the private sector.

Adaptation
Over 700 participants met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for the Seventh African Development Forum under the theme of “Acting on Climate Change for Sustainable Development in Africa” from 12-15 October 2010. As one of the outcomes of the Forum, a partnership on Africa’s options for a Green Economy, backed by the African Union, African Development Forum (AfDB), UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and UNEP, was established. One of the first activities of the partnership will be to organize an Africa-wide conference on a low-carbon, resource-efficient Green Economy, scheduled to take place in 2011.

Computer Modeling and Scenarios
A new global study by climate scientist Aiguo Dai concludes that much of the world’s land area is susceptible to extreme drought over the next 90 years. Using current GHG emission projections and the 22 computer models from the IPCC’s 2007 report to gather information on temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and the planet’s radiative balance, Dai calculated the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) through the end of the century. The report determines that drought risk will decrease across the upper reaches of the Northern Hemisphere and in some Southern Hemispheric locations, while increasing significantly in Africa, Australia, the United States, Southwest and Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Mediterranean Sea region. There is concern that over the next 30 years regions are likely to experience drought of severity and duration that has not been experienced in at least the past several hundred years.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
Over 2,300 delegates from governments, intergovernmental organizations, and the media attended the Tianjin, China climate change negotiations, held October 4-9, 2010. This was the last meeting before the climate summit to be held in Cancun, from November 29 to December 10, 2010. There was no significant progress, mainly due to the reluctance of the developing countries to meet the demands of the developed countries on measurement, reporting, and verification mechanisms. A revised Chair’s proposal (FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/CRP.3) will be considered further in Cancun. As an alternative to the failure of reaching agreement for a second commitment period of Kyoto, the EU is considering creating a ‘coalition of the willing’ for continuing the fight to reduce GHG emissions. In the meantime, WWF warns that unless there are strong policies to fight GHG emissions, their worldwide level could overshoot by a third the threshold beyond which dangerous global warming looms.
Sources:
Warmer Arctic Probably Permanent, Scientists Say
http://planetark.org/wen/59961
State of Food Insecurity in the World
http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
UNISDR urges mayors and citizens to decrease disaster losses
http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/15810_2010no24.pdf
UN Secretary-General's Message on International Day for Disaster Reduction
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sgsm13175.doc.htm
Parliamentarians urged to take action on disaster reduction
http://www.unisdr.org/news/v.php?id=15724
Forum Website
http://www.uneca.org/adfvii/
NOAA’s Palmer Drought Severity Index
http://www.drought.noaa.gov/palmer.html
The current state of affairs in the climate change negotiations leading up to COP16
http://www.jiqweb.org/images/stories/JIQmagazine/2010Oct.pdf

Nanotechnology Safety Issues

Sunscreens with ZnO, TiO2 Nanoparticles May Pose Health Risk
Petra Kocbek of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and colleagues have published a paper indicating that long-term exposure to zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, such as are found in sunscreen, has adverse effects on human skin cells in vitro, and that such materials are therefore a potential health risk.
Sources:
Toxicological Aspects of Long-Term Treatment of Keratinocytes with ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2889
Toxicological Aspects of Long-Term Treatment of Keratinocytes with ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.201000032/abstract (abstract)

ASTM Forms New Subcommittee on Nano-Enabled Consumer Products
The ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) Committee E56 on Nanotechnology has announced formation of a subcommittee to develop standards for nanotech-using consumer products. It will develop standard terms, toxicity test methods, workplace handling guidance and other voluntary standards for organizations that work with nano-materials, concentrating initially on nano-silver. The group is soliciting responses from experts to work with the new subcommittee, including in the area of environmental chemistry.
Source:
ASTM Nanotechnology Committee Creates Subcommittee on Nano-Enabled Consumer Products
http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=2270

Thailand to Introduce New "NanoQ" Certification Mark
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, the Nanotechnology Association of Thailand will launch a certification mark, NanoQ, in 2011, to encourage domestic development of nanoproducts and to promote consumers' acceptance of such products. Companies wishing to obtain the NanoQ mark will be required to have their products tested by the National Nanotechnology Center, and undergo a yearly auditing process.
Source:
Thailand's first NanoQ
http://www.asia-anf.org/NewsDetails.php?NewsId=218

Nanotechnology Long-term Impacts and Research Directions: 2000-2020
The National Science Foundation sponsored a study, conducted by the World Technology Evaluation Center, with 200 experts from 35 countries, on the long-term view for nanotechnology. Workshop presentations and the draft report, in particular its 46-page Chapter 4, Nanotechnology Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues, are now available.
Sources:
Nanotechnology Long-term Impacts and Research Directions: 2000-2020
http://www.wtec.org/nano2/

India Soon to Have a National Regulatory Framework for Nanotechnology
According to the Times of India, the country will soon have a national regulatory framework for nanotechnology, according to the Union minister for science and technology and earth sciences. The minister said that there are close to 1,000 researchers working in the nanotechnology field, and, “The framework will be drafted to sort out issues of ethics and copyrights [sic; presumably patents]”
Source:
Soon, a national regulatory framework for nanotechnology
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Soon-a-national-regulatory-framework-for-nanotechnology/articleshow/6750692.cms

Effort and Care Vital in Communicating Nanotech to the "Public"
Several recent articles have emphasized the care that must be taken in communicating to the "public" the benefits and risks of nanotech-based products. The first, in Nature Nanotechnology, by Fern Wickson of the GenØk - Centre for Biosafety in Tromsø, Norway, and colleagues, emphasizes that communications must be tailored to the specific character and background of the recipients – who should not just be lumped into categories of laypersons, consumers, or stakeholders. The second is a report from the UK consultancy College Hill, discussed by Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, that warns that "more than 90 percent of the UK population is confused or concerned about purchasing food containing manufactured nanoparticles, with 38 percent saying they would be unlikely to buy such foods", and urges the food and beverage industry, "…to consider how they can best educate, prepare and inform the public."
Sources:
Who or What Is 'the Public'?
News story: http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2893
Confusion could torpedo food & drink nanotech opportunity
http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/Products-Marketing/Confusion-could-torpedo-food-drink-nanotech-opportunity

New Report Analyzes European Nanotech Issues
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, the NanoCode Project, a UK-based group comprising the Royal Society, Insight Investment, the Nanotechnology Industries Assoc., and the Nanotechnology Knowledge Transfer Network, has published a Synthesis Report, "with the goal of exploring the societal and economic impact of the technical, social and commercial uncertainties related to nanotechnologies … [and providing] a broad overview of current codes of conduct, voluntary measures and practices", also comparing them with the EC's proposed Code of Conduct. Nanowerk News has prepared a brief review of the 49-page report.
Source:
NanoCode project published synthesis report on responsible development of nanotechnology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18235.php

Paper Advocates New Approaches To Gauge Safety Of Nanotech-Based Pesticides (NBP)
According to an announcement, a new report outlines six regulatory and educational issues that should be considered whenever nanoparticles are going to be used in pesticides. Several issues specific to exposure to NBPs are discussed, including: (1) disclosures of nanoparticle characteristics in product formulations; (2) additional uncertainty factors for NBPs with inadequate data; (3) route-specific approaches for assessing exposure; (4) testing with the commercial form of NBPs; (5) initiation of a health surveillance program; and (6) development of educational programs.
Sources:
Exposure Assessment: Recommendations for Nanotechnology-Based Pesticides
http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh/article/view/1482
New Approaches Needed to Gauge Safety of Nanotech-based Pesticides
http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2010/oct/new-approaches-needed-gauge-safety-nanotech-based-pesticides

Nano Occupational Health Research Conference Set for France in April 2011
The Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), in association with the Partnership for European Research in Occupational Safety and Health, is organizing a conference, "INRS Occupational Health Research Conference 2011: Risks associated to Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials", to be held in Nancy, France, 5-7 April 2011. The meeting will cover health effect assessment, characterization of nanomaterials, exposure measurement and assessment, emission control and protective equipments, and risk assessment and risk management.
Source:
INRS Occupational Health Research Conference 2011: Nanotechnology risks
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18333.php

Lucerne Symposium on Nanotechnology Risks and Opportunities
In early October, the Chemistry Section of the International Social Security Association (ISSA) held a two-day symposium in Lucerne, Switzerland, on Nanotechnology Risks and Opportunities, with more than 20 presentations "seeking to highlight the opportunities that nanotechnology offers for industry and medicine as well as the risks it poses … [and to provide] information on future legal regulations on a national and international level."
Sources:
European and U.S. specialists discuss nanotechnology risks and opportunities
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18412.php
Conference site
http://www.issa.int/News-Events/Events/Nanotechnology-risks-and-opportunities

Reports and Information Suggested for Review

Current Legal Discourse on Potential Climate Change International Litigation
International climate change litigation and the negotiation process paper by lawyer Christoph Schwarte from the Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD) argues that climate-vulnerable developing nations could create political pressure to further the negotiations for an international climate treaty by threatening to take industrialized nations to court under the existing international law system. The paper outlines the possible legal framework for such lawsuits.
Source:
Climate litigation
http://www.field.org.uk/news/climate-litigation

New Release Calls Attention to Vital Importance of Soil Conservation
A new release from the Earth Policy Institute calls attention to the rapid and worldwide loss of soil from the Earth’s land areas. Deforestation and other forms of “development”, as well as overgrazing, are rendering vast areas uncultivatable, with dire environmental consequences, including desertification, as in Nigeria, which is losing 351,000 hectares of range and crop land per year – land needed to support a growing population.
Source:
Civilization’s Foundation Eroding
www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/book_bytes/2010/pb4ch02_ss2

Climate Change Impact on Wars in Africa
The “Climate not to blame for African civil wars” study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is challenging recent analyses that the adverse effects of climate change may increase the likelihood civil conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. The article by Halvard Buhaug (a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO), found that “major civil war years”, those with 1000 battle deaths or more, are more frequent in years following unusually wet periods. This conclusion contradicts a plethora of previous literature, which argued that climate change’s drying effect on the African continent would lead to greater instances of civil conflict.
Sources:
“Climate not to blame for African civil wars” by Buhaug, Halvard, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 38 (Sept. 21, 2010): 16477-16482
http://www.pnas.org/content/107/38/16477.full

Water Security and River Biodiversity
A recent article published in the journal Nature analyzed global threats to fresh water in a novel approach, considering human water security and biodiversity perspectives simultaneously and within a spatial accounting framework. The article by C.J. Vorosmarty, et al., entitled “Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity”, focused on rivers due to the fact that they are a main source of renewable fresh water for human and fresh water ecosystems. The authors found that nearly 80% of the world’s population (according to population statistics from 2000) lives in areas where, “…either incident human water security or biodiversity threat exceeds the 75th percentile.” Based on the results of their study, the authors argue that unless serious policy and financial commitments are made, fresh water systems are likely to remain under threat for the foreseeable future. However, they also claim that simple efforts to use water infrastructure, like dams and reservoirs, differently can help to prevent the damage that has occurred in areas already suffering from man-made water insecurity. The most at-risk river systems were found in the United States, much of Europe, the Ganga basin in India, and China’s Yangtze River.
Sources:
Dirty & dying, world’s rivers in crisis
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/world%E2%80%99s-rivers-are-in-crisis-global-report-says/
Balancing water supply and wildlife
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100929/full/news.2010.505.html
“Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.” Vorosmarty, C.J., et al., Nature Vol. 467 (30 September 2010): 555-561.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7315/full/nature09440.html

September 2010

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity to Connect UN Conventions and UN Bodies
Representatives of biodiversity-related conventions met for the first time on September 1, 2010 in Switzerland to improve international environmental governance. Participants agreed that the 2011-2020 strategic plan should provide a framework for all biodiversity-related conventions and UN bodies. Capacity-building activities should be coordinated among the conventions, and national biodiversity strategies and action plans updated to cover implementation of all biodiversity-related conventions. The Strategic Plan is expected to be adopted at the 10th meeting of the COP to be held in October 2010, in Nagoya, Japan. A Nordic symposium on synergies among biodiversity-related MEAs, held earlier this year in Helsinki, noted that considering impediments, six conventions form a potentially manageable and coherent cluster: CBD, CITES, CMS, Ramsar, WHC and ITPGRFA, while the CBD, UNFCCC and UNCCD cluster would assure a better integration of biodiversity with climate change issues. Enhancing cooperation and coordination among the biodiversity-related MEAs follows the success of the synergies developed among the three on chemicals and waste— the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions (see First Joint Meeting of the Main Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals to Improve International Environmental Governance in February 2010 report).
Sources:
First high level retreat among secretariats of biodiversity-related Conventions. 1 September 2010, Château de Bossey, Switzerland. Summary of the Retreat
http://www.cbd.int/cooperation/doc/report-hlr-2010-09-01-en.pdf
Ministerial forum calls for leadership for a new biodiversity vision for the twenty-first century
http://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2010/pr-2010-09-03-minister-forum-geneva-en.pdf

Environment-related Issues Dominate the UN General Assembly Debate
The need for increased and coordinated efforts from all countries to address climate change, vulnerability to natural disasters, and threats to biodiversity was the most frequent theme of the speeches of heads of state and governments addressing the UN General Assembly held 23-25 and 27-30 September 2010, and will probably top the 65th session’s agenda.
Sources:
General Assembly of the United Nations. General Debate: 65th Session, statements
http://gadebate.un.org/
Security Council holds first strategic reassessment in nearly 20 years
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36107&Cr=security+council&Cr1=
We can end poverty 2015. UN Summit, 20-22 September 2010
http://www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010/

The UN and African Union to Increase Cooperation for Peace and Security
The UN and the African Union (AU) launched a Joint Task Force on peace and security for improving conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding across the continent (expanding their present efforts in Sudan, Guinea, and Somalia.) The task force will meet twice a year at the senior level to review immediate and long-term strategic issues, and its program of work will be set in coordination with the UN Office to the AU and the AU’s Permanent Observer Mission to the UN. The first high-level meeting of the Africa-European Union Energy Partnership was held September 14-15, 2010, in Vienna, Austria, addressing cooperation on energy security and renewable energy issues. The over 300 participants, including ministers and high-level representatives from 24 European and 33 African countries, also agreed upon concrete targets and objectives.
Sources:
UN and African Union launch joint task force on peace and security
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36192&Cr=African+Union&Cr1=
First High-Level Meeting of the Africa-EU Energy Partnership
http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/energy/aeep/
First High Level Meeting of the Africa-EU Energy Partnership
http://www.aeep-conference.org/
AfDB’s Response to Climate Change in Africa
http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/afdbs-response-to-climate-change-in-africa-7165/

Pacific Region Programs for Addressing Environmental Security
The Pacific Regional Environment Programme (PREP) adopted the Strategic Plan for 2011-2015 at its 21st meeting held in Madang, Papua New Guinea, September 6-10, 2010. It creates a framework for regional environmental cooperation on climate change; biodiversity and ecosystem management; waste management and pollution prevention; and environmental monitoring and governance. The Asian Development Bank’s paper, Focused Action: Priorities for Addressing Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific, outlines similar priorities for the its work on clean energy, sustainable urban development, land use and forest management for carbon sequestration, climate-resilient development promotion, and strengthening of related policies and institutions.
Sources:
Pacific Environment Ministers’ Communiqué
http://www.sprep.org/article/news_detail.asp?id=822
Focused Action: Priorities for Addressing Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific
http://www.adb.org/documents/brochures/climate-change-priorities/default.asp

Robot Planes for Environmental Monitoring and Warfare Raise Legal Concerns
Robot planes are proliferating, as are moral and legal concerns regarding their use. The European Space Agency’s Business Incubation Centre at Darmstadt, Germany, and a German start-up company, MAVinci, have developed an unmanned aircraft system guided by satellite navigation (satnav) that uses autonomous micro-air vehicles (MAVs) with a wingspan of less than two meters, to inspect land areas. Boeing’s Phantom Works’ Vulture II program is developing Solar Eagle, a demonstration solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that will make its first flight in 2014, and is designed to lead to a large vehicle that can remain on station in the upper atmosphere for up to five years. An analogous effort is the hydrogen-powered demonstrator, Phantom Eye, designed to stay aloft for up to four days and scheduled to make its first flight in 2011. These are only a few of the latest advancements in remote-controlled warfare with promising positive environmental and security results. Nevertheless, recently, a trial in a Las Vegas court against the anti-drone protesters group Creech 14, who allegedly trespassed onto Creech Air Force Base in April 2009, was delayed for four months. This sets the stage for a debate concerning the eventual need for clear regulations regarding the circumstances for using remote-controlled warfare components.
Sources:
Satellite navigation steers unmanned micro-planes
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMMUZDODDG_index_0.html
The solar-powered spy plane that will be able to fly non-stop for FIVE years
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1313552/The-solar-powered-spy-plane-able-fly-non-stop-FIVE-years.html
Vegas Drone Trial Makes History
http://www.justicewithpeace.org/node/1763
The law versus justice. Vegas anti-drone trial makes history
http://www.lasvegascitylife.com/articles/2010/09/23/news/local_news/iq_38222529.txt

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

Carbonates for Construction Drawn from Carbon Dioxide
Utilizing funding from Italian energy company Eni, Prof. Angela Belcher of MIT and two graduate students have developed a bench-scale, biological process to remove CO2 from the environment and transform it into solid carbonate. The procedure produces approximately two pounds of carbonate for each pound of CO2, without the use of heating, cooling, or toxic chemicals. The MIT group plans to test scaling the process by applying it to the CO2 emissions at a fossil-fuel-burning power plant. They also believe the process’s mineral ions can be obtained from briny water that is a byproduct of water desalination.
Source:
Putting carbon dioxide to good use
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/belcher-carbon-0922.html

Advances in Wireless Location Detection
MIT’s Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS) is developing an exploratory model of wireless “limits” that has relevance for improved, practical, high resolution location communication applications, which can utilize low cost, limited battery life mobile devices. The researchers say this is the first study of its kind and that they have “designed novel location-aware networks with sub-meter accuracy and high reliability” by calculating optimal efficiencies of signal detection within various wireless positioning systems. The group’s work will appear as a pair of papers in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory October issue.
Source:
Can you find me now?
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/location-sensing-0909.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Autonomous Network of Sea Skimmers Could Speed Oil Spill Cleanup
According to an article in Nanowerk News, the SENSEable City Laboratory at MIT has developed one prototype unit of a proposed fleet, Seaswarm, of autonomous solar-powered robot vessels, each of which moves a conveyor belt covered with a thin absorbent nanowire mesh over the sea surface to remove oil. The fabric can absorb up to twenty times its own weight in oil while repelling water. By heating the material, the oil can be removed and the nanofabric reused. The "swarm" would use GPS and a communications network to self-manage a coordinated attack on a spill.
Source:
MIT uses nanotechnology to build autonomous oil-absorbing robot
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17787.php

New Technique Provides Simple, Sensitive Analysis of Aerosol
Dr. Patrick Roach and colleagues at DOE's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, have announced a new technique, Nanospray-Desorption/Electrospray Ionization (NanoDESI) for introducing aerosols into a mass spectrometer for detailed analysis of their molecular content. This single, generally applicable method, unlike former ones, does not require expert technicians or significant sample preparation.
Sources:
Molecular Characterization of Organic Aerosols Using Nanospray-Desorption/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac101449p
New technique provides sensitive analysis of atmospheric particles
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18004.php

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

Natural Resources Fuel Violence in Eastern D.R. Congo
Approximately 500 citizens in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo were attacked by militias allegedly including Rwandan and Congolese rebel forces. The attacks occurred in several areas of the Kivu provinces at the epicenter of mineral mining activities and in proximity to forests and forest preserves where illegal timber logging and rare mineral extraction have historically fueled conflict. UN aid workers estimate that 890,000 people are internally displaced in the provinces, while UN Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Atul Khare indicated that current security forces in the region have been unable to maintain their peacekeeping mandate, which includes the protection of civilians and, by extension, control of natural resources through training and other military assistance to the government. Meanwhile, reports from international agencies, including the World Bank, have concluded that weak legal, financial, and policy frameworks in D. R. Congo discourage formulation of national development goals that can be aligned with judicious natural resource use. The weakness also inhibits implementation of effective control mechanisms for natural resource stewardship, including an inability to monitor, evaluate, and secure the use of land for productive agricultural purposes. [Related item: The Race for Natural Resources a Potential Impediment for Peace in June 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/ESW_Sept7_final_final.pdf
MONUSCO Mandate
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/mandate.shtml
UN has failed Congo mass rape victims, says investigator
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/08/congo-mass-rape-500-khare
DR Congo: UN mission chief concerned over violence in troubled North Kivu
http://www.isria.com/RESTRICTED/D/2010/SEPTEMBER_24/23_September_2010_62.php

Protests in Peru over Dam Irrigation and Hydroelectric Project Part of a Regional Picture
A major Peruvian irrigation and electricity project that includes diversion of water from the Apurímac River is protested by local citizens who claim they were not consulted during the tender process and that the project will destabilize their water source. A Spanish-Peruvian consortium received a concession to dam and divert water for irrigation and electricity capacity to encompass approximately 66,000 hectares (163,000 acres) of new land and to generate more than 500 Mw of power. The Majes-Sigüas Special Project does not appear to require contractual provisions for the benefit of local populations. An environment ministry official said that there are around 1,000 ongoing conflicts over water in this one region, of which more than 40 are potentially serious. [Related items: International Lawsuits for Environmental Crime Proliferate in January 2010, and Indigenous Peoples Demand More Involvement in Environmental Policies in May 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Have the climate wars begun?
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/21/climate-wars-machu-picchu-irrigation
Cusco joins Espinar strike against Majes-Siguas project
http://www.livinginperu.com/news-13201-outside-of-lima-peru-cusco-joins-espinar-strike-against-majes-siguas-project

Chinese Rare Earth Restrictions
China announced it is reducing its annual rare earth exports by 40%. This limits shipments to a little over 30,000 tonnes, which is 15,000-20,000 tonnes less than consumption by non-Chinese producers. Prices of the minerals have skyrocketed over the past year, and countries are searching for replacement sources; possibilities include the U.S., Australia, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, and Tanzania. The export curtailment follows a period of low Chinese prices that caused many countries’ mines to be dismantled and closed completely. The rate of discovery or reactivation for sources may be enough to prevent shortages; however, some of these countries have problems of stability, finances, qualified work force, and environmental policies, since the extraction of these elements involves the use of highly toxic chemicals. [Related item:China Applies for Seabed Mining Permit in Search for New Mineral Resources in July 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Rare earths. Digging in. China restricts exports of some obscure but important commodities
http://economist.com/node/16944034
The Application of Rare Earth Metals is Widening Despite Lack of Engineering Data
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/5379510/rare-earth-elements
New Deposits of Rare Earths Ores in Tanzania Substitute for China?
http://agmetalminer.com/2010/04/08/new-deposits-of-rare-earths-ores-in-tanzania-substitute-for-china/

European Parliament Resolution on Jordan River Water Management Reform
The European Parliament has adopted a resolution on environmental and political concerns with regard to the Lower Jordan River area. It calls upon the leaders of Israel, Jordan, and Syria to address the humanitarian, security, and environmental threats posed by the Jordan River’s over-exploitation and mismanagement. An estimated 98% of the river’s freshwater has been redirected by Israel, Jordan, and Syria. Without intervention, large portions of the river are projected to run dry by 2011. This non-binding resolution opens the first official communication between the EU Parliament and these governments regarding the state of the Jordan River. [Related item: Call for International Intervention to Save the Jordan River in May 2006 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Situation of the Jordan River with special regard to the Lower Jordan River area
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2010-0314&format=XML&language=EN
European Parliament passes historic resolution in support of regional rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan River
http://foeme.org/www/?module=media_releases&record_id=85

Nordic Countries to Support Mekong Energy and Environment Partnership
The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and the Nordic Development Fund are supporting the Energy and Environment Partnership for the Mekong region, a program to promote the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies in Cambodia, the Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam. [Related items on the Mekong region: Climate Change Requires Water Management Changes in February 2010 and Unless Water Management Improves, Conflicts over Water Are Inevitable in August 2006 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Finland to provide clean-up solutions for environment
http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/203445/Finland-to-provide-clean-up-solutions-for-environment.html

Extinction Threatening 21% of Africa’s Freshwater Species Could Have Security Implications
According to the Red List by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 21% of all African freshwater species are currently under threat of extinction due to such factors as pollution, deforestation, and overfishing. The assessment was carried out over five years by 200 scientists who investigated over 5,000 species. Their report indicates that species extinction is directly related to food security in Africa and that a “whole systems” approach is required to ensure that infrastructure and agricultural development projects in Africa include freshwater management for biodiversity. [Related items: Biosafety Protocol Advances in February 2010, and Food and Water Security in June 2008 environmental security reports.]
Source:
African fresh water species threatened – livelihoods at stake
http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/news/?5898/African-freshwater-species-threatened---livelihoods-at-stake

New Regulations for Chemicals in California
California’s Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) is moving ahead with the regulation development phase of the state’s Green Chemistry Initiative (AB 1879 and SB 509) to identify and prioritize chemicals for reduction or removal from consumer products. The preliminary list of Priority Chemicals will be published for public comment by June 1, 2012. The initiative is part of the larger state effort to regulate chemicals and includes the creation of a scientific advisory panel and toxics information clearinghouse with an Internet database component. Another California bill (revised SB 346) expected to get the governor’s approval is a complex legal compromise which limits the content of copper and other materials, such as lead, mercury, chromium and cadmium in brake pads. [Related item: New Substances Identified as Harmful to Human Health and the Environment in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
California Issues New Green Chemistry Requirements for Consumer Products
http://www.mofo.com/files/Uploads/Images/100915-Green-Chemistry-Requirements.pdf
Copper in brake pads out to protect water, fish
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/aug/28/copper-brake-pads-out-protect-water-fish/

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
A report by the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring revealed that over the past century, the country’s average temperature rose almost twice as fast as the global average and nearly three times faster in parts of Siberia during the winter.
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration notes that the Atlantic Ocean was considerably warmer this year, with temperatures in some parts being 3ºF above the average by the end of August. The National Hurricane Center identified 15 tropical cyclones by the end of September, including seven hurricanes compared with two in an average season when waters are cooler. The Center predicts that by the end of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season, there will be about 20 storms with at least 39 mph winds, compared with 11 in a typical year. These storms are serious threats to offshore oil facilities, as well as coastal communities. According to the New York-based Insurance Information Institute, eight of the ten most expensive U.S. catastrophes were caused by hurricanes.

Food and Water Security
According to the latest estimate, the number of hungry people worldwide decreased in 2010 to 925 million, from 1.023 billion in 2009, but is still unacceptably high, says the FAO and the World Food Programme.
At the emergency meeting convened on September 24th in response to the wheat export ban in Russia and food riots in Mozambique which killed 13 people, experts from FAO Member States agreed that there was no indication of an impending world food crisis. Nevertheless, recognizing that unexpected price hikes “are a major threat to food security” it was agreed that new measures to limit food price volatility and manage associated risks should be explored. Among the root causes of volatility, the meeting identified “Growing linkage with outside markets, in particular the impact of ‘financialization’ on futures markets”. The paper “Food Commodities Speculation and Food Price Crises” by Olivier De Schutter, UN’s special rapporteur on food, warns that the increases in price and the volatility of food commodities can be explained only by the emergence of a “speculative bubble.” In the meantime, ActionAid cautions that hunger could cost poor nations $450 billion a year – more than 10 times the amount needed to meet the Millennium Development Goal on halving hunger by 2015. At the “Securing Future Food” meeting convened by the UK Food Group, De Schutter said that the only long-term way to resolve the crisis would be to shift to “agro-ecological” ways of growing food that do not depend on fossil fuels, pesticides, or heavy machinery.
According to the World Bank report Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? investment overseas in agricultural land has increased tenfold since the 2008 food price rise. While large-scale farmland deals have the potential to deliver benefits to developing countries, the report warns against practices that harm the rights and opportunities for development of local people. Noting that the trend of overseas investment in agricultural land is likely to continue to grow, the report outlines seven principles for responsible agro-investment, including transparency, food security, and social and environmental sustainability.
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) released a paper that describes the need for systematic planning in water storage and management to cope with increased rainfall variability. Although water storage increases water security, agricultural productivity, and adaptive capacity, the paper warns that poorly planned storage is a waste of financial resources and may aggravate climate change impacts. It calls for systems that combine complementary storage options and urges consideration of uncertainty in planning.

Adaptation
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) has launched a Regional Cooperative Mechanism on Drought Monitoring and Early Warning. The Mechanism will provide an information portal--the Asia-Pacific Gateway on Disaster Risk Reduction and Development -- and aims to provide satellite products for drought monitoring. It will assist members in developing locally tailored services to facilitate decision making.
“The World Disasters Report 2010” by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies focuses on urbanization and climate change risk. It highlights that 2.57 billion urban dwellers living in low- and middle-income nations are exposed to unacceptable levels of risk fuelled by rapid urbanization, poor local governance, population growth, and poor health services. Urban planning should consider the effects of climate change to reduce vulnerability of millions of people, mostly those living in low-elevation coastal zones. Tackling urban risk is essential to reducing poverty and urban violence.

Arctic Dialogue
"The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue" forum was hosted by the Russian Geographical Society on September 22-23, 2010, attended by foreign and Russian scientists, political figures, NGOs, and business representatives. The main purpose of the forum was to discuss potential international cooperation in the Arctic. The Russia-Norway treaty was cited as an example several times. While highlighting that in 50 years the Arctic may become a major source of energy and a key transportation route, Vladimir Putin noted that priorities should be creating comfortable life conditions for the people living in the region, and respect for the fragile ecosystem by “the most stringent environmental requirements,” as well as development of research and environmental infrastructures. Well-known polar explorer and state Duma deputy Artur Chilingarov suggested that the forum should become a regular event, and a Polar Decade launched. Experts also noted the need to create a single global database on the Arctic, while Russian Emergencies Ministry Sergey Shoygu (who is also president of the Russian Geographic Society) said that an atlas of the Arctic would be prepared soon. Along the same lines, the statement produced by the 9th Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, hosted by the European Parliament in Brussels, September 13-15, 2010, highlights the need for continuous improvement of the assessment of the social and economic consequences of natural resource exploration and exploitation, consequences of climate change for Arctic populations and wildlife habitats, cooperation in education and research, and the tighter economic and geopolitical links.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
In preparation for the next session discussing the commitments for the Annex I Parties, to be held in Tianjin, China, October 4-9, 2010, the UNFCCC Secretariat has published several documents, including a draft proposal with amendments to the Kyoto Protocol http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/awg14/eng/12.pdf .
Sources:
Medvedev’s Climate Moment
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/mobile/article/413772.html
National Hurricane Center
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2010atlan.shtml
925 million in chronic hunger worldwide
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/45210/icode/
Food price volatility a major threat to food security
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/45690/icode/
ActionAid report “Who’s really fighting hunger?”
http://www.actionaid.org/assets/pdf/ActionAid-scorecard-report-2010.pdf
Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? Report
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/ESW_Sept7_final_final.pdf
Water Storage in an Era of Climate Change: Addressing the Challenge of Increasing Rainfall Variability
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Blue_Papers/PDF/Blue_Paper_2010-final.pdf
World Disasters Report 2010 - Is urban the new rural?
http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2010/index.asp
Putin identifies Russia’s priorities in Arctic
http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=15522974&PageNum=0
Russia to draw up new Arctic atlas
http://en.rian.ru/science/20100922/160679591.html
9th Conference of Artic Parliamentarians, European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/arcticparl/
Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol
Fourteenth session, Tianjin, 4–9 October 2010
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/awg14/eng/12.pdf

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
Report Sums Up Current Developments in Nanomaterial Safety
According to Nanowerk News, "a new document from the OECD, Current Developments/Activities on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials, provides information on current/planned activities related to the safety of manufactured nanomaterials in OECD member and non-member countries that attended at the 7th meeting of OECD's Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (Paris France, 7-9 July 2010)", as well as written reports on relevant current activities in other international organizations such as International Organization for Standards (ISO), FAO, and the WHO.
Sources:
New OECD report sums up current developments on nanomaterial safety
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18180.php
Environment Directorate Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology
http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocument/?cote=env/jm/mono(2010)42&doclanguage=en

EPA Issues Final Significant New Use Rules (SNUR) on Carbon Nanotubes
The EPA has issued final Significant New Use Rules (SNUR) for single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which had been the subject of premanufacture notices (PMN P08177, P08328). Persons who intend to manufacture, import, or process either of these materials for a use that is designated as a significant new use by the final rule must notify EPA at least 90 days before commencing that activity. EPA states that it believes the SNURs are necessary because these chemical substances may be hazardous to human health and the environment.
Sources:
75 FR 56880 - Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; Significant New Use Rules
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/FR-2010-09-17/2010-23321
EPA Issues Final SNURs for Carbon Nanotubes
http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2010/09/articles/united-states/federal/epa-issues-final-snurs-for-carbon-nanotubes/

EU Gearing Up for Active Nanotech Regulatory Year in 2011
Nanowerk News reported on a conference, held within the framework of the Belgian Presidency of the EU, on the development of nanomaterials management and information tools. The Belgian Minister for Energy, Environment, Sustainable Development and Consumer Protection stated, "We await the next European Environment and Health Action Plan which is expected to address the challenge of nanomaterials among its priority areas. In 2011, the Commission will also have to respond to the European Parliament Resolution adopted in April 2009, on the regulatory aspects of nanomaterials. According to the resolution, various ambitious measures will be taken in order to ensure safety with regard to nanomaterials and nanotechnology." The Minister put forward proposals for five specific responses.
Source:
Regulation of products containing nanomaterial: Traceability, a pre-condition to acceptability
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18061.php

European Officials Discuss Nanotech Regulation
Government officials from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein met at the 4th International Nano Authorities Dialogue, organized by the Innovation Society, St.Gallen, focusing on legal and technical issues about the insurability and regulation of nanotechnologies. According to a news release, key elements of the presentations were that "nanotechnologies must be insurable, …the potential risks of manufactured nanomaterials for human health and the environment must be thoroughly and continuously monitored, and … the exchange of safety information between the industry and the authorities and along the value chain plays an important role to ensure that risks are identified in an early phase and measures can be taken proactively."
Sources:
Insurability of nanotechnologies - regulatory gaps identified, risk monitoring requested
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18193.php
Authorities Discuss Insurability of Nanotechnologies – Regulatory Gaps Identified, Risk Monitoring Requested
http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=10594

Risk Assessment Study - Nanotechnology and Food Safety
The Centre for Food Safety of the Government of Hong Kong has published a comprehensive 39-page literature review, Risk Assessment Study - Nanotechnology and Food Safety, accompanied by a PowerPoint presentation.
Source:
Nanotechnology and Food Safety – Report
http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_ft_01_04.html

Lack of Nanoparticle Characterization Obstructs Development of Nanomedicines
An item in NatureNews, discussing the recent first international workshop on nanotech medicines held by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in London, reports on statements by several experts that the lack of reliable characterization techniques for nanoparticles, and the consequent inability to analyze and understand nanoparticle/biosystem interactions and possible hazards, are obstructing the development of nanomedicines.
Source:
Tiny traits cause big headaches. Nanotech medicines held up by lack of particle characterization.
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100914/full/467264b.html

Review Points Out “Nanomaterial” Definition Problem
Reporting on a recent nanotech workshop in the UK, foodqualitynews.com concurs with the workshop’s conclusion that "Agreeing on a legal definition of nanomaterials that satisfies food manufacturers, regulators, enforcement bodies and consumers will be hugely challenging." The EU has one definition in the Cosmetics Regulation, the latest draft of the revised Novel Food Regulation contains another, and a third is being developed by the EC's independent Scientific Committee for Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Factors involved include size, shape, functionality, and (lack of) similarity to non-nano versions of the same substance. A side issue is what purpose is served by "nano-labeling" of products, if the safety implications of that characterization are uncertain.
Source:
Nano definition is a legal minefield, warn scientists
http://www.foodqualitynews.com/Legislation/Nano-definition-is-a-legal-minefield-warn-scientists

Engineered Nanoparticles: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Risks and Prevention Measures
The Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail in Montreal has released the second edition of its report, Engineered Nanoparticles: Current Knowledge about Occupational Health and Safety Risks and Prevention Measures. According to Nanowerk News, the 153-page report concludes, "As for health hazards, many toxicological studies on different substances have demonstrated toxic effects on various organs. It is found that in general, an NP will normally be more toxic than the same chemical substance of larger dimensions, but it is currently impossible to determine which measuring parameter for exposure is best correlated with the measured effects." It also calls for a preventive and even precautionary approach and emphasizes the enormous need for developing new knowledge.
Sources:
Engineered Nanoparticles. Current Knowledge about OHS Risks and Prevention Measures
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-656.pdf
New report on engineered nanoparticle risk
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=18142.php

Discussion on Federal/State Regulation of Nanotech
A recent article in Nanotechnology Now, We Should Have Seen It Coming: States Regulating Nanotechnology, discussed the increasing trend for individual states to consider or enact nanotech regulations, reflecting a discontent with actions (or inaction) on the part of the federal government. A subsequent piece, State-level nano regulation: Yes, indeed, the industry "should have seen it coming" – it caused it!, appeared in an Environmental Defense Fund blog, and attributed that trend indirectly to the nanotech industry’s efforts to block or weaken federal controls.
Sources:
We Should Have Seen It Coming: States Regulating Nanotechnology
http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/?article=484
State-level nano regulation: Yes, indeed, the industry "should have seen it coming" – it caused it!
http://blogs.edf.org/nanotechnology/2010/09/10/state-level-nano-regulation-yes-indeed-the-industry-should-have-seen-it-coming-%E2%80%93-it-caused-it/

German Risk Assessment Body Publishes Three Nanotech Reports
BfR, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, has published three reports on German opinions and attitudes about nanotechnology-related risks.
Delphi Study on Nanotechnology: Expert Survey of the Use of Nanomaterials in Food and Consumer Products discussed nine general risk criteria and nine nano-specific test criteria.
Perception of Nanotechnology inInternet-based Discussions: The risks and opportunities of nanotechnology and nanoproducts: results of an online discourse analysis according to Nanowerk News, has as its purpose “to analyse German-language online discussions of nanotechnology in an attempt to identify the perceived risks, opportunities, benefits and expectations associated with this field of research and development.”
Risk Perception of Nanotechnology – Analysis of Media Coverage report examines 2001-2007 media coverage of nanotechnology in almost 1700 articles published in German newspapers and magazines.
Source:
German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment publishes three new reports on nanotechnology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17898.php

Nanosilver Compound Turns Up in Municipal Wastewater
According to an Environmental Defense Fund blog, scientists in The Center for NanoBioEarth at Virginia Tech identified and characterized silver sulfide* nanoparticles in the sewage sludge produced by an operating municipal wastewater treatment plant. This is the first time that such material has been detected in a field-scale study. It is not certain, although stated as "likely", that the material detected in the sludge originated from products containing silver nanoparticles that were converted to sulfides in the processing.
* - The blog post incorrectly identifies the nanoparticles as potentially toxic silver rather than the correct characterization as inert silver sulfide, as stated in the original paper.
Sources:
Sludging through the nano lifecycle: Caution ahead
http://blogs.edf.org/nanotechnology/2010/09/23/sludging-through-the-nano-lifecycle-caution-ahead/
Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101565j

French Lab to Be Set up for Study of Nanotube Toxicity in Aqueous Environments
A French component of the international firm Arkema, together with the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, and the Université Paul Sabatier have agreed to establish a joint research laboratory, NAUTILE (NAnotUbes et écoToxIcoLogiE), dedicated to the study of the ecotoxicological impact of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aquatic environments.
Source:
NAUTILE: the first research laboratory for the study of the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes in the aquatic environment
http://prodawl.arkema.com/sites/group/en/press/pr_detail.page?p_filepath=/templatedata/Content/Press_Release/data/en/2010/100910_nautile_the_first_research_laboratory_for_the_study_of_the_ecotoxicity_of_carbon_nanotubes.xml

Reports and Information Suggested for Review

FAO Launches Global Fire Information Management System
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has launched the Global Fire Information Management System (GFIMS), a monitoring system that integrates remote sensing and GIS technologies to deliver MODIS hotspot/fire locations to natural resource managers and other stakeholders around the world. (MODIS is the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA’s Aqua satellite). It is offering almost real-time detection of emerging fires, and alerting users through an online portal or via e-mail, and soon by text messages.
Sources:
Poor to benefit from global fire monitoring system
http://www.scidev.net/en/news/poor-to-benefit-from-global-fire-monitoring-system.html
GFIMS: http://www.fao.org/nr/gfims/gf-home/en/

Environmental Aspects Should Be Factored More Into Conventional Security Concerns
In a Capitol Hill briefing, defense experts underlined that environmental degradation and the fight for natural resources threaten U.S. security in the 21st century, as depletion of resources exacerbates political instability and conflict in the developing world, increasing the number of failed states. Therefore, integrating environmental problems into security policy is essential and should be on a par with conventional security aspects. For many defense officials in developing countries, security is seen in terms of food, water, and environmental security, and natural disasters. Along the same lines, an article on Pakistan questions the justification of funds allocated to conventional security compared to those for human or environmental security. In 2010, Pakistan’s defense budget will rise 17%, to $5.2 billion, while the week of flooding has by far surpassed the devastation of anything the Taliban could accomplish. The article notes that this is a dilemma of much of the developing world, mostly affecting those vulnerable to climate change and disasters. “Without neglecting the very real challenges posed by insurgency, civil war, or external invasion, the time has come to begin shifting resources toward human and environmental security,” says the article.
Sources:
Environment key to U.S. security: Congress briefing
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68L5NR20100922
Conventional versus Human Security: How Climate Risks Decrease Stability
http://pisaspeak.wordpress.com/2010/09/04/conventional-versus-human-security-how-climate-risks-decrease-stability/

World Energy Outlook 2010
The World Energy Outlook 2010 is looking at alternatives for switching to a reliable and environmentally sustainable energy system and post-Copenhagen solutions to limit the global temperature increase to 2°C and how these actions would impact oil markets and renewable energy. It presents updated projections to 2035 of energy demand, production, trade and investment by fuels and regions, and, for the first time, it includes the results from a new scenario based on governments’ pledges to tackle climate change and growing energy insecurity.
Source:
World Energy Outlook 2010
http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/

August 2010

UN Resolution Acknowledges Access to Clean Water and Sanitation a Human Right
The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recognizing access to clean water and sanitation as a human right, a move that might be a step forward towards a future treaty. The non-binding resolution received 122 votes in favor, no votes against, while 41 countries abstained—including Australia, Britain, Canada, and the U.S. Introducing the resolution, Bolivia’s representative pointed out that more children are killed annually by lack of access to water than by AIDS, malaria and measles combined, while lack of sanitation affects 40% of the world’s population.
Sources:
General Assembly Adopts Resolution Recognizing Access to Clean Water, Sanitation as Human Right, by Recorded Vote of 122 in Favor, None against, 41 Abstentions
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga10967.doc.htm
General Assembly declares access to clean water and sanitation is a human right
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35456&Cr=sanitation&Cr1

Food Security Concerns Increase Around the World
The Food Security Risk Index 2010 reveals that the countries most at risk from shocks to food supplies are also among the countries with serious security problems. Rated at most “extreme risk” are: Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Eritrea, Sudan, Ethiopia, Angola, Liberia, Chad, and Zimbabwe. The Index, assessing basic food staple risks for 163 countries using 12 criteria, is compiled by Maplecroft and developed in collaboration with the World Food Programme.
Grain prices have soared in August as Russia, the world’s third wheat producer in 2009/10, banned grain exports until the end of the year as the fires and worst drought on record ravaged crops. Grain exports from Ukraine, the world’s sixth largest wheat exporter, are also facing delays after the introduction of a new system of customs controls. Russia said it would also ask Belarus and Kazakhstan (also major grain exporters and co-members of a regional customs union), to enact a similar ban.
Source:
African nations dominate Maplecroft’s new Food Security Risk Index - China and Russia will face challenges
http://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/food-security.html
Russian Export Ban Raises Global Food Fears
http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748703748904575410740617512592.html
Putin bans Russia grain exports due to drought
http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100805/ts_afp/russiaheatwavefiresfarmcropscommoditiesgrain_20100805162243

Scientists Create 20-Year Roadmap for Nuclear Energy
Scientists at University of Cambridge and Imperial College London have outlined a global plan for nuclear energy to the year 2030. The first stage would replace or extend the life of existing reactors while the second would deploy portable, more efficient reactors with replaceable parts. These scientists claim that flexible “out of the box” modular reactors and those that can be moored offshore would require less maintenance and minimal infrastructural support, have 70-year operational lives, and provide better opportunity for safe radioactive waste recycling.
Sources:
Scientists call for a global nuclear renaissance in new study
http://www.physorg.com/news200842486.html
Experts say federal nuclear waste panel overlooks public mistrust
http://www.physorg.com/news200842407.html

First U.S.-Russian Environmental Protection Park
The first U.S. Russian joint environmental protection project is creating the Beringia international conservation park, which will stretch over millions of hectares of Chukotka and Alaska (the Russian side alone might be about 1.8 million hectares.)
Source:
A breakthrough in Beringia. Russia and the US are creating a giant international park in Chukotka and Alaska
http://rt.com/Top_News/Press/eng/2010-08-25/?fullstory

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications

Nanowire Semiconductors for Nano-sensors and Nano-robotics
Zinc oxide has been used to create a transistor utilizing the piezoelectric effect (mechanical motion inducing voltage) that can process logic operations through its interface with the ambient environment. No external electric signal is required to operate the nanotech processor gate. George Institute of Technology scientists who developed it claim that the technology can be joined with sensors and energy-drawing components to create, “self-sustainable, all-nanowire-based, multifunctional self-powered autonomous intelligent nanoscale systems.
Sources:
Push-Button Logic on the Nanoscale
http://www.physorg.com/news200213686.html
Strain-Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201001925/abstract;jsessionid=3A96C84BCE895C3E76C39F13052E26FA.d02t01

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
More Reliable "Kill Switch" Found for Genetically Engineered Microbes
Prof. James Collins and colleagues at Boston University claim development of a highly tunable genetic "switch" offering a high degree of control over genetically engineered microbes, lessening worries about "rogue" organisms escaping into the environment. According to a descriptive article, they have devised a "highly tunable genetic [RNA] 'switch' that … makes it possible to stop the production of a protein and restart it again. The switch, which could be used to control any gene, can also act as a 'dimmer switch' to finely tune how much protein a microbe would produce over time."
Source:
A ‘Kill Switch’ for Rogue Microbes
http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/26094

DNA Backbone Provides Foundation for Sensitive New Multi-material Sensor
Prof. Eric Kool of Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, and colleagues report sticking small sets of sensitive fluorescent detector compounds onto short strands of one of the two long parallel chains of sugar and phosphate molecules forming the backbone of DNA to produce a new, highly effective sensor for organic vapors. The DNA structure provides an ideal framework in which the sensing molecules can react with the target and with each other to produce the indicative effects. Changing the identity and sequence of the attachments along the chain produced different fluorescence patterns for the test materials. This raises the possibility of combining a number of such units into a versatile sensing system for environmentally significant components.
Sources:
DNA puts Stanford chemists on scent of better artificial nose
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/newnose-082310.html
Polyfluorophores on a DNA Backbone: Sensors of Small Molecules in the Vapor Phase
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002701/abstract

Nano-based Olfactory Sensor Offers Diversity, Extreme Miniaturization
Prof. Andrei Kolmakov, of the Physics Dept. at Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale, and colleagues, have announced developing a chemical sensing device (an "electronic nose") based on a wedge-like nanowire (nanobelt) of tin dioxide in a new structural configuration providing multiple sensitivities in a single wire. Ultimate sizes for the devices could be in the range of micrometers.
Sources:
Single-Nanobelt Electronic Nose: Engineering and Tests of the Simplest Analytical Element
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn100435h
‘Smart’ sand: grain-sized nanotechnology electronic noses are on the horizon
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=17373.php

New Water Purification Technologies
A new disposable filter that looks like a tea bag and fits into the neck of a bottle reportedly can clean highly polluted water. The inside of the tea bag material is coated with a thin film of biocides, encapsulated within nanofibers, which kill pathogenic microbes. The bag is filled with active carbon granules that remove all harmful chemicals, e.g., endocrine disruptors. According to the developers, each “tea bag” filter can purify one liter of the most polluted water to the point where it is 100% safe to drink. It is discarded after use. The invention was developed by a team of scientists led by Prof. Eugene Cloete, Dean of the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch Univ. in South Africa, and is one of the first major projects of the new Stellenbosch Univ. Water Institute.
A team of researchers at Stanford University, Stanford CA, have demonstrated a new water purification technique in which water flows thru electrified (-20 V) cotton cloth dyed with ink containing bactericidal silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes. The electric potential greatly improves the effectiveness of the nanosilver. The high-speed process de-activates 80-90% of the bacteria, but multiple units could be cascaded to produce acceptable reductions, or the device could be used as a preprocessor for other purification systems, reducing their bacterial load.
The International Journal of Nuclear Desalination article Nanotechnology for water purification offers an overview of nanotech-based devises for water treatment. According to the abstract, “[n]ew sensor technology combined with micro and nanofabrication technology is expected to lead to small, portable and highly accurate sensors to detect chemical and biochemical parameters in water. Potential opportunities and risks associated with this technology are also highlighted.
Sources:
SU scientists develop a high-tech ‘tea bag’ filter for cleaner water
http://blogs.sun.ac.za/news/2010/07/28/su-scientists-develop-a-high-tech-%E2%80%98tea-bag%E2%80%99-filter-for-cleaner-water/
High Speed Water Sterilization Using One-Dimensional Nanostructures
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl101944e
Nanotechnology for water purification. International Journal of Nuclear Desalination 2010 - Vol. 4, No.1 pp. 49 – 57 (abstract)
http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&rec_id=33766&prevQuery=&ps=10&m=or

Photocatalytic Pavement Removes Nitrogen Oxides from City Air
F. C. Nüdling Betonelemente of Fulda, Germany, has developed the "Air Clean" nitrogen oxide-reducing paving slab, which is coated with photocatalytic titanium dioxide nanoparticles that convert harmful substances such as nitrogen oxides into nitrates that are harmlessly washed away. One test, in Erfurt, indicated an average degradation rate of 20% for NO2 and 38% for NO.
Source:
Nanoparticle-coated pavement that cleans the air
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17444.php

New Index Aids Characterization of Biological Reaction to Nanomaterials
Prof. Xin-Rui Xia and colleagues at NC State University have published a method for predicting how biological proteins will react with nanoparticles of given compositions. According to their paper’s abstract, “The method successfully predicted the adsorption of various small molecules onto carbon nanotubes,… the nanodescriptors were also measured for 12 other nanomaterials … [and] can be used to develop pharmacokinetic and safety assessment models for nanomaterials.
Sources:
An index for characterization of nanomaterials in biological systems. Nature Nanotechnology, 15 August 2010 | doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.164
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2010.164.html
Predicting how nanoparticles will react in the human body
http://www.physorg.com/news201094921.html

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Experts Say Possible Rare Earth Shortages Not A Real Problem for Electric Cars
In response to questions about the possible shortage or non-availability of the rare earth elements required for much of current electronics, in particular electric cars, experts on The Millennium Project's global-energy listserv have indicated that the problem, for electric cars at least, is, in a sense, illusory: the automotive industry need only move over to switched reluctance motors (SRM), which do not need rare earth components and work better in cars than the current permanent magnet (PM) ones; the real problem is technological inertia – a lack of demand for what is actually a better solution to propulsion. Further, there is currently no availability problem with import of rare-earth-using PM motors.
Source:
Millennium Project “global-energy” listserve discussion
List Archives: http://mp.cim3.net/forum/global-energy/ (ID and password required)

Solar Energy Conversion System Uses Both Photovoltaic and Thermal Technologies
Prof. Nick Melosh of Stanford University and colleagues have reported a new solar energy conversion technology, "photon enhanced thermionic emission," (PETE) which allows a photovoltaic cell to operate at temperatures over 200ºC, enabling the construction of a solar energy conversion system that utilizes both solar light and heat to produce electricity.
Source:
New solar energy conversion process could revamp solar power production
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17454.php

New Supercapacitor Design Claims Large Improvements in Energy Storage
Prof. Yury Gogotsi of Drexel Univ., Philadelphia PA, and colleagues have announced the development of a supercapacitor which they describe as having more power per volume comparable to electrolytic capacitors, as well as four orders of magnitude higher capacitance, an order of magnitude higher energy per volume, and three orders of magnitude higher speed. According to the announcement and abstract, the microsupercapacitors are produced by integrating into a microdevice, without the use of organic binders and polymer separators, a component comprising a several-µm-thick layer of onion-like 6–7 nm. carbon spheres, yielding a high surface-to-volume ratio of active material.
Sources:
Ultrahigh-power micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon. Nature Nanotechnology Newsletter (2010) DOI:10.1038/nnano.2010.162
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2010.162.html
International research team develops ultrahigh-power energy storage devices
http://www.physorg.com/news201272263.html

New Window Developments Aim at Saving, Generating Energy
Soladigm, Inc. of Milpitas, CA is working on a line of lower cost electrochromic windows which allow electronic control of the radiation passing through them, keeping out unwanted solar heat in summer and allowing it to pass during winter, thereby reducing air conditioning and heating costs. The windows contain multiple electronic control layers sandwiched between two layers of glass. The company has licensed technology to resolve problems with the idea. Its overall cost-competitiveness with conventional windows, or with low-E windows, that both passively block near-infra-red is uncertain.
EnSol AS, of Bergen, Norway, in cooperation with the Univ. of Leicester, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, has patented a novel thin film solar cell technology that they claim could be coated as a thin transparent film (on, for example, windows in buildings) to produce power on a large scale. They hope for commercial availability by 2016.
Sources:
Making Smart Windows that Are Also Cheap
http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/25989/page1/
Soladigm Company
http://soladigm.com/index.html
New technique announced to turn windows into power generators
http://www2.le.ac.uk/ebulletin/news/press-releases/2010-2019/2010/08/nparticle.2010-08-10.1427638716
EnSol Company
http://www.ensol.no/index.htm

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

Cimate Change

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
The 2009 State of the Climate report released by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration concludes that there is no doubt that the world is warming. The past decade was the hottest on record, each of the last three decades was warmer than the one before, and the average temperature increased a little over 0.5ºC (0.9ºF) over the past 50 years. The report is based on compilation of 10 indicators, including historical data on temperatures, humidity, sea levels, sea ice, glaciers and spring snow cover going back to 1940 or 1850, depending on the type of data. The results show increases in: temperature of air over land and oceans, and of sea surface; sea level; ocean heat; humidity; and temperature in the troposphere. At the same time, there were decreases in: Arctic sea ice; glaciers; and spring snow cover in the northern hemisphere. The report is the result of collaboration among about 300 scientists from 160 research groups in 48 countries. It makes no comments about the potential causes of warming.
The World Meteorological Organization has published information on the unprecedented sequence of recent extreme weather events. A longer time range is required to determine whether an individual event is attributable to climate change, but the sequence of current events matches IPCC’s projections of more frequent and more intense extreme weather events due to global warming, says the WMO. While the northern hemisphere had to deal with extreme heat waves, the southern hemisphere witnessed intense cold and record snows. There are fears that the abnormal weather triggers social and environmental problems around the world.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
A new ice island broke from the Petermann Glacier, one of the two largest remaining glaciers in Greenland. Satellite imagery reveals that the Petermann Glacier lost about 25% of its 43-mile long floating ice-shelf. The new ice island has an area of at least 100 square miles and is 600 feet thick. As it floats towards the Atlantic, there are concerns that it might threaten Canada’s offshore platforms and shipping in the area.
Permafrost temperatures during the International Polar Year (2007‑09) were 2ºC (3.6ºF) warmer than they were 20 or 30 years ago, found scientists based on data collected from 575 boreholes located throughout North America, Russia and the Nordic region. They also noted that the rate of thawing of cold permafrost is higher than that of warmer permafrost.

Food and Water Security
A study by the FAO and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) finds that rising temperatures during the past 25 years have already cut the yield growth rate of rice by 10-20% in several locations in Asia, which currently produces more than 90% of the world’s rice.
China’s soil erosion has reached nearly 17% of its total land cover. If current trends continue, 40% of food production will be lost in the next 50 years, according to a study led by the Ministry of Water Resources, and science and engineering academies.
The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) released a book of abstracts from the Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas meeting held in February 2010, in Amman, Jordan. The abstracts are organized into themes on: scenarios for climate change in dry areas; impacts on natural resource availability, agricultural production systems and environmental degradation; impacts on food security, livelihoods and poverty; mitigation, adaptation and ecosystem resilience; and enabling environments to cope with impacts.

Migration
The website for the Climate Change Displaced Persons Convention Project has added a frequently asked questions (FAQ) section. It gives a comprehensive overview of issues related to climate change-caused displacement.
At the request of Marshall Islands leaders, Michael Gerrard, who leads Columbia Law School's Center for Climate Change Law, issued a call for papers and is organizing a conference on the questions related to national sovereignty of countries (or parts of countries) that might disappear due to rising sea levels; e.g., citizenship of their people, control of offshore rights, etc.
An estimated 18 million people were displaced by the floods in Pakistan—in what is considered the worst natural disaster to date attributable to climate change. In the southern Sindh province, as the Indus River was running at 40 times its normal volume of water, almost one million people were displaced in addition to some 17 million people already displaced by monsoon floods. An estimated 1.2 million homes were destroyed and 3.2 million hectares (7.9m acres) of farmland representing about 14% of Pakistan’s cultivated land were damaged, triggering famine and water concerns.

Adaptation
The World Bank’s Synthesis Report on the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study, estimates the costs of adaptation to climate change to be between $70-100 billion per year between now and 2050. The study argues that investments in adaptation should start with low-regret options: measures that tackle existing weather risks, such as increased investment in water storage in drought-prone basins or protection against storms and flooding in coastal zones and/or urban areas.
On August 16th, the UN launched the Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification, which will run from 2010 to 2020 with the goal of raising awareness and action to improve protection and management of the world’s drylands. The global launch took place in Fortaleza, Brazil, during the Second International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID 2010).
The UN Secretary-General launched a High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability to “explore approaches for building low-carbon, green and resilient economy” that can efficiently address together poverty and climate change. The High Level Panel’s report, to be issued by the end of 2011, will provide inputs into inter-governmental processes, including the Rio 2012 conference, and the annual meetings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The fifth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network took place 9-13 August 2010, in Suva, Fiji under the theme “Enhancing the Implementation of the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action through a Multi-stakeholder Approach.” The meeting aimed to, among other goals, share preliminary findings of the regional progress review in implementing the Regional Framework for Action (RFA) and strengthen South-South Cooperation with the Caribbean community.

Health
The WHO, together with the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Government of Costa Rica, organized a meeting in July 2010 to share experiences in evaluating health risks. Representatives from 16 countries discussed draft guidance for health vulnerability and adaptation assessment that was produced by PAHO, and shared their experience in carrying out national assessments. A new version of the guidance incorporating national inputs will be published later this year.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
The Bonn negotiations for a post-Kyoto protocol, held August 2-6, 2010, made progress on planning for the substance of the November-December 2010 Climate Change Conference in Mexico It also focused on the scale of emission reductions from Annex I parties to the Protocol subsequent to the 2012 commitment period. The draft text was further developed and will form the basis for negotiations in Tianjin, China, in October, with the outcomes to be considered in Cancún, Mexico, in November.
At the 41st Annual Meeting of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), held August 3-6, 2010 in Port Vila, Vanuatu, the leaders of Smaller Island States discussed a consolidated Pacific position for the concurrent Cancun climate change conference, as well as potential international funding mechanisms related to the Copenhagen Accord.
Sources:
Global warming signs unmistakable: report
http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2010/07/29/climate-change-study-noaa.html
WMO Information on Current Extreme Events: http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/extremeweathersequence_en.html
Greenland glacier calves island 4 times the size of Manhattan, UD scientist reports
http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2011/aug/greenland080610.html
Borehole network confirms, permafrost is thawing worldwide
http://thearcticsounder.com/article/1032borehole_network_confirms_permafrost_is
Hotter nights threaten food security - rice at risk
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/44618/icode/
Climate Change Displaced Persons Convention Project
http://www.ccdpconvention.com/index.html (see FAQ)
If a Country Sinks Beneath the Sea, Is It Still a Country?
http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/08/23/23climatewire-if-a-country-sinks-beneath-the-sea-is-it-sti-70169.html?ref=earth
Synthesis Report on the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/EACC_FinalSynthesisReport0803_2010.pdf
UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification Website
http://unddd.unccd.int
UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Global Sustainability
http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/climatechange/pages/gsp
Country experiences of assessing health implications of climate change
http://climatehealth.wordpress.com/2010/08/04/country-experiences-on-assessing-health-implications-of-climate-change/
UNFCCC Executive Secretary: Governments make progress towards deciding shape of result at UN Climate Change Conference in Mexico, but need to narrow down number of negotiating options
http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/pr_20100608_closing_awg_aug.pdf
Climate Change Dominates Pacific Island Forum Meeting
http://climate-l.org/2010/08/04/climate-change-dominates-pacific-island-forum-meeting/?referrer=climate-l.org-daily-feed

Amendments Adding Nine Chemicals to the Stockholm Convention Entered into Force
Amendments to the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) adding nine chemicals to Annexes A, B and/or C of the Convention entered into force on August 26, 2010 for the 152 of the 170 Parties to the Stockholm Convention that have not submitted a notification or a declaration. The amendments cover the following chemicals: alpha hexachlorocyclohexane; beta hexachlorocyclohexane; chlordecone; hexabromobiphenyl; hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether); lindane; pentachlorobenzene; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts, and perfluorooactane sulfonyl fluoride; and tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether). [Related item: Stockholm Convention Updated with Nine New Chemicals in May 2009 environmental security reports]
Sources:
Entry into Force of the Amendments adding Nine Chemicals to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on 26 August 2010
http://chm.pops.int/default.aspx
Amendments to global treaty launched to eliminate nine toxic chemicals
http://www.pic.int/Press/Press_release_POPs_Amendment_EIF_2010.08.26_final.doc

Germany publishes criteria for substances of very high concern
The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has published the criteria for selecting substances of very high concern (SVHC). BfR proposes the chemicals for Germany’s REACH (EU Regulation, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction on Chemicals) candidate list. [Related items: EU Updates the REACH System, and WEEE and RoHS Directives in December 2008 and other chemicals-related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
German risk institute publishes SVHC criteria
http://chemicalwatch.com/4742
BfR criteria for the selection of candidate substances for the authorisation procedure under REACH
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/290/bfr_criteria_for_the_selection_of_candidate_substances_for_the_authorisation_procedure_under_reach.pdf

China to Build Support Base for Seabed Exploration
China has announced that it will build a $73 million support base at Qingdao, on the Shandong Peninsula, between Beijing and Shanghai, for its deep-diving submersible research vessel "Jiaolong", designed to dive as deep as 7,000 meters. This emphasizes the increasing role that the seabed will play in the worldwide rivalry for new resources. [Related item: China Applies for Seabed Mining Permit in Search for New Mineral Resources in the July 2010 environmental security report.]
Source:
China builds base to tap deep-sea energy: state media
http://www.physorg.com/news202104598.html

CEC’s Five-year Strategic Plan Increases North-American Environmental Integration
The annual meeting of the Council of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), and consultation with the Joint Public Advisory Committee (JPAC) and the public, held in Guanajuato, presented the CEC’s proposed Strategic Plan for 2010–2015. The strategy refocuses the CEC towards a results-centered collaboration between Canada, Mexico and the U.S. on three environmental priorities: 1) healthy communities and ecosystems (which includes management of chemicals of concern); 2) climate change – low-carbon economy (focusing on improving the comparability of data on greenhouse gas emissions, as well as sharing climate change information and adaptation strategies among the three countries); and 3) greening the economy in North America (that includes e-wastes movement within North America and beyond.) The Council also decided to the establish the North American Partnership for Environmental Community Action (NAPECA) as a 5-year grant program supporting partnership-building to improve environmental conditions at the community, local and regional levels. [Related item:Canada, Mexico, and the USA Met to Strengthen Regional Environmental Regulations in June 2009 environmental security report.]
In the meantime, Health Canada published the Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada, an assessment of the levels of 91 chemicals in Canadians. The report presents the results of Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey—a monitoring and research effort assessing chemical exposure. Cycle 2 (2009-2011) is currently being implemented, and planning already began for Cycle 3 (2012-2014). On another related issue, beginning in 2011, the USEPA will require operators of large carbon-emitting operations to submit annual emissions reports for GHGs. General standards are needed for data gathering and monitoring at federal as well as continental level to fulfill CEC’s program.
Sources:
CEC Ministerial Statement. Seventeenth Regular Session of the CEC Council
http://www.cec.org/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=2968
Government of Canada Releases Biomonitoring Data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/_2010/2010_139-eng.php
Monitoring Greenhouse Gases
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/88/8832cover.html

World’s Humid Tropical Forests to Suffer Considerable Biodiversity Change by 2100
A study by Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology reveals that the ecosystems of humid tropical forests will suffer profound changes due to combined effects of climate change and land use. Globally, only 18% to 45% of those forests’ biodiversity might remain unchanged by the end of the century. The study identifies by region and ecosystem the combination, as well as the preponderant effect, of the different factors, thereby helping conservationists focus their efforts more efficiently. [Related items: International Body to Monitor Biodiversity Destruction in June 2010 and other items on similar issues in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Global Tropical Forests Threatened by 2100
http://carnegiescience.edu/news/global_tropical_forests_threatened_2100

Latin American Initiatives for Environmental Security
UNDP and Ecuador have signed an agreement establishing a trust fund to partially compensate the nation for not exploiting an estimated 846 million barrels of crude oil lying under the Yasuní National Park, designated a World Biosphere Reserve in 1989. Costa Rica is also promoting several programs for sustainable energy generation and reforestation aiming to achieve “carbon neutrality” by 2021. Brazil and the U.S. arranged a debt for stewardship arrangement whereby $21 million in debt will be forgiven in exchange for Brazil protecting non-Amazonian tropical forests. A summary of the consultations across the region are presented in the UNDP LAC Regional Biodiversity Initiative Bulletin, Vol. 1 No. 7, of August 27, 2010. [Related item: UN and Governments of Latin America and the Caribbean Met to Improve Disaster Anticipation and Response System in September 2008, and EU, Latin American and Caribbean Countries Environment Cooperation in March 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
UNDP, Ecuador sign deal to protect Amazon from oil drill
http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2010/july/PNUDyEcuadorsuscribenacuerdoparalainiciativaYasuni.en
Working Towards Carbon Neutrality
http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52407
US converts Brazilian debt into environmental protection
http://news.malaysia.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4269914
UNDP LAC Regional Biodiversity Initiative Bulletin
http://www.iisd.ca/larc/pdf/larc0107e.pdf

Possible Conflicts over National/Regional Geoengineering Projects
A study published in Nature Geoscience warns that conflicts are possible between those who do and those do not implement “cheap” geoengineering projects. The most likely to be at tried are solar radiation management projects using aerosols inserted into the stratosphere to increase solar heat reflection, since the effects of such efforts cannot be entirely foreseen even for the areas directly targeted, let alone neighboring ones. Similar warnings were issued by a Science and Technology Committee earlier this year, and by the Met Office. Additionally, an international team of scientists reports that, unless involving extreme measures, geoengineering approaches would have little efficiency in curbing sea levels rising. The findings, assessing five geoengineering approaches were summarized in the paper Efficacy of geoengineering to limit 21st century sea-level rise, published by the NAS. [Related item: Geoengineering May Require International Environmental Regulations in January 2010 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Regional climate response to solar-radiation management
http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n8/full/ngeo915.html
'Cheap' solar geoengineering plans may have unintended consequences
http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/562566/cheap_solar_geoengineering_plans_may_have_unintended_consequences.html
Efficacy of geoengineering to limit 21st century sea-level rise
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/08/20/1008153107
Geoengineering won't curb sea-level rise
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100823/full/news.2010.426.html#B1

New Forms of Air Conditioning Assuming Larger Role
Restrictions on appliance energy requirements and energy usage are forcing a trend away from the conventional refrigeration-based units and toward other means, such as radiant cooling and evaporative coolers. [Related item: Only Very Low-Energy Buildings to Be Built in EU after 2020 in May 2010, and Increasing Energy Efficiency in July-August 2008 reports.]
Source:
Seeking to Cool Air Conditioning Costs
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100812-energy-evaporative-air-conditioner/
Air conditioning: Cold comfort
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/air-conditioning-cold-comfort-2041647.html

Nanotechnology Safety Issues

Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Increases During Storage
A new report, co-authored by Prof. Matthias Epple, of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, shows that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles increases during storage because of their slow dissolution and the consequent release of silver ions. Further quantitative details of the process, e.g. behavior when a containing material is washed, still remain to be investigated.
Sources:
Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Increases during Storage Because of Slow Dissolution under Release of Silver Ions
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm100023p
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles increases during storage
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=17687.php

Some Types of Nanotubes Produce Harmful Oxygen in Sunlit Water
A study by Chia-Ying Chen and Chad T. Jafvert of the Purdue University School of Civil Engineering, West Lafayette IN, has shown that single-walled carboxylated nanotubes dispersed in water and exposed to sunlight produce a variety of cell-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). This generation had been known in the presence of laser light, but not for natural illumination.
Sources:
Photoreactivity of Carboxylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Sunlight: Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Water
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101073p (Abstract; full text by subscription)
Shining A Light On Nanotoxicity
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/88/i33/8833news5.html

Pakistan Establishes National Nanotech Commission; Environment a Focus
The government of Pakistan has established a National Commission on Nano-Science and Technology (NCNST) with a mandate to help universities and research centers set up nanotech laboratories. Dr. Aftab Ahmed, President of the National Academy of Young Scientists, pointed out that one of the most important applications of nanotechnology is the environment, where nanoparticles significantly increase the efficiency of groundwater pollutants filtration.
Source:
Pakistan is striving to grow in Nano technology field
http://regionaltimes.com/06aug2010/moneynews/pakistan.htm

ISO Publishes Methodology for Nanomaterials Classification
The International Organization for Standardization has published a technical report, ISO/TR 11360:2010, Nanotechnologies – Methodology for the classification and categorization of nanomaterials, which offers a comprehensive, globally harmonized methodology for classifying nanomaterials. According to Nanowerk News, it "introduces a system called the 'nano-tree', which places nanotechnology concepts into a logical context by indicating relationships among them as a branching out tree. The most basic and common elements are defined as the main trunk of the tree, and nanomaterials are then differentiated in terms of structure, chemical nature and other properties."
Source:
New ISO methodology demystifies nanomaterials
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17691.php

EPA Calls for Comments on Case Study: Nanoscale Silver in Disinfectant Spray
EPA has announced a 45-day public comment period for the draft document Nanomaterial Case Study: Nanoscale Silver in Disinfectant Spray. The draft is intended to serve as part of a process to help identify and prioritize scientific and technical information that could be used in conducting comprehensive environmental assessments of selected nanomaterials. It does not attempt to draw conclusions regarding potential environmental risks of nanoscale silver; rather, it aims to identify what is known and unknown about nanoscale silver to support future assessment efforts.
Sources:
EPA releases draft document of silver nanomaterial case study
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17642.php
Nanomaterial Case Study: Nanoscale Silver in Disinfectant Spray (Federal Register Notice)
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-13/html/2010-20083.htm

Nanotechnology Law, 2010 Edition Published
Nanotechnology Law, 2010 ed., by John C. Monica, “provides a comprehensive treatment of the law related to nanotechnology, with an emphasis on the environment, health, and safety.”
Source:
Nanotechnology Law, 2010 ed., by John C. Monica
http://west.thomson.com/productdetail/160712/40630354/productdetail.aspx

Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society
This two-volume work, intended for the general public, provides comprehensive coverage of nanoscience and society issues via some 425 signed entries (with cross-references and suggestions for further readings) that examine the implications of emerging nanotechnologies. A thematic “Reader’s Guide” in the front matter groups related entries by broad, general topic areas, such as ethical issues; social issues; environmental issues, etc.. It includes a Chronology, Resource Guide, and Glossary, as well as a detailed index and an online version.
Source:
Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society
http://www.sagepub.com/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book233289&#tabview=features

Australia publishes two reports on nanotechnology-related safety:
According to Nanowerk News, the focus of the report Engineered Nanomaterials: Feasibility of establishing exposure standards and using control banding* in Australia “is to investigate the feasibility of:
– establishing group-based Australian National Exposure Standards for engineered nanomaterials
– using control banding for engineered nanomaterials in Australia.”
[*“Control banding” is a workplace risk assessment technique]
Its discussion begins with a detailed analysis of a similar study done earlier by the British Standards Institution.
Engineered Nanomaterials: Investigating substitution and modification options to reduce potential hazards provides a review of the current state in Australia of nanotech risk assessment and mitigation. The 81-page report presents the results of a “survey of the current substitution/modification practices used in Australian nanotechnology-related activities and a literature review in order to determine the potential substitution/modification options that may reduce the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials used in Australia,” says Nanowerk. The study was commissioned by Safe Work Australia and conducted by RMIT University, Melbourne.
Sources:
Engineered Nanomaterials: Feasibility of establishing exposure standards and using control banding in Australia
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/CFEFDBA0-2BD5-4110-A49F-04A4C9032C18/0/Engineered_Nanomaterials_feasibility_establishing_exposure_standards_August_2010.pdf
New Safe Work Australia report investigates feasibility of exposure standards for nanomaterials
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17524.php
Engineered Nanomaterials: Investigating substitution and modification options to reduce potential hazards
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/A47FBE60-DC28-44A1-A601-653B6EBD3890/0/Investigating_substitution_modification_options_reduce_potential_hazards.pdf
Safe Work Australia publishes reports on methods to reduce the risk of exposure to nanomaterials
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17525.php

Mouse Model Shows Reversible Reproductive Damage from Nanotubes
Bing Yan, Director of the High-Throughput Analytical Chemistry Facility at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, and colleagues conducted a nanotoxicology study on the impact of carbon nanotubes on male reproductive health in a mouse model. Although the ill effects found were reversible and did not affect the hormonal levels, sperm health, or male mice fertility, the authors emphasize that further studies are urgently needed.
Source:
No nanotube fertility risk
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2010/August/08081002.asp

Buckyball Discovery Conference to Review Past, Present, and Future of Nanotech
Rice Univ. in Houston, Texas will hold the Buckyball Discovery Conference 10-13 October 2010 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of the carbon-60 molecule, the buckminsterfullerene, at Rice. Presentations by leading experts will address all aspects of nanotech development and application, including environmental health and safety.
Source:
Nano's brightest coming to Rice
http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=14553

Reports and Information Suggested for Review

NRC Committee Recommends Sequence-based Tracking of Possible Pathogens
The Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents: A Brighter Line report by the National Research Council (NRC) recommends moving to a DNA-sequence-based classification system for the regulation of dangerous pathogens. “The US regulates a list of 82 pathogens and toxins … deemed to pose a biosecurity threat, …[b]ut currently, nothing identifies them beyond taxonomic labels, such as Bacillus anthracis for anthrax.… The report also describes a ‘yellow flag’ biosafety system that would address sequences of concern — snippets of DNA that are not in themselves select agents, but could be part of one or otherwise used to produce a bioweapon,” writes Nature News.
Sources:
Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents: A Brighter Line
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12970
US report pins down future biosecurity. Committee recommends a sequence-based system for identifying pathogens
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100803/full/466678a.html

Reports Assessing Several Nations’ S&T Advances
S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for the United States outlines the S&T infrastructure of Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Singapore with details of each nation’s priorities, weaknesses and areas of expertise, with predictions for each nation’s medium term (3- to 5-year) implementation success, including economic and military outcomes. The study finds that the transinstitutional globalization of ST&I networks in conjunction with S&T’s centrality to JBRICS economic-security agendas creates a unique challenge to U.S. competitive advantage in information, intelligence and economics. The report recommends the U.S. create better models for international monitoring of S&T while simultaneously creating the alliances, policies and culture that will stimulate U.S. education and investment in innovation and still protect national assets. The report notes that while certain standard indicators of S&T accurately measure some elements of S&T advancement across nations, new country-specific indicators are needed that more succinctly measure nuances of individual country environments.
Ranking the Nations on Nanotech: Hidden Havens and False Threats, a report by Lux Research, assesses 19 nations and ranks them according to the potential of their nanotechnology capabilities using conventional indicators. The authors state that in 2009 some nations significantly increased their spending and commitment to nanotech, while others have surpassed the U.S. in nanotechnology commercialization.
Sources:
S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for the United States
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12920
U.S. Risks Losing Global Leadership in Nanotech
http://www.kurzweilai.net/u-s-risks-losing-global-leadership-in-nanotech

Project on National Security Reform (PNSR) Vision Working Group Report
The “Project on National Security Reform Vision Working Group” is a 3-year study with over 300 national security experts. It assesses the U.S. national security system, recommending a comprehensive reform agenda to prepare the system to meet the challenges of the 21st century. A central recommendation was to introduce foresight into the Executive Branch and into the National Security System via the establishment of a Center for Strategic Analysis and Assessment within the Executive Office of the President.
Sources:
Project on National Security Reform http://www.pnsr.org/index.asp
Vision working group Report and Scenarios http://pnsr.org/data/files/project_on_national_security_reform_vwg.pdf

China is Now the Largest Energy Consumer in the World
The International Energy Agency has announced that China’s energy consumption is now the highest in the world; its energy consumption has doubled since 2000. IEA notes that China’s per capita consumption is one-third of the OECD countries’ average, and credits China’s government for its efforts in reducing energy intensity and becoming a global leader in renewable energy technologies. Meantime, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency report No growth in total global CO2 emissions in 2009 notes that OECD countries reduced their greenhouse gas emission by 7% during 2009. This reduction has been offset by increases from China and India. CO2 emissions per capita in China increased from 2.2 tons in 1990, to 6.1 tons in 2009, while, in the same time period, the 15 EU nations decreased from 9.1 tons to 7.9 tons and the U.S. decreased from 19.5 tons to 17.2 tons. Considering the rising Chinese public discontent over pollution and an estimated $25 trillion cost to clean up environmental damage associated with the country’s rapid industrialization, China’s government is increasingly concerned by the interdependence between economic and security issues. Therefore, in its 2011-2015 state plan, 39% of the performance indicators for government officials focus on “green” issues, up from 3% in the previous plan.
Sources:
China overtakes the United States to become world’s largest energy consumer
http://www.iea.org/index_info.asp?id=1479
Global carbon emissions steady for first time since 1992
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jul/01/emissions-recession
No growth in total global CO2 emissions in 2009
http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2010/No-growth-in-total-global-CO2-emissions-in-2009.html
Climate change biggest restriction on China's development –economist
http://www.alertnet.org/db/an_art/60714/2010/06/9-162342-1.htm

China Applies for Seabed Mining Permit in Search for New Mineral Resources
China has filed the first application with the International Seabed Authority for deep seabed mining in international waters to search for valuable metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt, gold and silver. This application for mining of sulfides in the southwest Indian Ocean at depths of more than 5,000 feet below the surface is expected to be heard April 2011. If successful, many more applications are expected to follow from China and other countries. Environmental experts are already expressing concerns about the potentially major consequences that deep-sea mining could have on the marine ecosystem. [Related item: The Race for Natural Resources a Potential Impediment for Peace in June 2010 environmental security report.] [New estimates show large resources may be possible in Afghanistan.]
Apart from these relatively common metals, the world could experience shortages of rare earth minerals needed for renewable energy and information technologies as soon as 2012. China produced more than 97% of the world’s rare earth oxides in 2009, and controls about 50% of the globe’s known reserves. Recently it announced a 72% cut in its exports of rare earths for the second half of 2010. In order to decreasing its dependence on foreign minerals, the U.S. is considering reviving the domestic rare earths mining industry, most probably beginning with the Mountain Pass CA mine that plans to increase mining and processing to 20,000 tons of rare earths by 2012, from the current 2,000 tons a year.
Sources:
Rush On for ‘Rare Earths’ as U.S. Firms Seek to Counter Chinese Monopoly
http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/07/23/23greenwire-rush-on-for-rare-earths-as-us-firms-seek-to-co-58814.html
Deep-sea mining adds to fears of marine pollution
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/deepsea-mining-adds-to-fears-of-marine-pollution-2016292.html

The Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the UNECE Espoo Convention Entered into Force on July 11, 2010
The Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the UNECE Espoo Convention sets the legal framework for better integration of environmental and health assessments, as well as public participation in decisionmaking at the earliest stage of projects and programs. It ensures that environmental protection and health concerns are an integral part of sustainable development. The SEA Protocol entered into force on July 11, 2010. [Related item: Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in May 2003 environmental security report]
Source:
Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kyiv, 2003)
http://www.unece.org/env/eia/sea_protocol.htm

UN Official Calls to “Securitize the Ground” as part of Human Security
At the Third Annual Caux Forum for Human Security, held July 9-16, 2010, in Caux, Switzerland, Luc Gnacadja, the Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), underlining the links between climate change and conflict, called for a “decisive policy change in the way we perceive the drylands and address the issues of its people in order to avoid environmentally induced conflicts.” To this end, he suggested the “securitize the ground” concept, in order to create a wider global political awareness of the social, environmental, and economic consequences of desertification, land degradation, and drought. Securitizing the ground is defined in the reference.
Source:
The Third Annual Caux Forum for Human Security. 9-16 July 2010, Caux Switzerland
Grounding security (Soil security a prerequisite for human security). Luc Gnacadja speech
http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/docs/lghumansecurity.pdf

Ecuador to Join the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
President Rafael Correa of Ecuador announced the accession to the UN Law of the Sea, pending endorsement by the National Assembly. Ecuador is one of the 16 countries that neither signed nor ratified the Law of the Sea Convention, although it claimed a 200 nautical mile sovereignty zone even before the concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone was created by the Convention. By joining the UNCLOS, Ecuador’s claim to the 200-mile zone and the air space above will become official, and also opens the opportunity for eventual claims of extension.
Source:
Ecuador anuncia adhesión a la Convemar
http://andes.info.ec/politica/ecuador-anuncia-adhesion-a-la-convemar-23938.html (Spanish language)

Coal-fired Power Plants under Fire
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is contemplating introducing rules to reduce environmental effects of coal-fired power plants as part of its steps on regulating greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, a new rule for reducing the emissions of mercury from coal-fired power plants is to be issued November 2011 with enforcement three years later. It is estimated that this will force about 20% of U.S. coal-fired electric generation capacity to retire by 2015. Similarly, in Australia, the Greens are advocating 100% replacement of coal with renewable energy sources such as sun, wind, and wave.
Sources:
Analysis: Toxic Fish Could Help Obama Hit 2020 Climate Goals
http://planetark.org/wen/58929
Senator Milne said this could be achieved by 2030 with the right preparation and infrastructure. Greens say coal must go
http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/climate/greens-say-coal-must-go-20100724-10pmh.html

New Optical Link Facilitates Exploration of the Underwater Environment
Engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have developed an optical modem system which allows data and command communication with an autonomous undersea research vehicle without the need for tethering with bulky cables. The system demonstrated error-free transmissions at 1 megabit per second at a range of more than 100 meters.
Source:
Revolutionary Communications System Promises New Generation of Untethered, Undersea Vehicles
http://www.physorg.com/news197133272.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Graphene-based Composite Removes Arsenic from Drinking Water
Researchers at Pohang University of Science and Technology in Pohang, Republic of Korea, claim creation of a new magnetite composite, based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which absorbs arsenic when dispersed in water, and can then be removed with a magnet. Compared to present methods, the highly efficient new material can be used in continuous-flow systems for longer periods.
Sources:
Graphene soaks up arsenic
http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/43162
Water-Dispersible Magnetite-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Arsenic Removal
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn1008897

New Catalyst Enables Water Decontamination by Visible Light
Scientists at the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science in Shenyang, China, have announced a catalytic water purification technique using visible light rather than UV. The catalyst is made from a grid of titanium oxide fibers impregnated with nitrogen, augmented with palladium nanoparticles. The bactericidal action continues for up to 24 hours after light is removed. Professor Shang has stated that this new technique is both more energy-efficient and more effective than previous UV photocatalysts and will also kill some of the toughest microbes such as spores.
Sources:
Nanoparticles and light can purify water
http://www.scidev.net/en/news/nanoparticles-and-light-can-purify-water.html
Memory antibacterial effect from photoelectron transfer between nanoparticles and visible light photocatalyst
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/JM/article.asp?doi=b917239d

Adding Flocculation Agents to Runoff Filter Socks Improves Performance
Scientists from the Agricultural Research Service’s Animal and Natural Resources Institute in Beltsville MD, and researchers from Filtrexx International, say they improved on the performance of filter socks used to partially remove contaminants from storm water runoff from construction sites and other disturbed earth sites. Adding flocculation agents to the compost inside the socks improved reduction percentages of contaminants by up to one-third, including reducing E. coli and motor oil by 99%.
Source:
'Super socks' help stem pollution runoff
http://www.physorg.com/news199099635.html

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Adding Graphene to Lithium-Ion Batteries Dramatically Reduces Recharge Time
DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Vorbeck Materials Corp. of Jessup MD, and Professor Ilhan Aksay of Princeton University collaborated in developing a new technology incorporating graphene into lithium-ion batteries, thereby reducing their recharge times by factors from 10 to 30.
Source:
Battery research could lead to shorter recharge time for cell phones
http://www.physorg.com/news198309365.html

New Solar-Powered Process Converts Atmospheric CO2 to Solid Carbon
Professor Stuart Licht of the Department of Chemistry and Solar Institute at George Washington University and collaborators report the STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) process, which uses solar radiation both to heat a molten lithium carbonate electrolyte that splits the CO2 into free oxygen and solid carbon that is formed at the cathode, and to provide energy for the electrolysis.
Sources:
New solar-powered process removes CO2 from the air and stores it as solid carbon
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=17198.php
A New Solar Carbon Capture Process: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Carbon Capture
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jz100829s

Updates of the Rome Statute Include Amendments on the Crime of Aggression and Expansion of Criminalizing the Use of Certain Weapons in Non-international Conflicts
The first Review Conference on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) took place in Kampala, Uganda, May 31‑June 11, 2010. The Conference reached agreement on the definition of the crime of aggression and the framework for the Court’s jurisdiction over this type of crime. In principle, a crime of aggression is committed by a leader who plans or executes an “act of aggression” that constitutes “by its character, gravity and scale” a “manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations,” while an “act of aggression” is the use of armed force in a manner inconsistent with the U.N. Charter, including any of the acts stipulated in UN General Assembly Resolution 3314, which are listed in new Article 8 bis. The activation of the Court’s jurisdiction is pending agreement of two–thirds of States Parties, which cannot be taken before January 1, 2017 and one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by 30 states parties, whichever is later.
The criminalization of the use of certain weapons in non-international conflicts is added under Article 8, paragraph 2, e) and includes: poison, poisoned weapons, asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and all analogous liquids, materials or devices, as well as the use of bullets that expand or flatten in the body. The amendment will enter into force for each State Party one year after depositing the instruments of ratification or acceptance of the amendment. [Related item: Changes to War Crimes Proposed for the International Criminal Court in November 2009 environmental security report.]
The Conference also adopted the Kampala Declaration, reaffirming states’ commitment to the Rome Statute and its full implementation, as well as its universality and integrity.
Sources:
Review Conference of the Rome Statute
http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/?mod=review
States Parties Approve New Crimes for International Criminal Court. ASIL Volume 14, Issue 16
http://www.asil.org/files/insight100622pdf.pdf

Progress on International Environmental Governance
The First Meeting of the Consultative Group of Ministers or High-Level Representatives on Broader International Environmental Governance Reform was held from July 7-9, 2010 in Nairobi, Kenya. The Consultative Group is formed of delegates from 59 countries. Using the original 24 points proposed by UNEP, the group identified nine options for further consideration. While there is general agreement that there are gaps in the current environmental governance system, views differ about potential solutions. Some countries favor creating a global policy organization with universal membership to manage the global environmental agenda, while others advocate a new specialized UN agency on the environment, or argue for an umbrella organization on sustainability. However, there is general support for other broad reforms, such as an encompassing global information network, establishing a tracking system on environmental finance, and enhancing UNEP presence within existing country offices. The Group agreed to a roadmap for its work through the 2011 Governing Council. The second meeting is tentatively scheduled for late November 2010 in Helsinki, Finland. [Related item: UNEP Conference Furthers Environmental Governance in February 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
First Meeting of the Consultative Group, Nairobi 7-9 July 2010
http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Introduction/GCfeb2010/tabid/4556/language/en-US/Default.aspx
The Co-Chairs' Summary and Roadmap
http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Introduction/GCfeb2010/tabid/4556/language/en-US/Default.aspx

High cancer rates in Fallujah, Iraq; New Study Raises Questions on Environmental Damage from Bombardments
A paper by visiting professor Dr Chris Busby at the University of Ulster and colleagues reports a four-fold increase in all cancers and a 12-fold increase in childhood cancer in under-14s from a survey in Fallujah, Iraq which was heavily bombarded in 2004. The study showed that infant mortality in the city is more than four times higher than in Jordan and eight times higher than in Kuwait. There is a 38-fold increase in leukemia, and a ten-fold increase in female breast cancer. The changes cannot be ascribed to any specific cause, but the authors raise the possibility of uranium-tainted weapons being involved. [Related item: New Legal Proceeding over Allegations of Use of Illegal Weapons in Iraq in May 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Toxic legacy of US assault on Fallujah 'worse than Hiroshima'
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html
Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex-Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq 2005–2009
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34158205/Cancer-Infant-Mortality-and-Birth-Sex-Ratio-in-Fallujah-Iraq-2005–2009

Artillery Training Charges Pose Environmental Asbestos Threat
The Australian Department of Defence has launched an investigation into the possible exposure of troops to white chrysotile asbestos from a broken dummy charge bag used in a kit for 105mm howitzer training, imported from the U.S.
Source:
Artillery drills spark asbestos fears
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/29/2939489.htm?section=justin

“Public Interest” Environmental Suits Increasing
Reportedly, in the past twenty years, tens of thousands of public interest lawsuits have been filed against the Indian government and corporations on grounds, among others, that large development projects threaten livelihoods, land, or the environment. These suits have led to landmark rulings on education, the environment, and human rights (PILs can relate to any public issue, not just the environment), but their volume has burdened the judicial system. Therefore, in an effort to reduce the caseload, the Indian government has introduced new directives, requiring higher standards of proof and sanctioning the petitioner if a project was delayed by a public interest litigation that is later dismissed. Note: similar public interest legal provisions as those in India are also included in jurisprudence in South Africa, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. [Related item: Environmental Courts and Tribunals Are Rapidly Increasing Around the World in April 2010 environmental security report, as well as above item on European SEA in this report.]
Source:
Activists in India cry foul over new rules regarding public interest litigation
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072502773.html

Study Indicts Swimming Pool Disinfectants for Toxic Effects from Byproducts
According to Science Daily, research by Professor Michael Plewa of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and colleagues has linked the application of disinfectants in recreational pools to previously published adverse health outcomes such as asthma, bladder cancer, and DNA damage: “negative outcomes can occur when disinfection byproducts form reactions with organic matter [e.g., sweat, hair, sunscreen] in pool water”. The scientists recommend that disinfectants containing bromine be avoided.
Source:
Recreational Pool Disinfectants Linked to Health Problems
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100721133213.htm
Genotoxicity of Water Concentrates from Recreational Pools after Various Disinfection Methods
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es903593w

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Mass bleaching of coral reefs has been reported throughout Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific. The damage so far has been the worst since 1997/1998 when high ocean temperatures killed an estimated 16% of the world’s reefs, but with ocean temperatures reaching record levels and combined with the end of an El Niño episode, scientists warn that even more damage could come. While reefs can often recover from bleaching, it could take corals between 10 and 70 years to recover from bleaching events of such magnitude. Also, a recent study showed that rising temperatures slow the speed of coral growth. In the Red Sea, coral growth declined by a third over the past 12 years, and scientists warned that coral there would cease growing entirely by 2070 if warming continues.
Meantime, worldwide phytoplankton levels decreased 40% since the 1950s, reveal Canadian and U.S. scientists in a study published in the journal Nature. They say that the likely cause is global warming, which increases difficulty for plant plankton to get vital nutrients. The most dramatic changes are noted in the Arctic, southern, and equatorial Atlantic and equatorial Pacific oceans, while the Indian Ocean is not showing a decline.

Food and Water Security
Water Issues between Nepal, India, and Bangladesh, a paper by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, notes that the largely agrarian characteristics of the countries in the region and their volatile relations make the region highly prone to water related crises. The paper concludes that water issues are essentially a product of the political relations in the region and points to the benefits of developing joint water management schemes, such as information sharing mechanisms, disaster preparation, and maintenance of a specific quality of water, which, in addition to resolving water issues, would also enhance regional stability. Meantime, tensions between India and Pakistan are growing, with Pakistan filing a case with the international arbitration court to stop the construction of a hydroelectric dam in India in May.
The UN calls upon the international community to help the more than 10 million hungry people across Africa’s drought-stricken Sahel region. The hardest hit is Niger, where more than 7 million people — almost 50% of the population — is suffering from lack of food.

Migration
Advocating for Safe Movement as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Pastoralists in the Horn and East Africa, a new report by the Security Mobility Initiative, finds increasing levels of migration and conflict over often scarce resources. According to the report, vulnerability, a lack of preparedness, and appropriate, timely and relevant responses to natural disasters left millions in need of humanitarian assistance. The report recommends urgent actions to help pastoralists cope with the growing impacts of climate change, for example, to facilitate safe passage across borders in the Horn and East Africa region. In June, the European Commission adopted a €20 million humanitarian financial package to support 12 million people affected by drought in the Greater Horn of Africa in developing resilience to drought and adapting to climate change.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) assesses the extent to which Northern Nigerian households migrate in response to weather-related variability and shocks. Its discussion paper, Migratory responses to agricultural risk in Northern Nigeria, finds that households use migration as a risk management strategy. The author underscores the importance of understanding how climate affects migration decisions in order to better target resources to cope with climate change.

Adaptation
The World Bank Institute has published a series of multimedia learning modules on Climate Adaptation for Water, Agriculture, and Natural Resource Management. The modules address issues including rehabilitating degraded watersheds; innovative cultivation strategies; legal aspects of water use; and public-private partnerships in irrigation management. The modules are available at: http://vle.worldbank.org/moodle/course/view.php?id=402

Computer Modeling and Scenarios
Forum for the Future (FF) with support from the British Department of International Development (DFID) has developed four scenarios exploring how climate change would transform low-income countries over the next 20 years. The study warns that unless strong and urgent action is taken, climate change would reverse years of work reducing poverty in the developing world. In addition, shortages of food and natural resources and climate change impacts could lead many nations to question the Western model of economic development and democracy. The study stresses that the impacts of climate change must be factored into development decisions to ensure they continue to yield benefits in the long-term.
The Chalmers Climate Calculator is a simple climate model for online use, developed by Chalmers University of Technology. The model shows potential impacts on global temperature rise under different CO2 emissions scenarios shaped by reductions’ timeframes and scales, climate sensitivity, and the net aerosol forcing in year 2005. The model also allows visualizing the different impacts of emission cuts by Annex I and Non-Annex I countries, as well as the role of deforestation. The global model is accessible at: www.chalmers.se/ee/ccc , while the model considering Annex I grouping and deforestation is available at www.chalmers.se/ee/ccc2 .
Similarly, an interactive climate map from Google shows potential future impacts of a 4ºC global temperature rise, illustrating rising water levels and reduced crop yields in different parts of the world. The map is continuously updated as new data become available. It is available at: http://www.fco.gov.uk/google-earth-4degrees.kml (requires Google Earth installed.)

EC Publishes Report on Definition of Nanomaterials For Regulatory Purposes
Responding to a request of the European Parliament, the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) published a reference report, Considerations on a definition of nanomaterial for regulatory purposes. According to Nanowerk News, "The report discusses possible elements of a definition aiming at reducing ambiguity and confusion for regulators, industry, and the general public. It recommends that the specific term 'particulate nanomaterial' should be employed in legislation to avoid inconsistencies with other definitions and that size should be used as the only defining property." Meantime, the European Commission has requested that the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) provide advice on the essential elements of a science-based working definition of “nanomaterials.” Part of this process is a public consultation on the preliminary version, in which stakeholders are invited to submit comments and proposals.
Sources:
Considerations on a definition of nanomaterial for regulatory purposes
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/14270/1/jrc-refreport-definition-nanomaterial-eur24403en.pdf
European Commission publishes reference report on definition of nanomaterials for regulatory purposes
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17008.php
Document: Scientific Basis for the Definition of the Term “Nanomaterial
http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_030.pdf
Public consultation on scientific basis for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial'
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17175.php

Study Raises Doubts on PEN Nano Consumer Products Inventory (CPI)
A recent study, published in Nanotechnology Law & Business, of the Consumer Products Inventory (CPI) prepared by the Wilson Center/Pew Trusts' Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies came to the conclusion that the CPI has substantive deficiencies that call the validity of claims associated with the CPI into question. It also recommends a commitment of resources at the governmental level to produce and maintain a consumer product inventory.
Source:
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies – Consumer Product Inventory Evaluated
Nanotechnology Law & Business (Volume 7, Issue 2)
http://www.nanolabweb.com/index.cfm/action/main.default.viewArticle/articleID/330/CFID/4996510/CFTOKEN/43195139/index.html (abstract; subscription or purchase required for full text)

GAO Tells EPA It Should Expand Nanomaterials Info and Regulatory Efforts
A new GAO report, Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials Are Widely Used in Commerce, but EPA Faces Challenges in Regulating Risk, says EPA should proceed with previously announced plans to increase the information the agency has on nanomaterials and expand its oversight of them. The EPA has said it agrees, and concurred with the GAO recommendations.
Sources:
Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials Are Widely Used in Commerce, but EPA Faces Challenges in Regulating Risk
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-549
EPA Should Expand Efforts to Get Data On, Regulate Nanomaterials, GAO Says in Report
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2708

New EU NanoSustain Project Aims for Sustainable Solutions for Nanotechnology
The NanoSustain is a consortium comprising 12 partners from 8 different countries. The objective of the NanoSustain project is to develop innovative solutions for the sustainable design, use, recycling and final treatment of nanotechnology-based products, based on hazard characterization and life-cycle assessment (LCA). “This will be achieved by comprehensive data gathering and generation of relevant missing data, as well as their evaluation and validation for specific nano-products or product groups in relation to their human health and environmental hazards and possible impacts that may occur during after-production stages.”
Sources:
New EU-funded project to develop sustainable solutions for nanotechnology-based products based on hazard characterization
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=17326.php
NanoSustain Project
http://www.nanosustain.eu/

New Model Predicts Nanoparticle Cellular Toxicity
Enrico Burello and Andrew Worth of the EC's Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy have developed a new theoretical model that predicts which materials will make nanoparticles that could damage living cells. The model matches available electronic energy levels in the nanoparticle structure with the oxidation potentials of reactions that would either remove antioxidants from cells or generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide or superoxide ions. The researchers are trying to add factors besides oxidative stress.
Source:
Predicting Nanoparticle Toxicity
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2010/July/26071001.asp

Scientific Review on Using Nanomaterials in Construction Materials
Prof. Pedro J. Alvarez at Rice University and colleagues compiled a report listing current uses of nanomaterials in various construction applications and highlighting potential and promising future uses. They also outline benefits, exposure scenarios, and impact mitigation measures.
Sources:
Nanomaterials in the construction industry and resulting health and safety issues
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=17138.php
Nanomaterials in the Construction Industry: A Review of Their Applications and Environmental Health and Safety Considerations
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn100866w

Study Analyzes Stakeholder Preferences in Regulating Nanotechnology
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, a recent analysis conducted by Steffen Foss Hansen, a postdoctorate student at the Technical Univ. of Denmark, used Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) to study why some nanotechnology regulatory options, such as bans, moratoriums, and voluntary measures, are deemed to be either acceptable or unacceptable to various stakeholders in the United States. His findings are quoted as saying, "[A]dopting an incremental approach and implementing a new regulatory framework have been evaluated as the best options whereas a complete ban and no additional regulation of nanotechnology were the least favorable."
Sources:
Stakeholder Preferences in Regulating Nanotechnology
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=17337.php
Multicriteria mapping of stakeholder preferences in regulating nanotechnology
http://www.springerlink.com/content/x82lt46t86514361/

What Can Nanotechnology Learn from Biotechnology? book
What Can Nanotechnology Learn from Biotechnology? is a collection of papers by experts--proponents and opponents--reviewing the social, environmental, ethical, and regulatory issues of nanotechnology by comparison to biotechnology controversies, mainly in agricultural and food-related applications.
Sources:
In the footsteps of biotech
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v5/n7/full/nnano.2010.136.html (Subscription or purchase required)
What Can Nanotechnology Learn From Biotechnology?
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/713890/description#description

Webinars on Nanotech Regulation Offered
The Keller Heckman law firm is offering a webinar series Nanotechnology Today 2010, focusing on state regulation of nanotechnology in the absence of national regulation, the impact of nanomaterial regulation in Europe and North America, environmental applications of nanotechnology, and benefits and risk communication for nanomaterials. The series will comprises four sessions, in July, September, October, and November, and can be purchased for either live on-line viewing or three post-session on-demand viewings of each event.
Source:
Nanotechnology Today 2010 webinar
http://www.khlaw.com/showevent.aspx?Show=3789

Nanotechnology Conference to Be Held in Korea in August
The Nano Korea 2010 Symposium, "Nanotechnology for Green World", will be held in Seoul 17-20 August, concurrently with the 10th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology. More than 10,000 visitors from about 40 countries are expected to attend.
Source:
Nano Korea 2010
http://www.nanokorea.or.kr/Eng/

New Website Addresses Conflict-sensitive Conservation
While most of the discourse is around environmental protection in case of conflict, a new website is addressing conflict-sensitive conservation (CSC) in order to prevent conservation activities from exacerbating conflict or impeding peacebuilding. Since many of the world’s biodiversity hotspots are located in socially and/or politically unstable zones, conservation organizations have to “adopt conflict-sensitivity”. IISD, one of the project’s founding organizations, notes that conservation activities could exacerbate conflict situations by restricting populations’ access to key livelihood resources; introducing new or additional economic burdens or risks; and/or causing unequal distribution of benefits. The CSC website offers a portal for understanding the links between conservation and conflict in order to reduce their potential negative backlash, while also suggesting best practices and ideas for improving situations.
Sources:
Conflict-Sensitive Conservation. MEA Bulletin Issue No. 97, Thursday, 29 July 2010
http://www.iisd.ca/mea-l/meabulletin97.pdf
Conflict-Sensitive Conservation website
http://www.csconservation.org/

Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments: A Metrics Framework
Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments (MPICE): A Metrics Framework is “a hierarchical metrics system of outcome-based goals, indicators, and measures, useful to indications of trends toward the achievement of stabilization goals over time”. The approach shows a different way to measure conflict, based on outcomes in terms of success or failure results of strategies and projects aimed to strengthen stability and build a self-sustaining peace, instead of assessing traditional output such as the number of schools built, miles of roads paved, or numbers of police trained. MPICE provides a “system of metrics that can assist in formulating policy and implementing strategic and operational plans to transform conflict and bring stability to war-torn societies” by establishing “realistic goals, bringing adequate resources and authorities to bear”. The framework is aimed at analyzing the peace progress during stabilization and reconstruction in order to measure the drivers of violent conflict that prevent indigenous institutions from exiting the conflict peacefully. The MPICE system was tested in Afghanistan and Sudan, and it is currently being applied to crisis cases and will be applied to future ones, in order to improve the approach. It was developed by a consortium of organizations working in development, security, and policy.
Source:
Measuring Progress in Conflict Environments
http://www.usip.org/resources/measuring-progress-in-conflict-environments-mpice-0

Repository of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Multilateral Environmental Agreements: State of Affairs and Developments 2010, edited by Philip Drost, Senior Legal Counsel at the Directorate International Affairs, Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, is a repository of the texts of the most important global Multilateral Environmental Agreements, “including the most recent texts of Rules of Procedure, Financial Rules and Compliance Procedures.” The chapter “Year Ahead” outlines the key negotiating issues for the forthcoming year.
Source:
Multilateral Environmental Agreements. State of Affairs and Developments 2010
http://www.isbs.com/partnumber.asp?cid=28591&pnid=326458

New Reports on Sustainability and Climate Change
The MIT Sloan School of Management has produced its Special Report, The Business of Sustainability -Findings and Insights from the First Annual Business of Sustainability Survey and the Global Thought Leader’s Research Project, assessing how leading organizations are responding to sustainability-related business forces.
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change, a new report by the National Research Council, “examines the types of information systems and communication tools needed to ensure that national, state, and local decision makers and the public base climate change policies and personal choices for responding on the best available science.” Among other conclusions, it calls for a systematic framework to effectively address challenges posed by climate change and for improved decision-taking and evaluation. The report is part of the America’s Climate Choices suite of studies.
Sources:
The Business of Sustainability
http://sloanreview.mit.edu/special-report/the-business-of-sustainability/
TheBusiness of Sustainability -Findings from the first annual survey and interview project
http://www.mitsmr-ezine.com./busofsustainability/2009#pg1
Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12784

NASA Scientist Warns of Possible Severe Solar EMPs in 2013
Dr Richard Fisher, the director of NASA’s Heliophysics Division, has warned in an interview that the coincidence of the sun’s magnetic energy and sunspot cycles in 2013 could produce devastating electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), disabling large portions of the electricity grid. The National Academy of Sciences made a similar forecast two years ago.
Source:
NASA warns solar flares from 'huge space storm' will cause devastation
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7819201/Nasa-warns-solar-flares-from-huge-space-storm-will-cause-devastation.html

OSCE is Enhancing Environmental Security in Central Asia
The OSCE continued its commitment to further environmental security in Central Asia during a meeting held June 23, 2010, among the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office, Kazakhstan’s Secretary of State and Foreign Minister Kanat Saudabayev, President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov, and other senior officials. In addition to exploring ways to improve environmental security in the region, they also discussed the related security issues in Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. Following the meetings Saudabayev said: “The Kazakh OSCE Chairmanship is committed to preventing escalation of tensions in Kyrgyzstan, and is ready to help the country with post-conflict rehabilitation. The OSCE is working together with the international community to help Kyrgyzstan.” The next day’s high-level international conference on disarmament in Central Asia and the Caspian region, held also under the auspices of the OSCE, expanded the discussions to potential strategies for making Central Asia a zone free of weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear), strengthening nuclear security in Central Asian states (counter transit of nuclear materials by terrorists), safe transportation of energy resources, and the Caspian Sea border delimitation disputes. These issues will be further discussed at an informal meeting of OSCE Foreign Ministers in Almaty, July 16-17, 2010. [Related items: First EU-Central Asia Security Forum Included Environmental Security in September 2008, ENVSEC to Expand Environmental Co-operation in South Caucasus, in March 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
OSCE Chairperson welcomes Turkmenistan’s role in promoting stability in Central Asia
http://www.osce.org/cio/item_1_44791.html
Turkmenistan Weekly Roundup
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61437

G8 and G20 Integrate Security and Environmental Issues in Development
The G8 meeting held in Muskoka, Canada, declared that: “We must also ensure that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime, as well as many other challenges faced by states to address their security vulnerabilities, including climate change, remain at the forefront of public policy.” The G8 reiterated the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions at least 50% by 2050, with developed countries reducing in aggregate by at least 80% compared to 1990 or more recent years.
The G8 was followed by the first Summit of the G20 in its capacity as the premier forum for international economic cooperation. The G20 addressed cooperation strategies for finding global solutions to transnational problems, such as the effects of climate change, food and energy security. A Working Group on Development was established to suggest a development strategy to be adopted at the Seoul Summit to be held November 11-12, 2010. However, critics say that the Toronto Declaration was watered down, not containing specific commitments to clean energy and phase-out subsidies of fossil fuels.
Sources:
G8 Muskoka Declaration Recovery and New Beginnings
http://g8.gc.ca/g8-summit/summit-documents/g8-muskoka-declaration-recovery-and-new-beginnings/
G-20 Summit website
http://g20.gc.ca/toronto-summit
The Toronto Declaration
http://www.g20.org/Documents/g20_declaration_en.pdf
G20 summit drops clean-energy pledge
http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/331848,summit-drops-clean-energy-pledge.html

Preparations for a Legally Binding Global Instrument on Mercury Advance
The First Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury was held from June 7-11, 2010 in Stockholm, Sweden, attended by over 400 participants, representing governments, UN agencies, and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. This first meeting consisted of initial exchanges of views on key elements of a convention, with the most important outcome being the request to the Secretariat for significant intersessional work, including the “elements of a comprehensive and suitable approach” to a legally binding instrument, which will be a basis for negotiations at the next meeting to be held January 24-28, 2011, in Chiba, Japan. [Related items: UNEP Conference Furthers Environmental Governance in February 2009, and EU Legislation Banning Mercury Exports in Effect in 2011 in October 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
First Session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to Prepare a Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury (INC1)
http://www.iisd.ca/mercury/inc1/

Elements of Prototype Tsunami Prediction System Tested
Reportedly, a team from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena CA has “successfully demonstrated for the first time elements of a prototype tsunami prediction system that quickly and accurately assesses large earthquakes and estimates the size of resulting tsunamis.” A key element in the new system’s performance is its taking into account the characteristics of the continental shelf near the epicenter.
Source:
NASA Demonstrates Tsunami Prediction System
http://www.physorg.com/news195755113.html

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
New Catalyst Removes Nitrite and Nitrate from Drinking Water
Jitendra Kumar Chinthaginjala of the University of Twente, Netherlands, has developed a catalyst structure that can efficiently remove hazardous nitrite and nitrate, in combination with hydrogen, from drinking water, and turn it into harmless nitrogen. The system consists of nanoparticles of palladium or platinum attached to extremely fine threads of carbon, with the spaces between the threads allowing the nitrite and nitrate to come into good contact with the surface of the nanoparticles.
Source:
University of Twente Develops Catalysts For Clean Drinking Water
http://www.utwente.nl/news/ut-ontwikkelt-katalysatoren-voor-schoon-drinkwater

Silicon-on-insulator Microring Resonator Provides High Sensitivity Gas Detection
According to an article in Nanowerk News, INTEC, imec’s associated laboratory at Ghent University in Belgium, has developed a technique using coated SOI microring resonators with films of 3.5 nm ZnO nanocrystals to achieve optical sensing of gaseous ethanol. Ethanol vapor concentrations as low as 100 ppm have been detected. The devices can be modified for the detection of other gases.
Source:
Optical ethanol vapor sensor shows potential of SOI-based integrated gas sensors
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=16809.php

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Nanowire Solar Cells Have Prospect of Higher Efficiency
Researchers at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands are working on nanowire-based solar cells, which, when combined with proper mirror systems, might reach an efficiency as high as 65%, at a cost of less than $0.50/watt.
Source:
Towards nanowire solar cells with a 65-percent efficiency
http://w3.tue.nl/en/services/daz/alumni/news/news_article/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=9746&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=12152&cHash=8c268b0cfc

International Renewable Energy Agency Statute Enters into Force on 8 July 2010
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute has received its 25th ratification and therefore IRENA will become a full-fledged international organization on 8 July 2010. Helen Pelosse, IRENA Interim Director General, underlined that IRENA’s ratification process was the fastest ever for such a process. IRENA’s objective is to promote a swift transition towards sustainable use of renewable energy. By the end of June 2010, a total of 144 countries and the European Union have signed IRENA’s mandate, and 26 countries have ratified it. [Related item: New International Renewable Energy Agency Opens in January, in December 2008 environmental security report]
Source:
IRENA’s statute enters into force
http://www.irena.org/news/Description.aspx?News_ID=19&mnu=nws

International Body to Monitor Biodiversity Destruction
The Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) will be an international body to monitor and curb the destruction of biodiversity. It is modeled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which helped raise climate change on the international and national agendas and trigger changes. The establishment of the new body was agreed to by governments meeting in Busan, South Korea, and has to be approved by the UN General Assembly’s 65th session, which opens in September, and then presented for endorsement by environment ministers attending the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial scheduled to be held in February 2011, in Nairobi, Kenya. [Related item: New Mechanisms for Enforcing Biosafety and Biological Diversity Treaties in May 2008 environmental security report.]
Meantime, UNEP released the first issue in its new Policy Series on Ecosystem Management, “Integrated Solutions for Biodiversity, Climate Change and Poverty.” It highlights, inter alia, the importance of biodiversity in adaptation to climate change and the need for a new strategy to increase engagement of business leaders to improve biodiversity protection.
Sources:
Governments Give Green Light to International Body on Biodiversity
http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/77860/
Summary of the third ad hoc intergovernmental and multi-stakeholder meeting on an intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services 7-11 June 2010
http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/biodiv/ipbes3/html/ymbvol158num11e.html
Integrated Solutions for Biodiversity, Climate Change and Poverty--UNEP Press Release: http://www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/Policy/UNEPPOLICYSERIESBLOG/tabid/4564/language/en-US/Default.aspx
Integrated Solutions for Biodiversity, Climate Change and Poverty--The Policy Brief
http://www.unep.org/policyseries/Sustainable_intergrated_Solutions.pdf

The Race for Natural Resources a Potential Impediment for Peace
Afghanistan’s natural resources have become more prominent in the media due to the recent discovery of previously unknown mineral deposits, such as copper, iron ore, lithium, and gold. However, concerns increase that the race for rare minerals could exacerbate conflict in vulnerable countries rich in those resources, such as the current case in the Congo. [Related item: Monopoly over Rare Earth Elements Raises Security and Environmental Concerns in January 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
World’s Mining Companies Covet Afghan Riches
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/world/asia/18mines.html?ref=world
Next for Afghanistan, the Curse of Plenty?
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/weekinreview/20mcneil.html
Death by Gadget
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/opinion/27kristof.html

Energy Security Central to China’s Energy Plan
Although China is one of the world leaders in renewable energy production, its energy plan is still heavily relying on the more traditional energy sources of fossil fuels. While the benefits of renewable resources do include some relief for environmental issues like climate change, the focus of the Chinese energy plans seems to be energy security. Chinese energy legislation is expected to be approved in the fall.
Sources:
Security Tops the Environment in China’s Energy Plan
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/business/global/18yuan.html
Security tops climate in China
http://www.telegram.com/article/20100620/NEWS/6200594/1002/BUSINESS

Study Shows Deforestation Brings Malaria Epidemics
A study based on data collected in Brazil’s Amazon forests region revealed a direct link between deforestation and the increasing incidence of malaria. The analysis shows that for the period August 1997‑August 2001, a 4.2% change in deforestation can be associated with a 48% increase of malaria incidence.
Sources:
Olson SH, Gangnon R, Silveira GA, Patz JA. Deforestation and malaria in Mâncio Lima county, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:1108–15. doi: 10.3201/eid1607.091785
http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/7/1108.htm
Cleared forests lead to rise in malaria in Brazil
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65F61720100617

Increasing Advocacy for BPA Restrictions
France has adopted legislation banning baby bottles containing bisphenol A (BPA), although the opposition parties demanded a larger spectrum ban. Some other European countries, as well as Canada, have regulations restricting or requiring precautionary use of BPA. In view of an upcoming assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (Efsa), to be published in July, a group of experts (40 organizations and 19 academics) endorsed a letter supporting Efsa’s decision to review a larger number of studies addressing potential hazards of BPA use in consumer products, including non-industry-funded papers. Over 130 studies conducted in the past ten years revealed that even low levels of BPA could cause serious health problems. [Related item: Concerns Increasing for BPA Bans and Phthalates in October 2008 environmental; security report.]
Source:
A group of 60 scientists backed by environmental, health
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/use-of-bpa-must-be-limited-say-scientists-2007841.html
French lawmakers ban baby bottle chemical
http://www.physorg.com/news196513736.html

Toxic Substances Control Act Up for Revision
The Safe Chemicals Act of 2010 has been introduced in Congress to replace the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. The new law would include size, size distribution, shape, and surface structure in the definition of a chemical’s “substance characteristic”, raising the question of the effect new provisions would have on products containing nanomaterials.
Source:
Taking the NanoPulse -- Toxic Substance Meets Poison Thinking
http://www.industryweek.com/articles/taking_the_nanopulse_--_toxic_substance_meets_poison_thinking_22034.aspx?Page=2?ShowAll=1

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
May 2010 was the 303rd consecutive month that was hotter than the 20th century global average for that month, according to NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center. The combined global land and ocean surface temperature for May was 59.84ºF (15.46ºC), which was 1.24ºF (0.69ºC) above the 20th century average of 58.6ºF (14.8ºC).
The Web-based climate policy assessment system ‘Climate Action Tracker’ (www.climateactiontracker.org) shows that present developments and actions pledged globally “give virtually no chance to limit global mean temperature increase to below 2ºC by the end of the century. …[and] give us a virtual certainty of exceeding 1.5°C, with global warming very likely exceeding 2°C and a more than 50% chance of exceeding 3°C by 2100”

Food and Water Security
According to the annual OECD and FAO joint report, food prices might increase drastically over the next ten years, with forecasts for wheat and coarse grain prices to rise between 15% and 40% (in real terms, adjusted for inflation, average levels during the 1997-2006 period—the decade before the price spike of 2007-08); vegetable oils are expected to be more than 40% higher and dairy prices are projected to be 16-45% higher. Much of the increase will be generated by growing demand from emerging markets and for biofuel production.
A ‘water security risk index’, compiled by British-based risk consultancy Maplecroft, found African and Asian nations had the most vulnerable supplies, judged by factors including access to drinking water, per capita demand and dependence on rivers that first flow through other nations. Somalia, where just 30% of the population has clean drinking water, is in the most precarious situation, followed by Mauritania, Sudan, Niger, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkmenistan and Syria.
At the High Level International Conference on the Midterm Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015, from 8-10 June 2010, in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, participants reviewed the progress during the first five years. The Dushanbe Declaration on Water, which includes a number of conclusions and recommendations, will be submitted to the UN General Assembly. The review highlights the importance of, among others: building resilience and reducing vulnerabilities to extreme events; enhancing hydrologic, hydrogeologic and meteorological data collection, assessment and dissemination capabilities; and sustained and predictable financial assistance and technology transfer to developing countries.
“Vision 2030: The resilience of water supply and sanitation in the face of climate change” is a collection of papers in preparation released by the WHO together with the UK Department for International Development, including a “full technical report, as well as detailed reports on climate change and technology projections, and a review of resilience and adaptive capacity, including a series of technology-by-technology fact sheets.”

Computer Modeling
An International Conference on Post-Kyoto Climate Change Mitigation Modeling gathered about 450 people — experts in modeling as well as students — to introduce developments of greenhouse gas reduction modeling and foster international cooperation and networking for improving GHG reduction analysis models. It was agreed that the models should factor in new developments in technical innovation, changes in lifestyle, and energy security and energy systems.
Military and security experts participating at a conference organized by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s new Center for Environment and National Security agreed that the Defense Department has to negotiate directly with climate modelers to get the future forecasts it needs. NOAA’s next-generation climate models are expected to incorporate knowledge of the social sciences, agriculture, and marine ecosystems, and highlight not only potential changes, but also which might be the plausible consequences. It was also highlighted that there is a gap between the way scientific data is presented and the real needs of the defense organizations.

Adaptation
The Environment Council of the EU, which met on 11 June 2010 in Luxembourg, adopted conclusions on water scarcity, drought, and adaptation to climate change, as well as on preparing forests for climate change. The Council stressed inter-linkages of water scarcity and drought with climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation, and the importance of exchanging experience and best practices with other partners. The Council also supported the development of a European drought observatory which is tasked to contribute to drought forecasting, assessment and monitoring as well as to the exchange of best practices on this issue.
The first World Congress on Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change was held May 28-30, 2010, in Bonn, Germany, under the theme “Resilient Cities 2010”. During the Congress, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the FAO co-organized a session on “Ensuring food security through adaptation”, where participants discussed adaptation approaches for achieving food security including: diversifying and adapting local and traditional food; securing watershed management; and adapting supply-demand linkages for adequate food supply and processing. At the end of the Congress, members of the Mayors Adaptation Forum signed the Bonn Declaration of Mayors. The Declaration recognizes the failure of the UNFCCC COP 15 to deliver a strong and comprehensive post-2012 climate agreement and identifies ten action points, such as to prioritize local level adaptation strategies that support local sustainable development.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
The Bonn Climate Change Talks took place between May 31 and June 11, 2010 in Bonn, Germany, attended by approximately 2,900 participants, representing governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, academia, the private sector and the media. Critics say that not much was achieved for advancing the negotiations for the next phase. The request of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and many other parties for a technical paper by the Secretariat on options for limiting global average temperature increase to 1.5°C and 2°C from pre-industrial levels, was opposed by Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait and Qatar. The final text of the meeting mentions that industrialized countries should aim to cut greenhouse gases 25‑40% by 2020 but it does not set a year when that comparison should start (scientists say the base line should be 1990, while the United States has argued for 2005.)
Meantime, the IEA reports that fossil fuel consumption subsidies amounted to $557 billion in 2008, a considerable increase from $342 billion in 2007. Considering a baseline in which subsidy rates remain unchanged, IEA forecasts and models indicate that phaseout between 2011 and 2020 would need to: cut primary global energy demand by 5.8% by 2020; cut global oil demand by 6.5 mb/d in 2020, predominately in the transport sector; reduce CO2 emissions by 6.9% by 2020 – or 2.4 GT of CO2. It notes that both the Copenhagen Accord and the G20 subsidies are important to meet warming targets. If the Copenhagen Accord pledges were fully implemented, then emissions would be reduced by 70% of what is needed to be on track to meet the 2ºC target by 2020. Additionally, if the G20 subsidy commitment were to be fully implemented, it would reduce emissions by more than 30% of what is needed to be on track to meet the 2ºC target by 2020.
Sources:
May 2010 was warmest on record: U.S. government data
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65E63F20100616
Climate Action Tracker
www.climateactiontracker.org
Food prices to rise by up to 40% over next decade, UN report warns
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/15/food-prices-rise-un-report
Water Security Risk Index 2010
http://maplecroft.com/about/news/water-security.html
Dushanbe Meeting website
http://waterconference2010.tj
Vision 2030: The resilience of water supply and sanitation in the face of climate change:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/9789241598422_cdrom/en/index.html
The international forum on GHG reduction analysis models
http://www.korea.net/news.do?mode=detail&guid=47926
Defense Experts Want More Explicit Climate Models
http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/06/24/24climatewire-defense-experts-want-more-explicit-climate-m-35887.html
World Congress on Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change website
http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/bonn2010/home/
Summary of the Bonn Climate Change Talks: 31 May - 11 June 2010
http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb12472e.pdf
Energy Subsidies: Getting the Prices Right
http://www.iea.org/files/energy_subsidies.pdf

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
German Body Advises against Nanosilver in Consumer Products
The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV), is advising against the use of nanoscale silver ions in consumer products until a definitive safety assessment is available.
Sources:
Nanosilver has no place in food, textiles or cosmetics
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/50960
Nanosilver Has No Place in Food, Textiles or Cosmetics
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/50960

French Group Opens Public Web Site on Nanotechnology
The Citizen Alliance on the ChallEnges of Nanotechnologies (CACEN) (in French "Alliance Citoyenne sur les Enjeux des Nanotechnologies": ACEN) has opened a new (French language) website <nano.acen-cacen.org> where citizens can find and share information, questions, and analyses about societal issues raised by nanotechnologies.
Source:
ACEN launches collaborative website on societal issues raised by nanotechnology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=16756.php
Web site: http://nano.acen-cacen.org

National Nanotech Regulation Experts Discuss Emerging Issues
An interview with three key figures on emerging issues in nanotechnology regulation in the U.S. presents an overview of the nanotech-regulations situation in the U.S., notes that interest in evaluating the potential health and environmental risks of nanotechnology is growing, and reveals a high consensus that reasonable nanotech-regulations would be beneficial for the industry as well as for society. The article is the result of interview with Dr. Jeff Wong, Chief Scientist at the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC); Bill Gulledge, Managing Director of the American Chemistry Counsel (ACC)’s Chemical Products & Technology Division and Chair of the ACC Nanotechnology Panel; and Tom Jacob, former DuPont Manager of Government Affairs for the Western Region and currently of T.R. Jacobs & Associates, LLP.
Source:
National leaders sound off on emerging nanotechnology regulation
http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2010/06NanotechnologyRegulation.html?page=full

EU Restrictions on Nanofoods Expected to Pass in July
The Committee on Environment, Health and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament has voted (42-2-3) in favor of excluding products containing nanoparticles from the EU list of novel foods allowed on the market. The action also included a declaration that food produced from nanotechnology processes must undergo risk assessment before being approved for use and must be labeled on packaging. A final plenary vote on the measure is expected to take place in the European Parliament in July.
Source:
U.S. should follow Europe and put the brakes on nanotech food and other products
http://www.grist.org/article/food-opinion-US-should-follow-Europe-and-put-the-brakes-on-nanotech-food

The Oil Spill Likely to Initiate International Regulations Discussions and Accelerate Alternative Energy Developments
The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has alerted the world to the need for better regulatory environments, safety systems and response capacity, and the need to accelerate efforts for alternative sources of energy. It could also fuel disputes between oil corporations and local populations such as those in Peru, Ecuador, and Nigeria. Given the international implications of the environmental consequences of dangerous oil offshore exploration and polluting oil sands, as well as the fact that most operating companies are foreign and/or multinational corporations, international regulations (beyond national criminal penalties) are likely to be created.
Sources:
BP Risks Big Fines and Loss of Major U.S. Contracts
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703630304575270822261954614.html
A Proxy War in Peru
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/19/a_proxy_war_in_peru
Nigeria: Delta Communities Cry Out Over Oil Spillage
http://allafrica.com/stories/201006010104.html
Lawyers lining up for class-action suits over oil spill
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/16/AR2010051603254.html
BP Oil Spill Could Happen Anywhere: Norway
http://planetark.org/wen/57879

Computer-Designed Genome Creates First “Artificial Cell”
Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced the successful construction of the bacterial cell Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0, the first synthetic cell designed in a computer and self-replicating, controlled only by the synthetic genome. Since the applications could vary from great improvements to the human condition to new forms of bioweapons, President Obama assigned the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues to assess the potential opportunities as well as risks (such as environmental and security) triggered by the new achievement. Meanwhile, the FBI Biological Sciences Outreach Program launched an initiative aimed at educating scientists on the potential security threats posed by synthetic biology. [Related item: New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems in March 2009 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
First Self-Replicating Synthetic Bacterial Cell
http://www.jcvi.org/cms/press/press-releases/full-text/article/first-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell-constructed-by-j-craig-venter-institute-researcher/
Artificial life? Synthetic genes 'boot up' cell
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64J5RY20100526
NBICS and generation of synthetic organisms
http://politicsofhealth.org/wol/2010-05-30.htm
You may soon be visited by an FBI agent, or a scientist acting on behalf of one. Here's why
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/57355/

Chemical Vapor Deposition Creates Nano Filters, Catalyst Scaffolds
According to a story in Nanowerk News, an international group of researchers, led by Robert Vajtai at Rice Univ., has developed a technique that uses chemical vapor deposition to form carbon nanotube membranes that "could find wide application as extra-fine air filters", removing "up to 99 percent of particulates with diameters of less than [1000 nm]", and "as scaffolds for catalysts that speed chemical reactions."
Sources:
Scientists build better catalyst with nanotube membranes
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15986.php
Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Scaffolds as Particulate Filters and Catalyst Support Membranes
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn100150x

New Nature-based Filter Allows Utilization of Gray Water
Prof. Robert D. Berghage of the Pennsylvania State Univ. and associates have developed a filter that converts gray water (from sinks, showers, and other non-pathogenic sources) to a form suitable for irrigation and similar uses. According to an item in physorg.com, the filter "consists of two plastic pipes filled with layers of porous rocks, soil, crumbs from discarded tires, composted cow manure and peat moss. Vegetables and other plants are planted in holes along the sides of the pipes. The pipes stand in a basin with still more plants -- papyrus and horsetail reed -- whose roots support microbes that remove pollutants."
Source:
Love that dirty water: Scientists find low-tech way to recycle H2O
http://www.physorg.com/news193945696.html

Inexpensive Metal Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Water
Researchers with DOE's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Univ. of California, Berkeley, have discovered an inexpensive metal catalyst that can effectively generate hydrogen from water. The proton reduction catalyst is based on a molybdenum-oxo metal complex that is about 70 times cheaper than platinum, today’s most widely used metal catalyst for splitting the water molecule, according to Dr. Hemamala Karunadasa, who also states “In addition, our catalyst does not require organic additives, and can operate in neutral water, even if it is dirty, and can operate in sea water". At present, however, the process requires an excessive expenditure of electrical energy.
Sources:
Berkeley Scientists Discover Inexpensive Metal Catalyst for Generating Hydrogen from Water
http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/04/30/inexpensive-catalyst-for-generating-hydrogen-from-water/
Catalyst Brings Cheap Hydrogen Fuel Closer to Reality
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/04/catalyst-brings-cheap-hydrogen-f.html
A molecular molybdenum-oxo catalyst for generating hydrogen from water
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7293/full/nature08969.html

New Structure Almost Doubles Solar Cell Efficiency
Researchers Kui-Qing Peng of Beijing Normal University, and Shuit-Tong Lee of the City Univ. of Hong Kong have developed a silicon solar cell with a unique and robust geometry of nanoholes having diameters of about 500-600 nm, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 9.5%, almost double the just over 5% efficiency of other current designs.
Sources:
Silicon nanohole solar cells aim to make photovoltaics cost-competitive
http://www.physorg.com/news192447083.html
High-Performance Silicon Nanohole Solar Cells
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja910082y

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Scientists have found that the upper 700m of the ocean has warmed significantly between 1993 and 2008 – the period covered by the study – and slightly faster than IPCC estimates. NASA scientists observed that 80-90% of the increased warming ends up in the ocean, with a double effect on potential sea level rise: from expansion of water volume, as well as diminishing capacity to absorb CO2 and therefore further stimulating the effects of global warming. The research was conducted by an international team of scientists from NOAA, NASA, the Met Office Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom, the University of Hamburg in Germany and the Meteorological Research Institute in Japan, and published in the report Robust Warming of the Global Upper Ocean. Meantime, oceans are more acidic “than they have ever been for at least 20 million years,” according to a report by the European Science Foundation. It reveals that seas have already become 30% more acidic in the past 200 years as the oceans absorbed about a third of the CO2 emissions from human activities since the Industrial Revolution and if current trends continue, they could be 150% more acidic by 2100 than they were in pre-industrial times.

Food and Water Security
UNEP warns in the “Green Economy Report: A preview” brochure that 30% of fish stocks have already been collapsed (i.e. less than 10% of their former potential yield) and virtually all commercial fisheries risk running out by 2050. The lives of some 520 million people are financially linked to fisheries today. While the entire value of fish caught is only $85 billion, $27 billion are spent on government subsidies, mostly in rich countries, leading to overexploitation. In “the Yearbook 2010” released earlier this year, UNEP warned that overexploitation, pollution, and rising temperatures threaten 63% of the world’s assessed fisheries stocks. It also warns that governance arrangements, population growth, increasing living standards, over-exploitation, declining water quality, and climate change will cause water scarcity to emerge as a challenge to governments by 2030.
An Israeli consortium unveiled the world’s largest reverse osmosis desalination plant in the coastal city of Hadera. The plant will supply 127 million m3 of desalinated water a year, representing about 20% of Israel’s yearly household consumption and is the third in a series of five desalination plants being built over the next few years that will eventually supply Israel with about 750 million m3 annually for addressing the country’s water shortage. While other Middle East countries have bigger desalination plants, those use thermal-based technology that requires more energy and is less environment-friendly.
Several Arab countries are looking into using technologies for increasing their agricultural land. An Abu Dhabi soil survey found that with adequate investment in the right technologies, over 200,000 hectares of land could be reformed for agricultural use, while Qatar and Kuwait are trying to increase domestic agricultural yields through mycorrhizae—the use of selected types of fungus that enhance the growth of plant roots in arid areas. In a matter of 18 months, the institute managed to convert 4,000 m2 of "hyper-saline waste-land” in Qatar’s southern Dukhan area into a productive land for vegetables and crops production. Similar projects are going on in Kuwait, India, Oman, and the UAE.

Health
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), a member of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), has announced the launch of a $4.4 million research project to build a climate model that can predict outbreaks of infectious disease in Africa. The research is being undertaken in Ghana, Malawi and Senegal, ILRI working with 11 partners and researchers to integrate data from climate modeling and disease forecasting systems in order to develop a capacity to predict the likelihood of epidemics six months in advance of an outbreak.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
A team of scientists led by University of Leeds estimates that net loss of floating sea ice and ice shelves in the last decade is 7,420 km3. While melting of floating sea ice and ice shelves do not add directly to sea level rise, it unblocks the way for more land ice to slide and melt into the sea; as well as decreasing the reflection of sunlight, it is warming the local area, further increasing melting and salinity dilution which expands sea volume a bit. They estimate that if all the polar ice melted, sea levels would rise by about 70 meters.

Computer Modeling and Scenarios
Prof Dirk Helbing of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich has outlined a plan for a “Living Earth Simulator” that would use economic, environmental, and health data to create a model of the entire planet in real time. The project would gather detailed data about the planet and human activities, use it to simulate the behavior of whole political, social, and economic systems, and then make predictions to prevent crises from occurring. He also envisions ‘situation rooms’ from which global leaders could manage crises as they were going on.

Adaptation
The third edition of Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-3) highlights that the linked challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change must be addressed with equal priority and in close coordination. It confirms that the world has failed to meet its target to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. While listing climate change as one of the five principal pressures that drive biodiversity loss, the report also points out opportunities to address the biodiversity crisis while contributing to other social objectives, including the fight against climate change. It outlines a possible new strategy for reducing biodiversity loss, including addressing the underlying causes of its indirect drivers, such as patterns of consumption, the impacts of increased trade and demographic change, and ending harmful subsidies. The report was produced by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UNEP’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre and is one of the key outputs of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity.
A UN HABITAT conference on Promoting Green Building Rating in Africa was held May 4-6, 2010, in Nairobi, Kenya, with participants from 20 African countries. It adopted the Nairobi Declaration on Green Building for Africa, which sets a framework for strengthening the ability of cities to adapt to climate change by making use of local and naturally available energies and materials, and calls for establishing an African Network of Green Building Councils.

Post-Copenhagen Negotiations
The second round of negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change began in Bonn, Germany, on May 31 and is scheduled to conclude on June 11. The meeting brings together representatives from 182 countries. A report by the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that world energy consumption would rise 49% by 2035, to 739 quadrillion BTU in 2035 from 495 quadrillion BTU in 2007, led by developing nations such as China and India, whose part of total world energy consumption will grow from about 20% to 30% over the projection period, while the U.S. share would fall from 21% to about 16% over the same period.

Recommendations for Strengthening the Convention on Biological Diversity
The 14th meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice and the 3rd meeting of the CBD Working Group on Review of Implementation of the Convention adopted several recommendations to be considered by the Convention’s review conference be held in October 2010, in Nagoya, Japan. The recommendations include a Strategic Plan for the period 2011-2020 to halt (or reduce the rate of) biodiversity loss (although some argue that 2050 would be a more realistic timeline.) Debates continue on the legal nature and institutional aspects of a possible biodiversity technology initiative, as well as the role of intellectual property rights in technology transfer. It was also agreed that the COP invite the UN General Assembly to consider declaring 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. [Related item: New Measures to Continue the Fight against Biodiversity Loss in March 2010 environmental security report.]
Source:
Summary of the Third Meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Working Group on Review of Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity
http://www.iisd.ca/biodiv/wgri3/

The Competition for Rare Earth Metals Set to Continue
As green technology and energy are taking off, the competition for rare metals that are needed for the energy generation and storage equipment is increasing. Although rare earth metals are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, their extraction is difficult and environmentally polluting. Presently, over 90% of these minerals are mined in China, who increasingly wants to keep more for its own industry and allegedly expressed intentions to reduce or even stop the export of some of these resources. Meantime, although some of these materials could be retrieved from recycling used electronics, electronic waste is exported for salvage to countries in Asia and Africa. Although mines are planned in California, Australia, Canada, and Greenland, setting them up, meeting environmental standards, and workforce cost might delay exploitation. [Related item: Monopoly over Rare Earth Elements Raises Security and Environmental Concerns in January 2010 environmental security report.]
Source:
Why China holds 'rare' cards in the race to go green
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8689547.stm

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference Adopted Document for Reducing Nuclear Threat
The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty five-yearly review conference unanimously approved a final document setting out a number of measures to reduce nuclear risk, based on the three pillars of the treaty: disarmament, non-proliferation, and promoting peaceful atomic energy. It includes, inter alia, a commitment by the five nuclear powers to expedite nuclear disarmament efforts and reduce the role of atomic weapons in their military policies; a conference scheduled for 2012 on establishing a Middle East zone free of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction; and resuming India and Pakistan peace talks in July. The conference took place May 3-28, 2010 at UN Headquarters in New York, attended by representatives of the accord’s 189 member nations. [Related items: Advancements on Denuclearization in April 2010 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.] Meantime, Chad became the 100th nation ratifying the Additional Protocol giving IAEA enhanced access to information on its nuclear activity.
Sources:
2010 NPT Review Conference
http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2010/
Nuclear Conference Approves Limited Nonproliferation Measures
http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100601_1163.php
PM's Office: Israel won't comply with NPT resolution
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3895780,00.html
Chad becomes 100th nation to give UN nuclear inspectors greater access
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34697&Cr=nuclear&Cr1

New Legal Proceeding over Allegations of Use of Illegal Weapons in Iraq
The UK Ministry of Defence began investigations over allegations that Britain was complicit in the use of chemical weapons in the 2004 attack against Fallujah, Iraq. The increased number of child deformities, miscarriages, and cancers might be linked to the alleged use of weapons including white phosphorus, a modern equivalent of napalm, and depleted uranium by the coalition forces. Affected Iraqi families initiated legal actions against the UK Government for breaching international law, war crimes, and failing to intervene to prevent a war crime. [Related items: UN Mission Assessment of Gaza Conflict Included Environmental Impacts in September 2009, and Changes to War Crimes Proposed for the International Criminal Court in November 2009 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Army to be sued for war crimes over its role in Fallujah attacks
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/army-to-be-sued-for-war-crimes-over-its-role-in-fallujah-attacks-1961475.html

New EU Regulations for Increasing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Emissions European Commission to Strengthen Bio-Waste Management
The European Commission has published a strategy for improve bio-waste management and help meet the targets set by the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC that requires Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste that they landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016. The Commission’s strategy aims to reduce bio-waste environmental impact while also taking advantage of its potential as a renewable source of energy and recycled materials, as well as reducing the production of methane (a GHG 25 times more potent than CO2). The Commission estimates that bio-waste is accounting for 88 million tons of municipal waste each year in Europe, while about 2% of the EU’s overall renewable energy target could be met if all bio-waste was turned into energy. To support Member States, the EU will provide specific guidance, standards, and indicators for bio-waste prevention with possible future binding targets. [Related item: European Union to Consider Regulations for Curbing Biowaste in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
New Commission strategy aims to get even more from bio-waste
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/578&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
New Commission strategy aims to get even more from bio-waste
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/578&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

Only Very Low-Energy Buildings to Be Built in EU after 2020
The new EU energy efficiency legislation for buildings requires all Member States to alter their building codes so that all new buildings meet high energy-saving standards from the end of 2020 if private, and two years earlier if public constructions, while existing buildings will have to be upgraded where possible. The directive is part of the wider 20/20/20 EU energy efficiency legislative package.
Source:
New energy labels for household appliances; low-energy buildings from 2020
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/051-74642-137-05-21-909-20100517IPR74641-17-05-2010-2010-false/default_en.htm

North American Proposal to Phase Down HFC's
The EPA has announced that Canada and Mexico have joined the US in proposing to expand the scope of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The proposal would phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are a significant and rapidly growing contributor to climate change, and lists four possible substitute refrigerants. Note: previous proposals were opposed by China, India, and several Arab countries; see relevant item: New Decisions Adopted for Strengthening the Montreal Protocol in November 2009 environmental security report.
Source:
Recent International Developments in Saving the Ozone Layer
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html

Russia Suggests Opening New Transportation Corridor via the Arctic
Russia is suggesting the opening of a new transport corridor from Europe to Southeast Asia, via the Arctic region. One of Russia’s largest shipping companies, Sovkomflot, intends to send a tanker from Murmansk to Southeast Asia in November to validate the new waterway. In addition to being much shorter, the new pirate-free route is also safer. If the plan proves viable, Russia will set up the administrative infrastructure to manage navigation across the Arctic, such as small maintenance ports. [Related items: Arctic Debates Continue in March 2010 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Arctic shipping route is safer
http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/05/26/8505969.html

Five-Year European Study of the Needs and Opportunities for Nanotech R/D
A report on GENNESYS (Grand European Initiative on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology using Neutron- and Synchrotron Radiation Sources), a five-year European-wide study of the needs and opportunities for coordinating future R/D in nano science and technology, has been published. The 500-page report is the result of the collaborative work of more than 600 experts, and, according to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "assesses the state of nanomaterials science and technology, highlights future challenges and research needs, and pinpoints the areas of research that will most benefit from joint research strategies with synchrotron radiation and neutron sources."
Sources:
GENNESYS White Paper
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2589

ILO Booklet on Workplace Hazards
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, the International Labour Organization has published a new booklet, Emerging risks and new patterns of prevention in a changing world of work, that summarizes key new occupational safety and health issues, including those related to technological innovations such as nanotechnology and biotechnology.
Source:
Focus on new emerging hazards in a changing world of work
http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_126383/index.htm

ObservatoryNANO 2nd Annual Report on Ethical and Societal Aspects of Nanotechnology
Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News reports that the ObservatoryNANO project has published a report on nanobioethics that includes discussions of the ethical, legal and societal aspects of nanotech for health, medicine, nanobiotechnology, nanotech for agrifood, and on nanotechnology and animal testing.
Sources:
ObservatoryNano 2nd Annual Report on Ethical and Societal Aspects of Nanotechnology
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2584
Nanobioethics. ObservatoryNano 2nd Annual Report on Ethical and Societal Aspects of Nanotechnology
http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/catalogue/4NB/

Policy Framework for Addressing Nanomaterial Risks in California
The Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment at the Univ. of California, San Francisco, has developed a draft set of policy recommendations to address the potential health risk for the state of California from nanomaterials and nanotechnology: "A Nanotechnology Policy Framework: Policy Recommendations for Addressing Potential Health Risks from Nanomaterials in California". The report presents "an overview of nanotechnology materials and their potential exposures and human health risks, and proposes a selection of policy options for addressing potential hazards and risks from nanotechnology."
Sources:
Nanotechnology policy framework for addressing nanomaterial risks in California
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=16113.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29
"A Nanotechnology Policy Framework: Policy Recommendations for Addressing Potential Health Risks from Nanomaterials in California"
http://www.prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/nanoreportDRAFT.pdf

OECD Publishes Three Reports on Nanotech Safety and Regulation
Report of the Workshop on Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials in a Regulatory Context presents critical issues specific for risk assessment of nanomaterials in a regulatory context and identifies approaches for risk assessment based on the current state of knowledge. Presentations included Risk Assessment Case Studies on nano-TiO2, nano-Ag and Carbon Nanotubes.
Report of the Questionnaire on Regulatory Regimes on Manufactured Nanomaterials summarizes objectives and activities covered by each piece of legislation; features for consideration when amending or drafting legislation for regulatory oversight
OECD Programme on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials 2009-2012: Operational Plans of the Projects aims to ensure that the approach to hazard, exposure and risk assessment is of a high, science-based, and internationally harmonized standard
Sources:
Report of the Workshop on Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials in a Regulatory Context
Report of the Questionnaire on Regulatory Regimes on Manufactured Nanomaterials
OECD Programme on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials 2009-2012: Operational Plans of the Projects
http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34365_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

Water Management Is the Main Aspect of Water Security Issues
Water Security: Global, regional and local challenges published by the Institute for Public Policy Research is a policy brief examining the management of trans-boundary water resources. Analyzing the global policy framework in place for addressing water insecurity, it evaluates and makes recommendations for various policy alternatives to strengthen the framework. Similarly, the Water Security: War or Peace? reportargues that a failure of politics rather than scarcity per se is a likely cause of “water war.” Noting that transboundary water is generally managed peacefully, the paper suggests disconnecting water and national security discourses and rather associating water with cooperative attitudes. The paper also highlights that the capacity to adapt to scarcity tends to be underestimated.
Sources:
Water Security: Global, regional and local challenges, by Patricia Wouters, Institute for Public Policy Research, May 2010,
Wouters, P., Water Security: Global, regional and local challenges.
http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=749
Thomas Lawfield, Water Security: War or Peace?, Peace & Conflict Monitor (May 03, 2010),
http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=715

A New Approach to Environmental Crime
Eco-Crime and Justice: Essays on Environmental Crime is a collection of four essays detailing the multidisciplinary application of criminology to environmental harm. The papers examine how environmental crimes, including illegal wildlife trade, timber trafficking, and hazardous waste dumping, represent some of the fastest growing, most profitable, and poorly enforced illegal activities perpetrated by both international corporations and organized crime. Claiming that states and territories’ very existence is threatened by climate change and that environmental harm disproportionately afflicts developing nations, the poor, and minorities, the essays demand a new perspective. The approach proposed, called eco-global criminology, proposes integrating local wisdom with expert solutions to these borderless ailments, using tailored policing based on multilateral treaties and law enforcement.
Sources:
Eco-Crime and Justice: Essays on Environmental Crime, edited by Kristiina Kangaspunta and Ineke Haen Marshall, UNICRI
http://www.freedomfromfearmagazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243:eco-crime-and-justice-essays-on-environmental-crime&catid=46:frontpage-books&Itemid=180

The Chaos Caused by the Volcanic Eruption in Iceland Revealed Lack of a Global Framework to Deal with Large-Scale Air Traffic Disturbances
The total or partial closure of 313 European airports (75% of the European airport network) in the period April 15-21 due to the ash cloud following the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano affected over 100,000 flights, 10 million passengers, and loss of €2.5 billion ($3.31 billion). The concurrent decision-making chaos exposed the lack of an adequate international framework and coordination strategy to deal with such large-scale disruptions (natural or manmade). The event might lead to new EU agreements such as the “Single European Sky” project, establishment of a single air network management solution, harmonization of all aviation-related national regulations, and eventually the creation of a global response strategy. The number and scale of air traffic disruptions could increase due to a combination of increasing travel and the larger scale of unexpected natural (and/or manmade) events as climate change continues.
Sources:
Europe scales down response to ash cloud
http://euobserver.com/9/29892/?rk=1
The impact of the volcanic ash cloud crisis on the air transport industry. Information Note to the Commission. SEC(2010) 533
http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/kallas/headlines/news/2010/04/doc/information_note_volcano_crisis.pdf
Will Global Warming Make Iceland's Volcanoes Angry?
http://news.discovery.com/earth/will-global-warming-make-icelands-volcanoes-angry.html

International Legal Frameworks Needed for Cybersecurity
After land, sea, air, and space, cyberspace became the “fifth battlespace” on the agenda of security experts. The next ‘Pearl Harbor’ is likely to be a cyberattack, says CIA director Leon Panetta. The disruption of critical infrastructure such as water or electricity by cyberattacks in an IT-dependent world calls for exceptional strategies. “A new legal and policy framework is needed for addressing cybersecurity challenges”, noted Lt. General Keith A. Alexander, nominee to head the Pentagon’s new CyberCommand in testimony before the U.S. Congress, April 15, 2010. Some experts identify three levels of severity for cybersecurity: cybercrime, cyberespionage and reconnaissance, and cyber-leveraged war. There are documented massive cyberespionage schemes such as the one managed from China against several countries (including India and Pakistan). Additionally, electromagnetic pulses could be used for destroying critical infrastructure (see item International Standards Needed to Reduce Hi-tech SIMAD Threats in May 2009 environmental security report.)
Efforts to improve managing cyber-leveraged war, so that damage is contained and reduced, include NATO’s recent gathering of top cyber-minds to address the evolution of conflict in an Internet-dependent world, and National Security Agency and other cyber security experts' participation in the Cyber Defense Exercise (CDX) hosted by Lockheed Martin - Greenbelt (for the eighth year). The European Commission will conduct a feasibility study for creating a body that would assess trends in cybercrime across the EU and facilitate harmonization of related legislation among the different legal systems of the 27 EU countries (while the EU states have yet to ratify the Convention on Cybercrime adopted in 2001). In the meantime, there are proposals to include in the WEEE directive (for waste electrical and electronic equipment) provisions to facilitate protection of data stored on discarded devices.
Sources:
NATO's cyber-brains gaze at the future of war
http://www.spacewar.com/reports/NATOs_cyber-brains_gaze_at_the_future_of_war_999.html
Shadows in the Cloud: An investigation into cyber espionage 2.0
http://www.infowar-monitor.net/2010/04/shadows-in-the-cloud-an-investigation-into-cyber-espionage-2-0-2/
LockMart Supports National Security Agency's 2010 Cyber Defense Exercise
http://www.spacewar.com/reports/LockMart_Supports_National_Security_Agency_2010_Cyber_Defense_Exercise_999.html
EU to set up anti-cybercrime body
http://euobserver.com/9/29946/?rk=1

Proliferation of Sensors in and on Oceans Requires an International Legal Framework, but Might Affect Freedom to Conduct Ocean Research
The Argo Project is an array of 3,255 (as of March 23, 2010) free-floating seawater quality monitoring devices supported by 46 nations. It operates in the framework of WMO (World Meteorological Organization) Integrated Global Observing Systems since 2007, and contributes to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) with Guidelines adopted in June 2008. There are controversies over information collection systems and sometimes violations of exclusive economic zones. The results of these controversies might determine the evolution of the debate among scientists and diplomats over freedom of conducting oceanic research. Deploying new technologies on the high seas is sometimes seen as conflicting with regulations protecting coastal states’ sovereign rights. The 43rd session of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Executive Council meeting in June is expected to address issues of relevance to the “soft-law guidelines or codes of conduct” and the legal regulations affecting the scientific work of several environmental early warning systems.
Sources:
Climate Change and Guidelines for Argo Profiling Float Deployment on the High Seas http://www.asil.org/insights100408.cfm
IOC/EC-XLIII 43rd Session of IOC Executive Council, 8 - 16 June 2010, Paris, France http://www.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewEventRecord&eventID=521

Draft International Standards for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities
The Draft International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities is setting a common framework for calculating the emission amounts of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The computation is done on a per capita basis, allowing comparison and analysis among cities. Measurements are now completed for more than 40 cities, with the aim of completing it for all world cities. The Draft was launched by UNEP, UN-HABITAT, and the World Bank. It is now open for public comment.
Sources:
Cities Get Common Standard for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=617&ArticleID=6508&l=en&t=long
Draft International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/InternationalStd-GHG.pdf
UN-HABITAT Annual Reporthttp://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2938
Executive Order 13514—Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-24518.pdf

Environmental Courts and Tribunals Are Rapidly Increasing Around the World
According to an international study by the World Resources Institute (WRI), there are about 350 environmental courts in 41 countries. About half of them were created over the last five years, increasing public access to environment-specialized legal systems. The increasing number of courts dedicated to environmental issues should lead to accelerated changes in environmental lawsuits, creating precedents around the world. It reinforces the trends toward improved enforcement and applications of the “polluter pays” principle.
Surces:
Environmental Courts Becoming More Popular Worldwide, but Steps Needed for Improvement http://www.wri.org/press/2010/04/news-release-environmental-courts-becoming-more-popular-worldwide-steps-needed-improve
Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Tribunals http://www.accessinitiative.org/resource/greening-justice

Morocco Adopts First National Earth Charter in the Arab World and Africa
The National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development adopted by the Kingdom of Morocco represents the first such commitment in Africa and the Arab World. The Charter sets a framework for future regulations for natural resources, the environment, and sustainability policy. It was launched at the celebration of Earth Day’s 40th anniversary, April 22, 2010.
Source:
Morocco's National Earth Charter a First for the Arab World http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2010/2010-04-22-01.html
Morocco Announces National Earth Charter for 40th Anniversary of Earth Day http://earthday.net/blog/2010/03/19/morocco-announces-national-earth-charter-for-40th-anniversary-of-earth-day/

Fiber Bundles Claimed Safe for Hydrogen Storage and Cuts Costs and Weight
Israeli scientists working for C. En Ltd. in Geneva claim that their new hydrogen-filled capillary fiber bundles provide safe storage of hydrogen for less than half the space and weight of tanks installed in existing hydrogen cars. A unit containing 4 million of the hair-thin capillaries will store enough gas for 400 km of auto travel, according to the researchers.
Sources:
Hydrogen still in the eco-car race http://www.physorg.com/news190778451.html
C.En Company http://www.cenh2go.com/

Fiber-based Solar Cells Decrease Cost and Double Output
Wake Forest University’s Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials has announced a new technology that inexpensively produces solar cells with double the power output of other designs. The cells are based on microscopic plastic optical fibers, enhanced with red dye or other absorbent. This raises the prospect of shipping the untreated cells to less developed areas for finishing with dye from pokeberries, which thrive under sub-optimal conditions, and where costs for such a processing facility would be low. The technology has been licensed to FiberCell Inc. in Winston-Salem NC.
Sources:
A brighter idea. Wake Forest receives patent for new fiber solar cells http://www.wfu.edu/wowf/2010/20100407.solar.php
Red dye from pokeberries holds secret to affordable solar power http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15962.php

New Materials May Be Solar Cell Breakthrough
Two technologies developed by Prof. Benoît Marsan and colleagues at the Chemistry Dept. of the Université du Québec à Montréal may allow commercialization of the Grätzel dye-synthesized solar cell, a promising design based on the principle of photosynthesis, but whose application has been blocked by having a corrosive, opaque electrolyte and an expensive platinum electrode. Prof. Marsan's variant uses a newly formulated transparent and neutral electrolyte and an electrode coated with relatively inexpensive cobalt sulphide.
Sources:
Researchers solve two 20-year old problems that could transform solar cell technology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15659.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29CoS Supersedes Pt as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Triiodide Reduction in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja905970y
An organic redox electrolyte to rival triiodide/iodide in dye-sensitized solar cells http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v2/n5/abs/nchem.610.html

Landslide-Predicting Sensors to Be Developed
Dr. Kirk Martinez, from Southampton University’s School of Electronics and Computer Science, and Prof. Jane Hart, of the School of Geography, are continuing to develop fist-sized sensors that will monitor such soil parameters as light, conductivity, tilt, temperature, and movement, and transmit the data by radio, enabling the prediction of imminent landslides.
Source:
New sensors to predict landslides http://www.soton.ac.uk/mediacentre/news/2010/apr/10_40.shtml

Plastic Waste Yields Porous Paving for Walks and Drives
Civil and Environmental Engineering Prof. Naji Khoury of Temple Univ. has developed a technique for turning plastic bottle waste and coarse aggregate into a cement-like material, Plastisoil™, that he says is both cheaper and more energy-sparing than concrete or asphalt and that also has the advantage of being porous, so that rainwater drains through it. It also, of course, disposes of plastic bottles (30,000 per ton).
Source:
Cement-like creation could help the environment http://www.physorg.com/news190999420.html

Nanoporous Alumina Membranes Useful for EHS Applications
A paper with senior author Dr. Roger Narayan, of the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of North Carolina and NC State University, reports the use of atomic layer deposition onto nanoporous alumina membranes to produce a material for use in a variety of medical and environmental health applications; e.g., water purification using a zinc-oxide-coated membrane able to neutralize E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Sources:
Incorporating biofunctionality into nanomaterials for medical, health devices http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15441.php
Atomic layer deposition-based functionalization of materials for medical and environmental health applications http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1917/2033

Advancements on Denuclearization
The new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) signed by the U.S. and Russia (together holding more than 90% of the world’s nuclear weapons) requires each to reduce their strategic nuclear arsenal to 1,550 deployed warheads (from the present 2,200-weapon limit) and to 800 launchers within seven years. The Treaty will enter into force after being approved by the two countries’ legislatures. Critics note that the treaty doesn’t address the disposal of the nuclear material contained in the weapons. Also, the newly released U.S. Nuclear Posture Review aims to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in the U.S. national security strategy. A two-day nuclear security summit held in Washington DC, gathering leaders of 47 nations, addressed measures to secure vulnerable nuclear materials by 2014 and avoid nuclear terrorism.
Egypt plans to increase pressure for beginning negotiations before 2012 for establishing a nuclear weapon-free Middle East. The Malaysian Strategic Trade Bill vigorously enforces legislation concerning illicit trafficking of WMD materials or technology. Meanwhile, in India, the proposed law limiting the liability to foreign nuclear power companies in the event of an accident triggers worries over potential lax safety standards and nuclear disaster. [Related item: Australia to Propose Panel to Advance Work for the NPT Review in 2010 in June 2008 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) http://www.state.gov/t/vci/trty/126118.htm
Nuclear Posture Review http://www.defense.gov/npr/
Nuke-Free Middle East Needed to Resolve Iran Dispute, Egypt Asserts http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100428_9811.php
Malaysia Pledges to Carry Out WMD Smuggling Penalties http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100415_4276.php
Controversial Indian law on nuclear liability spells disaster – activists http://www.alertnet.org/db/an_art/55867/2010/03/14-111827-1.htm

New Measures for Protecting the Marine Environment
The UK government has created the world's largest marine reserve (545,000 sq km) around the Chagos Islands, regarded as one of the world’s richest marine ecosystems.
The sixth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean adopted a 25-year program of action for efficient management of the marine and coastal environment in the larger Eastern and Southern African region, as well as a Protocol to the Convention considering new emerging issues, such as climate change and the need for an ecosystem-based management approach. [Related item: New Measure to Enforce Maritime Environmental Protection in March 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
UK sets up Chagos Islands marine reserve http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8599125.stm
Ministers Launch Rejuvenated Nairobi Convention to Protect the Western Indian Ocean's Environment
http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/News/Press-Release/tabid/427/language/en-US/Default.aspx?DocumentID=620&ArticleID=6521&Lang=en

Genetic Patenting and GMO Face New Challenges
A National Research Council study on the impacts of GM crops on economic and environmental security found that at least nine species of weeds in the U.S. have developed resistance to glyphosate since the introduction of GM crops in 1996. Glyphosate is a major component in commercial herbicides and GM crops are designed to tolerate it. Insufficiently diverse farming practices and excessive reliance on a single technology could undermine the economic and environmental benefits of GMOs use. In the U.S., GM crops account for more than 80% of soybeans, corn, and cotton.
The first U.S. federal ruling declaring patents on genes invalid concerns the BRCA 1 and 2 genes (related to breast and ovarian cancers), and was made on the grounds that it is “a valuable scientific achievement … but …not …something for which they are entitled to a patent”. Approximately 2,000 human genes (20% of the human genome) are currently covered by patents, including those associated with certain degenerative disorders and cancers. The ruling may have broad implications for the validity of gene patents in general, including patents on GMOs. [Related item: International Biodiversity Meetings Make Decisions and Tougher Systems to Control GMO Suggested in March 2006 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Gene Patents Ruled Invalid http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/editors/24986/
Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12804

India Further Loosens Already Lax Rules on Waste Importing
Illegal waste shipping to India might worsen due to new amendments made by the Ministry of Environment and Forests to the Hazardous Wastes Rules. While previous rules allowed only ‘recyclers’ to bring in certain waste, the new amendments will also allow ‘traders’ to do so, making control and enforcement potentially more difficult. This could be an additional factor increasing India’s pollution; threatening its already precarious environment, health conditions, and falling water tables. [Related items: Hazardous Waste Disposal of Increasing Concern in September 2009 and other previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Is India a global trash can? http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-India-a-global-trash-can-/articleshow/5851954.cms
Got hazardous waste? Send it to India http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/25233450/Got-hazardous-waste-Send-it-t.html

Russia and Norway Agree on Maritime Delimitation of Disputed Arctic Territory
Norway and Russia reached agreement over the borders and use of a disputed territory of 175,000 square kilometers (108,740 sq miles) of Arctic shelf, concluding some 40 years of negotiations. The joint declaration signed on April 27, 2010 stipulates the maritime delimitation lines and creates cooperation opportunities for exploitation of the area’s rich natural resources. Some further technical details need to be worked out until the final treaty, which then will need to be ratified by the two countries’ parliaments. The agreement might also represent an important step forward in the multilateral negotiations concerning the Arctic territories. [Related items: Arctic Debates Continue in March 2010 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Russia-Norway pact defuses Arctic tension http://euobserver.com/9/29958/?rk=1
Norway, Russia Strike Deal to Divide Arctic Undersea Territory http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/norway-russia-strike-deal-to-divide-arctic-undersea-territory/404939.html

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
In March 2010, the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the highest since record keeping began in 1880, according to NOAA and confirmed by NASA. NOAA found the combined global land and ocean average surface temperature 1.39ºF (0.77ºC) above the 20th century average, while NASA found the March combined average global land-surface air temperature a record 1.9ºF (1.05ºC) above the 20th century average.
Climate change and man-made CO2 emissions are changing ocean chemistry and marine ecosystems, reveal new studies. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean by the National Research Council, warns that the level of ocean acidity is increasing at an unprecedented rate and since the ocean absorbs approximately a third of CO2 emissions, unless man-made CO2 emissions are substantially curbed or controlled by technological means, the ocean will continue to become more acidic. Meantime, global warming is changing oceans salinity, making some regions saltier, while other are getting fresher, according to research conducted by the Australian government’s research agency CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship using data gathered by the global network of 3,200 Argo buoys.

Food and Water Security
Arab countries do not disclose enough information on their water out of concern that transparency could fuel unnecessary public concern and unrest,” noted Hosny Khordagui, Regional Program Director of the UNDP Water Governance Programme for Arab States http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE6300FO.htm. According to the UNDP’s Arab Human Development Report, people in the Middle East and North Africa have access to an average of only 1,000 cubic meters of water a year, one-seventh the worldwide rate, which by 2025 might be further reduced to 460 cubic meters due to high population growth and the effects of climate change. Arable land is also expected to shrink due to climate change, further jeopardizing poor farmers’ livelihood and pushing people to move to overcrowded cities.
The worst drought in at least 50 years in southern China left tens of millions of people short of water and fuels disputes with countries that share the Mekong River, especially Thailand, over the role of Chinese dams in decreasing river flows. Some argue that more dams in China could help mitigate the Mekong’s seasonal variations by storing or releasing water as necessary.

Health
To celebrate World Health Day on April 7th, WHO and the Commonwealth Secretariat released publications that underline the linkages between urban health and climate change. “Why Urban Health Matters” notes that urban areas concentrate both emitters of greenhouse gases and people at risk from climate change impacts such as heat waves, water scarcity, increasing levels of air pollution, or rising sea levels. A discussion paper by the Commonwealth Secretariat, “The State of the Cities: Why, and how, the Commonwealth must address the challenge of sustainable urbanization”, stresses that climate change and slum-based poverty are exacerbated by today’s urban growth.

Melting Glaciers
Andean glaciers in Latin America lost more than 40% of their surface area between 1956 and 2006, according to a study to be published by Ecuadorean glaciologist Bolivar Cáceres.
In Europe, almost 90% of Austrian glaciers shrank in 2009, some by as much as 46 meters (150 feet), reports the Austrian Alpine Association.

Migration
WFP Executive Director Josette Sheeran announced that WFP will step up its support to address the intense droughts in Niger, which are escalating the humanitarian crisis and are contributing to mass migration from rural to urban areas as well as to neighboring countries. In Southern Niger, the food crisis is estimated to be affecting 7.8 million people.
The flooding and landslides in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, killed over 200 people and greatly affected the impoverished communities. In response, authorities ordered the eviction of thousands of poor people from the favellas, despite their opposition and threats of revolt.

Adaptation
At the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) Second Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), held April 14-16, 2010, in Nairobi, Kenya, African Ministers adopted the Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006–2015) and a Ministerial Declaration. The Programme aims to mainstream risk reduction management and climate change adaptation as an integral part of sustainable development. The Ministerial Declaration calls on the AU Summit to make disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change a national education priority through integration into the educational system. The 2010 Economic Report on Africa, “Promoting High-level Sustainable Growth to Reduce Unemployment in Africa” warns that conflicts in the region will probably increase due to diminishing resources, and emphasizes the need for Africa to develop adaptation and mitigation strategies. Noting that the costs of adaptation and mitigation are beyond the means of African countries, the report calls on the international community to increase help for financing these strategies.
At the 16th summit of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), held April 8-9, 2010, in Hanoi, Viet Nam, under the theme “Towards the ASEAN Community: from vision to action”, the leaders released a joint statement calling for a legally binding global pact on climate change and urged richer nations to provide them with ‘scaled-up’ financial help to combat climate change. The development of an ASEAN action plan to better understand and respond to climate change is also considered.

Global Climate Change Situation Room in Gimcheon, South Korea
The initial set of Bata collective intelligence software for the Global Climate Change Situation Room is planned to be installed in Gimcheon, South Korea during the last week in June. Initial staff training was conducted this month. International expert discussion groups are being established on climate science, energy, green technology, and policy integration to feed information to and be fed questions from the Situation Room. The Bata software development platform is available for viewing at http://www.new.webserver9.com/manage/node. Updates and improvements are ongoing. [Related item: Gimcheon, South Korea to Create a Global Climate Change Situation Room in August 2009 environmental security report]
Source:
Global Climate Change Situation Room – Bata software development platform http://www.new.webserver9.com/manage/node

Health Canada Seeks Comments on Nanomaterials Definition
Health Canada has developed an interim policy statement that establishes a working definition for nanomaterials, in order to provide a basis for applying current legislation and regulations to nanotechnology products. They are seeking informal feedback from international stakeholders; comments will be accepted until 31 August 2010.
Source: Interim Policy Statement on Health Canada's Working Definition for Nanomaterials
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/consult/_2010/nanomater/index-eng.php

First Sri Lankan Information Portal for Nanotechnology
The Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology Pvt. Ltd (SLINTEC) has announced the launch of the first Sri Lankan information portal for nanotechnology, <www.susnanotec.lk>, an interactive site that will act as an information hub for nanotechnology research in Sri Lanka. According to the announcement, "The purpose of the website [is] creating awareness on nanotechnology amongst students, educate potential investors and clients on the research being done, enable the government to measure the performance of funding, provide a forum for scientists to share their thoughts, attract potential human resources, satisfy public curiosity and aid business sector decision makers in their planning and evaluation of nanotechnology."
Source:
Pyxle Develops Nano-Based Information Portal for Sri Lanka
http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=16657 8.8.3

Two New Reports on Nanotech EHS
Two presentations from the German FramingNano Workshop in March 2010 are available:
• Key regulatory developments in the field of nanotechnology (24 slides), Dr. Hans-Jürgen Klockner, German Chemical Industry Association (VCI) (http://www.framingnano.eu/images/stories/german-workshop/3.pdf)
• Nanoscale Materials: a new challenge for toxicology (11 slides), Andreas Falk, BioNanoNet Forschungsgesellschaft mbH (http://www.framingnano.eu/images/stories/german-workshop/5.pdf)

Conference on The Global Regulation Of Nanotech to Be Held
A Conference On The Global Regulation Of Nanotechnologies will be held at the Northeastern Univ. School of Law in Boston MA on May 7-8, 2010. The announcement states its objectives: "…determining what is the applicable law, domestically and internationally, exploring what the regulatory framework should be, [and] proposing governance models to achieve stakeholders’ objective".
Source:
Global Regulation Of Nanotechnologies conference website http://www.northeastern.edu/law/academics/conferences/nano-conference/index.html

World Bank Development Indicators Database Available Free
The World Bank has made freely available online < http://data.worldbank.org/ > its databases of more than 2,000 indicators from countries around the world, many with historical data for 50 years. This includes a large section on the environment.
Source:
WDI http://data.worldbank.org/

Report Suggests New Approach to Technology Assessment
Reinventing Technology Assessment: A 21st Century Model, a report by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, looks at closing the gap between the rhetoric of “engaging the public” in S&T debate and practice. It provides a comprehensive overview of participatory technology assessment (pTA) and applications in the EU and U.S., and recommends creation of “an institutional network that can integrate public engagement into future technology assessment activities.”
Source:
Reinventing Technology Assessment: A 21st Century Model http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1414&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=605820

Reports addressing the Link between Climate Change and Conflict
'Human Securitising' the Climate Security Debate, by Lorraine Elliott, is a working paper of the Asia Security Initiative Policy Series. It assesses the connection between climate change and national, regional and international security from a human security point of view. The recommendations basically advocate pro-active rather than reactive strategies based on vulnerability vs. risk and adaptation and social resilience vs. mitigation. In order to avoid conflict, scarce resource management should include equity provisions regarding those most vulnerable to environmental scarcities.
Climate Conflict: How Global Warming Threatens Security and What to Do about it, by Jeffrey Mazo from the IISS Environmental Security and Science Policy, provides a view of how climate changes affects security from a historical perspective. It points out that the most vulnerable countries are not necessarily the fragile states or those most affected physically by the effects of climate change, but those that fail to overcome cultural, social, political, and economic barriers to successful adaptation to a changing climate.
Sources:
'Human Securitising' the Climate Security Debate http://www.rsis.edu.sg/NTS/resources/research_papers/MacArthur_working_paper_Lorraine%20Elliott.pdf
Climate Conflict: how global warming threatens security and what to do about it - Launch http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-podcasts/adelphi-webcasts/climate-conflict/
Climate conflict: how global warming threatens security and what to do about it http://sustainablesecurity.org/article/climate-conflict-how-global-warming-threatens-security-and-what-do-about-it

March 2010

UN Panel Meeting on World Water Day to Discuss How to Avoid Water Wars
The UN General Assembly held a high-level dialogue on World Water Day with three panels on: water related to the Millennium Development Goals; water, climate change and disasters; and water and peace and security. Since potential water wars could be triggered by combinations of climate change, population growth, rapid urbanization, and increasing inequalities between those who could and could not cope with water scarcity, several participants suggested that greater efforts by the international community to promote dialogues for equitable and sustainable use and management of transboundary rivers, lakes and aquifers are needed. It was also suggested that water issues be included on the agenda of the next session of the Conference of Parties (COP16) of the UNFCCC, to be held in Mexico at the end of the year, and that 2012 be declared the International Year of Water Diplomacy.
More people now die from contaminated and polluted water than from all forms of violence, including wars, notes the UNEP report, Sick Water? Some two million tons of waste, estimated to equal two or more billion tons of wastewater, is being discharged daily into rivers and seas, harming key ecosystems and human health. The report underlines the need for global and comprehensive water-related regulations and enforcement mechanisms, including international standards and guidelines for water and ecosystem quality management.
Sources:
Sustainable Management of Water Resources
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2010/ga10925.doc.htm
World Water Day Website:
http://www.unwater.org
Time to Cure Global Tide of Sick Water
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=617&ArticleID=6504&l=en

Nanomaterials Guidelines Adopted by 53 African Countries
Representatives of 53 African governments attending the African regional meeting on Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management adopted a non-binding resolution on handling manufactured nanomaterials. The resolution calls for: 1) a ban on shipment of wastes containing nanomaterials to countries that lack capacity for adequately managing them; 2) the establishment and implementation of legal frameworks for the safe production, use, transport, and disposal of nanomaterials; 3) a health assessment of people exposed to nanomaterials; 4) the establishment of partnerships for capacity building related to nanotechnology. In the preamble to the International Conference on Chemical Management focusing on nanotechnologies and manufactured nanomaterials, to be held in 2012, the delegates suggested that the report should address all the aspects relative to nanotechnology and safe handling of nanomaterials throughout their life cycles and application of the ‘no data, no market’ principle prior to commercialization. [Related items: Nanotechnology Safely Issues in the monthly environmental security reports.]
Sources:
African Resolution Urges Nations Worldwide to Ensure Safe Handling of Nanomaterials
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?id=2459
CIEL welcomes and supports African resolution on nanomaterials
http://www.ciel.org/Chemicals/African_Nano_17Feb10.html

UN Economic Commission for Europe Adopts Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Regulations
The UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) adopted the first international technical regulation on safety for fully electric and hybrid cars, within the 1958 UNECE framework. The Regulation will ensure that cars with a high voltage electric power train, such as hybrid and fully electric vehicles, are as safe as conventional cars. These standards on manufacturing and marketing are expected to increase sales and will apply not only in the EU, but in a number of other markets, such as South Korea, Japan, and Russia. Mutual recognition of approvals among contracting parties of the 1958 agreement will be possible as soon as the Regulation is applied.
Sources:
Car safety: European Commission welcomes international agreement on electric and hybrid cars
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/260&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

Iran and Qatar Sign Environmental MOU
Qatar and Iran have signed a memorandum of understanding regarding preservation of the environment. The agreement covers managing green reserves and various flora and fauna aspects, as well as the environmental management of coastal areas, desertification control, and know-how exchange. Qatar has already undertaken several environmental projects, including a green convention center in Doha and an agreement between the Doha Bank and UNESCO to "Green the Middle East". [Related item: Jordan Armed Forces Upgrade, Part of Global Warming Debate in the February 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Iran and Qatar Align to Help the Environment
http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/02/28/17972/qatar-iran-environment

Thailand, Other Asian Countries, May Tighten Environmental Regulations
A Thai court has sided with the country’s growing green movement and suspended $12 billion in industrial investments until their environmental impacts can be properly assessed. The government hopes to set up a new environmental monitoring agency within five months to quickly assess and approve new projects. Environmental activists have similarly increased their pressures in Indonesia, Vietnam, and China over the past few years. [Related item: International Lawsuits for Environmental Crime Proliferate in January 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Thailand Tightens Environmental Regulation
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704182004575056421383885014.html

Desalination Reverse Osmosis Improved by Ion Concentration Polarization
Sung Jae Kim and Prof. Jongyoon Han of MIT’s Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and colleagues in Korea, have developed a new technique – ion concentration polarization – which promises to avoid two of reverse osmosis's problems: large power consumption and membrane fouling. The system is based on using microfluidics fabrication methods to produce microscopic filtration cells that could be assembled into an array with 1,600 units on an 8-inch-diameter wafer, capable of producing about 15 liters of water per hour. Since the system removes only salts and larger particles, it may need to be supplemented by a conventional filtration component (e.g. charcoal) for certain types of pollutants.
Sources:
A system that's worth its salt: New approach to water desalination could lead to small, portable units
http://www.physorg.com/news188399888.html
Direct seawater desalination by ion concentration polarization
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2010.34.html

New Polymer Fights Both Biological and Chemical Toxins.
A team led by Dr. Alan Russell of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, claims synthesis of a single, multifunctional polymer material that can decontaminate both biological and chemical toxins, such as are used in weapons. According to an announcement, it comprises a “polyurethane fiber mesh containing enzymes that lead to the production of bromine or iodine, which kill bacteria, as well as chemicals that generate compounds that detoxify organophosphate nerve agents.”
Sources:
Multifunctional polymer neutralizes both biological and chemical weapons
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-03/uops-mpn031810.php Project Developing Sensors for Engineered Nanoparticles
According to Nanowerk News, Prof. Omowunmi Sadik, director of SUNY's Binghamton University Center for Advanced Sensors and Environmental Systems, is leading research on developing sensors that will detect and identify engineered nanoparticles. This should advance understanding of the risks associated with the environmental release and transformation of these particles, as well as naturally occurring cell particles.
Sources:
Chemist monitors nanotechnology's environmental impact
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15415.php New Material Will Aid Radioactive Cleanup
Mercouri Kanatzidis, at the Argonne National Laboratory, and Nan Ding, a chemist at Northwestern University, report developing a new material, composed of metal sulfides, that binds radioactive cesium isotope ions to sulfur atoms inside its crystalline structure, giving it the ability to aid clean-up at radioactively contaminated sites.
Sources:
Snag radioactive waste like a Venus flytrap
http://futurity.org/science-technology/snag-radioactive-waste-like-a-venus-flytrap/
Selective incarceration of caesium ions by Venus flytrap action of a flexible framework sulfide
http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nchem.519.html Genetically Engineered Tobacco Plant May Clear Polluted Water
Dr. Pascal M.W. Drake from the Centre for Infection at St. George's University of London and his team claim success in genetically engineering a strain of tobacco that produces an antibody to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), an environmental toxin pollutant produced by a species of cyanobacteria that makes water unsafe for human use. The authors claim that this plant could serve as a major tool for helping keep water sources safe to use, especially in developing nations.
Sources:
Genetically engineered tobacco plant cleans up environmental toxin
http://www.physorg.com/news186660152.html
Generation of transgenic plants expressing antibodies to the environmental pollutant microcystin-LR
http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/882?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=tobacco&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&volume=24&issue=3&resourcetype=HWCIT

Advances in Generating Electricity from the Body
The Parametric Frequency Increased Generators (PFIGs) developed by researchers of the Univ. of Michigan’s Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems are reported to be able to generate 0.5 milliwatts from typical vibrations in the human body. Both piezoelectric and electromagnetic induction types have been tested and are claimed to be more efficient than previous devices with vibrations that are non-periodic and occur at low frequencies. [Related item: “Energy Harvesting” Offers Possibilities for Environment-sparing Power in December 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Mini generators make energy from random ambient vibrations
http://www.physorg.com/news188569711.html

Biofuels Production from Sunlight and CO2
Prof. David Wendell and colleagues at the Univ. of Cincinnati describe a design for foam loaded with natural (e.g. algal) enzymes that produce sugars from sunlight and carbon dioxide. The sugars can then be converted into biofuels. The process is more efficient than the natural one since all the incoming solar energy is used for the conversion, without part being diverted to support a living organism.
Meantime, Joule Biotechnologies, Inc. of Cambridge, MA announced arrangements for building its first pilot plant, in Leander TX, for developing and testing its continuous process system that uses genetically engineered organisms to directly convert sunlight and CO2 into ethanol or other fuels. It claims that its lab-scale ethanol tests have already reached productivity rates exceeding 6,000 gallons/acre/year.
Sources:
Frogs, Foam and Fuel: Researchers Convert Solar Energy to Sugars
http://www.physorg.com/news187951045.html
Joule Biotechnologies Secures Pilot Site for Renewable Solar Fuel
http://joulebio.com/news/2010/joule-biotechnologies-secures-pilot-site-renewable-solar-fuel

New Developments in Hydrogen Production
Several new techniques have been added to the published set of tools for economical production of hydrogen; e.g. as input to fuel cells. Sun Catalytix of Cambridge, MA has been awarded $4 million through ARPA-E for work on its artificial photosynthesis based on a cobalt-phosphate catalyst that converts water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and oxygen. The laboratory of Prof. Craig Hill at Emory Univ. has announced the fastest homogeneous carbon-free molecular water oxidation catalyst (WOC) yet created, based on cobalt. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison geologist and crystal specialist Huifang Xu and colleagues have designed “a simple and cost-effective technology for direct water splitting that may generate hydrogen fuels by scavenging waste energy, such as noise or stray vibrations from the environment”, according to the developers. The new piezoelectric device uses zinc oxide and barium titanate nanofibers placed in water. Dr. Di Zhang, of Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, and collaborators have embedded a nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide catalyst in a complex physical structure modeled on natural plant leaves’ micro-architecture to produce, “enhanced light-harvesting and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities”.
Sources:
Catalyst could power homes on a bottle of water, produce hydrogen on-site (w/ Video)
http://www.physorg.com/news187031401.html
Water oxidation advance boosts potential for solar fuel
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15268.php
Scavenging energy waste to turn water into hydrogen fuel
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15264.php
Nanotechnology artificial leaves for hydrogen production
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=15381.php
Light Harvesting: Artificial Inorganic Leafs for Efficient Photochemical Hydrogen Production Inspired by Natural Photosynthesis (Adv. Mater. 9/2010)
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123301807/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 (Requires cookie download permission.)

Carbon Nanotubes Yield Threefold Increase in Thermocell Efficiency
Dr. Ray Baughman, director of the Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute at the Univ. of Texas at Dallas, and an international team of collaborators, report a way to use carbon nanotubes in large thermocells to generate electricity from heat at about 60% of the cost per watt of existing solar cells. [Related item: Quantum Dots Offer New Possibilities for Energy from Waste Heat in November 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Nanotube Thermocells Hold Promise as Energy Source
http://www.physorg.com/news186409698.html
Harvesting Waste Thermal Energy Using a Carbon-Nanotube-Based Thermo-Electrochemical Cell
http://www.me.gatech.edu/nest/images/nl903267n.pdf

New Measure to Enforce Maritime Environmental Protection
The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 60th session held March 22-26, 2010, made further steps to strengthen maritime environmental regulations, such as:

[Related items: Tougher Global Limits Imposed on Air Pollution from Large Ships in October 2008 and other previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
IMO environment Committee makes progress. MEPC – 60th session: 22-26 March, 2010
http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1859&doc_id=12724

European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators to Become Operational in March 2011
The new European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) will complement and coordinate the work of National Regulatory Authorities, supporting the liberalization of the energy markets and the creation of European network rules. While encouraging international cooperation and integration to achieve energy security and combat climate change, the agency might restrict national policymaking, as its decisions will be binding. Its tasks involve advancing green energy development policies (potentially including a European ‘supergrid’.) The Agency will open in March 2011, in Ljubljana, Slovenia. [Related item: European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
European energy agency could form super-regulator
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/mar/29/european-commission-energy-regulator
Ljubljana designated as seat of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
http://www.eumonitor.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=141533&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0

New UN Satellite Standards to Help in Natural Disaster Situations
The UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approved a set of new recommendations for radio-communication standards for satellite services in case of natural disasters. They refer to radio frequencies that can be used by both fixed-satellite service (FSS) and mobile-satellite service (MSS) systems for facilitating emergency and disaster relief operations. The ITU calls on the international community, policymakers, and service providers to further enhance efforts for developing robust and comprehensive systems for early warning, relief, and mitigation in case of emergencies and disasters at international, regional, and national levels. [Related item: Increased Use of Space Technology for Monitoring Environmental Events in September 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
New ITU standards enhance satellite communications for emergencies
http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2010/13.html

Dialogues for Creating a Northeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone
Representatives of the Japanese and Republic of Korea parliaments held the first in a series of regional parliamentary dialogues for creating a Northeast Asian Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone. The joint declaration calls on the governments of the Republic of Korea and Japan to advance the proposal at the May 2010 Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference. The subject was also informally discussed by the Parliamentarians for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament (PNND) with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and with government officials of Japan, Korea, and the United States. [Related item: Entire Southern Hemisphere Covered by Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties in August 2009 environmental security report.]
In the meantime, Australia and Japan submitted a proposal for the NPT Review Conference containing 16 nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation measures for achieving a world without nuclear weapons and a successful outcome at the NPT review conference. [Related item: Australia to Propose Panel to Advance Work for the NPT Review in 2010 in June 2008 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Joint Statement by Parliamentarians of Japan and the Republic of Korea toward the Denuclearization of Northeast Asia
http://www.gsinstitute.org/pnnd/docs/02_28_10_Japan-ROK_Statement.pdf
Treaty on the Northeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (tentative translation)
http://www.gsinstitute.org/pnnd/docs/NEA-NWFZ.pdf
Australia, Japan Submit Disarmament Proposals For NPT Review Conference
http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100324_4743.php

New Measures to Continue the Fight against Biodiversity Loss
The summit of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) decided to include several reptiles and amphibians in its endangered species trade list—some species of iguanas, an entire genus of tree frogs from Central America, and Kaiser’s newt salamander from Iran. In the meantime, the EU, admitting to have missed the target of stopping biodiversity loss by the end of 2010, decided to set two new targets: a mid-term one that all species loss within the EU be ended by 2020, and a long-term target to protect and restore all ecosystems by 2050 to prevent future losses. [Related item: International Year of Biodiversity is 2010 and Convention on Biological Diversity COP10 to Meet in Japan This Year in January 2010 environmental security report.]
Sources:
More terrestrial fauna placed under CITES
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=617&ArticleID=6506&l=en
'We failed' on species extinction, admits EU
http://euobserver.com/9/29685/?rk=1

Two New Pesticides Added to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Watch List
Endosulfan and azinphos-methyl were added to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade watch list by the Chemical Review Committee. Endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant (POP), while azinphos-methyl is derived from nerve agents developed during World War II. Both pesticides have been linked to reproductive and developmental damage in humans and animals. [Related item: New Compounds Considered under the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions in October 2008.]
Sources:
New Chemicals Recommended for Listing Under the Rotterdam Convention
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=617&ArticleID=6503&l=en

Factors to Consider in Establishing and Operating Marine Protected Areas
Although the number of marine protected areas increased over the past years, the world is still far from the commitment that by 2012, 10%-30% of waters will be protected. Scientists now warn that in order for the protection to be efficient, marine protected areas, which currently limit fishing in 1.6% of the waters claimed by countries, need to be located in the right spots. [Related items: World Database on Marine Protected Areas in June 2009 and “Roving” Marine Protected Areas as Climate Change Affects Migration in March 2008.]
Sources:
Placement of marine reserves is key. Focusing on the heaviest-fished areas can help meet conservation goals
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/56511/title/Placement_of_marine_reserves_is_key

Arctic Debates Continue
As foreign ministers of five Arctic states—Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia and the U.S.—met in Chelsea, Quebec, on March 29, 2010, states member of the Arctic Council that were left out of the talks (Iceland, Sweden, and Finland) along with various northern aboriginal groups publicly expressed their frustration. Although the outcomes of the meeting were not available at the time of this writing, there are speculations that in view of some military strategies calling for measures to ensure that the Arctic remains free of nuclear weapons, Canada might declare the Northwest Passage a nuclear-free-zone.
The Russian Security Council announced that over the next 10-15 years, Russia might face serious national security problems as melting permafrost—that covers roughly 60% of Russian land—could jeopardize important infrastructure, including pipelines, railways, roads, and several urban areas. [Related items: Arctic Opens to International Commercial Use in January 2010 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Canada's 'Arctic Summit' highlights global tensions, competing interests
http://www.canada.com/news/Canada-Arctic-Summit-highlights-global-tensions-competing-interests/2736963/story.html
Medvedev says that Russia must push its claim to Arctic resources
http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/100317/world/eu_russia_arctic_claim
National security challenged by Arctic climate change. BarentsObserver, 2010-03-23
http://www.barentsobserver.com/national-security-challenged-by-arctic-climate-change.4762526-58932.html
Arms Control Advocates Call for Nuke-Free Arctic Zone
http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100310_5264.php

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Global temperatures have risen steadily since the 1970s, reveals the ‘Current GISS Global Surface Temperature Analysis’ by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). Comparing the global surface and ocean temperature changes, researchers conclude that global temperature continued to rise at a rate of 0.15-0.20ºC per decade, despite large year-to-year fluctuations associated with the El Niño-La Niña cycle.
Australia’s temperatures rose 0.7ºC (0.4ºF) over the past 50 years, with warming occurring across the country, with the last decade being the hottest on record, reveals the “State of The Climate" report by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The report also shows that sea levels rose 7-10 millimeters (0.3-0.4 inches) per year around Australia’s north and west, while rainfall patterns varied sharply among regions. The past southern hemisphere summer was 0.2ºC (0.32ºF) warmer than the previous high in 1997-1998, reaching an average of about 29.6ºC (85.3ºF).
Severe droughts affecting some East and Southeast Asian countries caused water levels of rivers and reservoirs to drop at dangerous levels. China’s State Commission of Disaster Relief announced that the worst drought in Southwest China in 60 years is affecting 51 million people and is having a devastating effect on regional power supply and farming. In the Philippines, what seems to be the worst drought since 1998 affects 23 provinces. In Vietnam, drought dried up riverbeds and aggravated saline water intrusion into coastal areas, threatening the country’s southern Mekong Delta. Thai Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation announced that nearly 4 million people in some 36 out of Thailand’s 76 provinces have been affected by drought since November.
CO2 levels rose to a median 393.71 parts per million in the first two weeks of March, from 393.17 ppm in the same period of 2009, and the increase seems accelerating, reveal new measures at Norway’s Zeppelin station on the Arctic Svalbard archipelago. Similarly, a 2009 study of the ocean off Africa indicated CO2 levels in the atmosphere were at their highest in 2.1 million years.

Food and Water Security
The multiple crises in the Arab world, exacerbated by the effects of climate change, might increase the number of emergency situations, requiring food and water distribution to millions of people, warned officials attending the third conference of humanitarian organisations in the member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Similarly, the UNEP report “Environment Outlook for the Arab Region: Environment for Development and Human Well-being,” compiled at the request of the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment, outlines the multiple challenges facing the Arab region, ranging from climate change and food insecurity to decreasing water availability and unemployment. Highlighting that the region is one of the most water-scarce in the world, the report notes that biofuels and food security are key emerging and intertwined challenges facing the region. The region is predicted to be among the hardest hit by the potential direct and indirect climate change impacts, including: loss of coastal zones; more severe droughts and desertification; increased groundwater salinity; and a surge in epidemics and infectious diseases.
Experts warn that unless swift action is taken to improve water management, Lebanon might lack freshwater by 2015, due to the interplay of several factors, including: the 1975-1990 civil war and years of political unrest, water rights disputes with Israel, weak water management, and inappropriate infrastructure, exacerbated by a growing population. Additionally, some transboundary rivers are not exploited due to their strategic locations—such as the Nahr al-Kabeer and Orontes shared by Lebanon and Syria, and the Wazzani and Hasbani shared with Israel.
The report “An Overview of the Food Security Situation in Eastern Africa” by the UN Economic Commission for Africa’s (UNECA) Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa (SRO-EA) is an assessment of food security-related initiatives, plans, and strategies in the SRO-EA mandate area. Describing the status of food security in six specific Eastern African countries (Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), it concludes that East Africa is the sub-region in Africa most affected by food insecurity. Recommendations include: increase investments in the agricultural sector to at least 10% of national budget; promote domestic and regional trade of agricultural products; and implement targeted input subsidies programs to enhance production and productivity.

Health
The WHO and UNDP has launched the first global project on public health adaptation to climate change. It involves a series of pilot projects that will seek to increase the adaptive capacity of national health system institutions. The projects will be undertaken by Ministries of Health and other relevant national partners in Barbados, Bhutan, China, Fiji, Kenya, Jordan and Uzbekistan, with varying foci. The project in China, for example, will focus on strengthening early warning and response systems to extreme heat in urban settings.

Melting Glaciers
A new study reveals that Greenland ice loss is happening faster than anticipated and spreading along the northwest coast, with acceleration likely since late 2005. The research is based on results from a combination of satellite [Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)] and by GPS measurements. They estimate the mass loss equivalent to be about 0.02 inch of global sea-level rise per year.
The Arctic melt might cost from $2.4 trillion to $24 trillion by 2050, due to rising sea levels, floods, and heat waves, according to the report “Arctic Treasure, Global Assets Melting Away” by the Pew Environment Group. It is estimated that the loss of Arctic sea ice and snow cover has already cost the world about $61 billion to $371 billion annually.

Rising Sea Level
A tiny island in the Bay of Bengal, known as New Moore Island to the Indians and South Talpatti Island to the Bangladeshis, claimed for years by both countries, has disappeared beneath the rising sea, says the Indian School of Oceanographic Studies in Calcutta. Studies reveal that sea levels in this part of the Bay of Bengal have risen much faster over the past decade than in the previous 15 years. Therefore, it is likely that other islands in the Sundarbans delta region will be covered by the sea, forcing large numbers of people to move.

Adaptation
The number of people around the world needing humanitarian assistance due to natural catastrophes triggered by climate change might increase from 250 million today to more than 375 million, by 2015. Therefore, the British Government announced that it would recommend a doubling of the UN relief funds budget from the current $500 million to $1 billion, along with a reconsideration of the entire system.
The UNDP released a report titled “Screening Tools and Guidelines to Support the Mainstreaming of Climate Change Adaptation into Development Assistance – A Stocktaking Report” which summarizes existing tools and good practices from a range of organizations to guide development practitioners in their climate change mainstreaming efforts. The report provides a comparative overview of existing tools and guidelines, explores the components and entry points of the mainstreaming process, and presents definitions of key climate change

Comments Solicited on Proposed UN Nanotech Safety Report
According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "The United Nations' (UN) Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world, has developed an outline for a report focusing on nanotechnologies and manufactured nanomaterials including, in particular, issues of relevance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition… Comments are invited and may be submitted until May 1, 2010. The final report will be submitted at the first meeting of the Open ended Working Group, in 2011, and at the third session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management.”
Souces:
Report on Nanotechnologies and Manufactured Nanomaterials
http://www.merid.org/nanodev/more.php?articleID=2481&search=%2Fnanodev%2Farchive.php%3FdoSearch%3D1%26items%3D20%26q%3DSAICM%26sortField%3DPosted%26submit%3DSearch&scorePrecent=73
Nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials (resolution II/4 E) (report request)
http://www.saicm.org/index.php?menuid=9&pageid=425&submenuheader=

UK Nanotechnologies Strategy: Small Technologies, Great Opportunities report
The UK government published Nanotechnologies Strategy: Small Technologies, Great Opportunities, a comprehensive overview of all aspects related to regulations, standardization, policies, and strategies for advancement of nanotechnology in a safe and economically sound way. According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "The overall aims of the strategy are as follows: 1. Transparent, integrated, responsible and skilled nanotechnologies industry with good links to, and support from Government; 2. Better understanding of the risks associated with the use of, and exposure to, nanomaterials, and enough people with the right skills to assess them; 3. Better informed policies and regulations relating to nanomaterials and nanotechnologies; and, 4. Well-informed public and stakeholders and a leading position on nanotechnologies for the UK on the world stage."
Sources:
UK Nanotechnologies Strategy: Small Technologies, Great Opportunities
http://interactive.bis.gov.uk/nano/
UK Nanotechnologies Strategy; Small Technologies, Great Opportunities
http://bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/docs/n/10-825-nanotechnologies-strategy
The UK Nanotechnologies Strategy – disappointing (commentary article by Dr. Andrew Maynard of PEN)
http://2020science.org/2010/03/18/the-uk-nanotechnologies-strategy-disappointing/

New Book on Nanotechnology and Ethics
Nanoethics Group announced the release of a new book, What Is Nanotechnology and Why Does It Matter?: From Science to Ethics, published by Wiley-Blackwell and resulting from a collaboration between ethicists and nanotechnology scientists. The book comprises three units. Unit 1 — What is Nanotechnology; Unit 2 — Risk, Regulation, and Fairness— risk, precaution, regulation, equity, and access. Unit 3 —Ethical and Social Implications— urgent issues: environment, military, privacy, medicine, and enhancement.
Sources:
Collaboration between ethicists and nanotechnology scientists reveals unique synergies and insights
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15191.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%2

Final FramingNano Governance Platform Now Available
The final version of the FramingNano Governance Platform [See European FramingNano Governance Platform Draft Now Available in the January 2010 issue of these reports] is now available. According to Nanowerk News, it, "describes a heuristic process of how current and future challenges in nanotechnology governance can be identified, assessed and decided on, and proposes a number of structural elements to achieve this", among them, " governance and regulation of nanotechnologies must be considered a dynamic affair which needs to be continuously adapted", and, "the relevant stakeholders and the interested public have to be meaningfully included in the definition of commonly accepted principles, criteria and values to be used for the assessment of these changes.[Same as previous on this issue] Given the close collaboration between EU and U.S. nanotech experts and the high level of the Governance Platform, it is likely that it will set the stage for an international regulatory framework for responsible nanotech development. Military personnel concerned with nanotech regulation policy should review this [possibly revised] document for potential guidelines and collaboration.
Sources:
FramingNano report on current and future challenges in nanotechnology governance
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14269.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29FramingNano Project: A multistakeholder dialogue platform framing the responsible development of Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies
http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/media/archive2/publikationen/FramingNano_Complete_Final_Report.pdf

"Nano Meets Macro: Social Perspectives on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"
According to the announcement, "This book explores the enormous diversity in social perspectives on the emergence of nanotechnologies. The diversity is structured by applying five broad categories: Philosophy, governance, science, representations and arts."
Sources:
Nano Meets Macro: Social Perspectives on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/product/8aa2c4/nano_meets_macro_social_perStudy Shows Nano Damage Differs by Medium, Target Kingdom
Research by Prof. Pu-Chun Ke of Clemson Univ. indicates that the biological damage from carbon nanoparticles varies both with the state of the particles (pristine vs. well-functionalized fullerene) and whether the target cells are plant or mammalian, reports a story in nanowerk.com.
Sources:
Nanotoxicology - mammalian and plant cells respond differently to fullerenes
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=15231.php

Paper Examines "Nanotechnology: Safe By Design?"
As summarized by Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, this paper discusses the idea that the safety aspects of nano products can be ensured by proper design, pointing out the difficulties of identifying the specific physical and chemical properties that produce the distinct sets of beneficial or adverse effects, and manipulating those properties to produce the final product objective.
Sources:
Examining the Holy Grail of Nanotechnology: Safe By Design
http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleId=2508

"Greener Nanotechnology" Conference to be Held in June
The Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing Initiative's 5th annual conference, GN10: Reducing principles to practice will be held June 16-18, 2010 in Portland, Oregon. According to the Conference announcement, it "will feature the latest developments in the design and production of greener nanomaterials, discuss and debate how to move the technology forward while developing environmentally sound products and processes, and focus on a few critical developments that will determine whether the U.S. will be a leader or a follower in this critical field."
Sources:
5th Annual Greener Nanoscience Conference & Program Review. Reducing principles to practice
http://oregonstate.edu/conferences/greenernano/

Conference on Nanotech and Sustainable Energy to Be Held
There will be a "Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy" conference, July 4-9, 2010, at the Universitätszentrum Obergurgl, Austria. The conference announcement states, "Topical areas covered by this conference are those where Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (N&N) will, or may, have an impact on the development of a sustainable energy system, including environmental aspects. The conference includes both basic science of relevance for energy/environmental technology and more application oriented research. The objective is to gather experts in the respective fields at one conference, with the aim to make both an inventory and exposure of the state-of-the-art N&N based energy research, technologies and opportunities."
Souces:
Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy conference
http://www.esf.org/index.php?id=6489

The Convention on Cluster Munitions Enters into Force on August 1, 2010
The Convention on Cluster Munitions received the 30th ratification and thus will enter into force on August 1, 2010, two years after its adoption in May 2008. The Convention bans the use, production, and transfer of cluster munitions, and sets deadlines for stockpile destruction and clearance of contaminated land, as well as prescribing responsibilities towards affected communities. The Oslo process, based on close collaboration among governments, civil society (led by the Cluster Munitions Coalition), the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as UN agencies, set a precedent on how a “coalition of the willing” can successfully lead to international regulations. As of February 16, 2010, 30 countries ratified and 104 signed the convention. The first meeting of States Parties is scheduled for November, to be held in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. [Related item: The Cluster Munitions Treaty Signed by 94 Nations in December 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Cluster bomb ban treaty reaches 30th ratification milestone
http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/news/?id=2040
The Convention on Cluster Munitions
http://www.clusterconvention.org/

First Joint Meeting of the Main Conventions on Hazardous Chemicals to Improve International Environmental Governance
The first simultaneous extraordinary meeting of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions (ExCOPs) to foster synergies among the three main conventions addressing hazardous chemicals and waste was held in Bali, Indonesia, February 22-24, 2010. The synchronization includes all main aspects, ranging from joint activities, management, and services, to budget cycles and audits, as well as a review mechanism and follow-up work on enhancing coordination and cooperation among the three conventions. The negotiations’ results are stipulated in the omnibus decision simultaneously adopted at the final plenary by the COPs of all three Conventions. This could be a test case for improved global environmental governance by increasing coherence in decisionmaking and monitoring at international, regional, and national levels. Reform of the international system of environmental governance was further discussed as a key theme at the 11th Special Session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GCSS-11/GMEF), held February 24–26 (the outcomes were not yet available at the time of this writing.) [Related item: UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Forum Makes Progress on Global Environmental Governance in February 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
UN launches global campaign to strengthen synergies in chemicals and waste management
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6466&l=en&t=long
Simultaneous Extraordinary Meeting of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions (ExCOPs), and Eleventh Special Session of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council/ Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GCSS-11/GMEF)
http://www.iisd.ca/unepgc/unepss11/

Biosafety Protocol Advances
The second meeting of the Friends of the Co-Chairs on liability and redress in the context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, held February 8-12, 2010, in Putrajaya, Malaysia, focused on international rules and procedures for damage resulting from transboundary movements of living modified organisms (LMOs), including a supplementary protocol on liability and redress, civil liability, and capacity-building measures. Although not concluding a supplementary protocol, significant progress was made on several of the most contentious issues, including the elaboration of a legally binding provision on civil liability. Outstanding issues include language, terminology, and financial security. The first drafts of the supplementary protocol include a provision for exemptions in case of acts of God or force majeure, and war or civil unrest, and parties’ right to provide other exemptions or mitigations in their domestic law, as necessary. The negotiations will continue in June 2010, so that the supplementary protocol can be adopted at the 5th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP5) to the Biosafety Protocol, to be held in October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. Reviews, if necessary, would be at five years (after its coming into force.) Note: UNEP Year Book 2010 remarks that biodiversity changes due to human activities in the past 50 years were the most significant in human history. The IUCN Red List shows that 17,291 species out of 47,677 assessed are under threat: 21% of mammals, 70% of plants, 37% of freshwater fish, 35% of invertebrates, 30% of amphibians, and 12% of birds.
Sources:
Summary of the Second Meeting of the Group of Friends of the Co-Chairs on Liability and Redress in the Context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 8–12 February 2010
http://www.iisd.ca/vol09/enb09495e.html
COP-MOP 5
http://www.cbd.int/mop5/
UNEP Year Book 2010
http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010

Jordan Armed Forces Upgrade, Part of Global Warming Debate
Jordan is the only developing country that included upgrading military energy efficiency in its greenhouse emissions reduction plan submitted to the UN as per the Copenhagen agreement. The government in Amman stated that its armed forces would seek to upgrade equipment and use energy saving technologies by 2020.
Source:
Jordan enlists army in climate fight
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE61H0TH20100219?type=marketsNews

Joint Afro-Arab Strategy for Addressing Agricultural Development and Food Security
At the Joint Afro-Arab Ministerial Meeting on Agricultural Development and Food Security, held February 14-16, 2010, in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, delegates agreed on an action plan to guide their collaboration in agriculture and food security, including climate change-related elements. The action plan includes a section on transboundary and environmental challenges, proposing mitigation and adaptation tools such as: implementation of international and regional environmental conventions and initiatives, development of a common position in international negotiations; creation of joint mechanisms and networks to coordinate and monitor climate change and other environmental issues; and strengthening the institutions dealing with environmental protection and climate change issues.
Sources:
African Union Press Release
http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2010/feb/afroarab/Afro%20Arab%20PR%203.doc
Background Document on the Status and Prospects of Agricultural Development and Food Security in Africa and the Arab World
http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Conferences/2010/SA/fev/14-16fev/doc/Official%20Final_Summary_of_The_Study%20_%2029%20Sept%20.doc

New Liquid Spray Glass Offers Rugged Surface Protection
A new spray-on liquid glass produces a water-resistant 100 nm-thick coating claimed to be environmentally harmless and easily wiped clean. Reportedly, it is “transparent, non-toxic, and can protect virtually any surface against almost any damage from hazards such as water, UV radiation, dirt, heat, and bacterial infections”, and is also flexible and breathable. The spray is being marketed by Nanopool GmbH of Hülzweiler-Schwalbach, Germany.
Sources:
Spray-on liquid glass is about to revolutionize almost everything
http://www.physorg.com/news184310039.html
Liquid Glass is probably the world’s most versatile new technology?
http://www.nanopool.eu/couk/index.htm

Microcantilevers Provide Ultrasensitive Detection
A tuned-microcantilever-based chemical sensor that is far more sensitive than current devices has been developed by a team led by Panos Datskos, of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Nanosystems & Structures Group. The researchers believe that the technology could be incorporated into a handheld instrument and therefore could be used for environmental assessment.
Source:
Novel sensor exploits traditional weakness of nano-devices
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14813.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

New Wearable Energy Charger Technologies
A wearable electrocardiograph energy-harvesting device, which provides tens of microwatts of energy per square centimeter, was developed by two R&D organizations, Holst Centre of Eindhoven, Netherlands, and IMEC of Leuven, Belgium. Reportedly, they combined a thermal harvester, matched specifically to a human body, with a large reduction in the power consumption of the driven wearable electronics. The system was able to charge two 2.4 v. batteries, can be easily integrated into fabrics, and can be well protected against damage. It earned the inventors the 2009 European Frost & Sullivan Award for Technology Innovation.
A technology for dye-based solar cells developed by Dr. Michael Grätzel, a chemist and professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, has been licensed for application by G24 Innovations of Campbell CA, and other companies. The cells are being installed in sport bags, backpacks, and the like to allow users to recharge cell phones and other devices as they go about their activities; six to eight hours of sunlight is required for a full charge. Reportedly, companies like Nokia, Intel, Texas Instruments, Varta, and PG&E are carrying out R&D in this new field of “energy scavenging.” [Related item: Energy Harvesting Offers Possibilities for Environment-sparing Power in the December 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Holst Centre and imec recognized for their path breaking wearable energy harvester technology
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14625.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29Recharging Your Cellphone, Mother Nature’s Way
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/business/31novel.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
Energy scavenging
http://www.shapingtomorrow.com/trends.cfm?trendAlert=1 (by free subscription only)Highly Conductive Fabrics Promise More Efficient Energy Storage
Dr. Liangbing Hu of Stanford University and colleagues have developed a family of highly conductive fabrics that hold out the promise of providing battery and supercapacitor electrodes with much higher energy density and durability than current exploratory materials like paper.
Sources:
Turning your T-shirt into a battery
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14701.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29Stretchable, Porous, and Conductive Energy Textiles
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl903949m

Nanofibers Provide Energy-efficient White Light
Researchers at RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina report developing an energy-saving light source using polymer nanofibers. The device produces 55 lumens/watt of light output, more than five times as much as traditional incandescent lamps, provides excellent color-rendering, and, unlike CFLs, does not contain mercury.
Sources:
Researchers Develop Nanofiber-Based Technology to Make Energy-Efficient Lighting
http://www.physorg.com/news185048189.html

New Low-cost, Durable Hydrogen Producing System
A team led by Thomas Nann and Christopher J. Pickett at the University of East Anglia reports a new technique for light-driven catalytic production of hydrogen from water. The new system consists of a gold electrode covered with layers of indium phosphide (InP) nanoparticles, combined with an iron–sulfur complex, Fe2S2(CO)6, and irradiated while immersed in water with a small electric current. The system produces hydrogen with an efficiency of 60%, and lasts much longer than present systems with organic components. Another improvement in hydrogen production may come from the work at the laboratory of Prof. Jin Zhang at UC Santa Cruz, where a combination of elemental doping and quantum dot sensitization has produced improved photoanodes for photoelectrochemical cells.
Sources:
New photocatalytic method for the clean production of hydrogen from water
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14748.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29Water Splitting by Visible Light: A Nanophotocathode for Hydrogen Production
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123275459/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 (Requires acceptance of cookies.)

Nano Gold May Offer Miniaturized Photoelectric Cell
Prof. Dawn Bonnell, Director of the Nano/Bio Interface Center at the University of Pennsylvania, and colleagues have announced a technology that uses gold nanoparticles to increase the efficiency of production of current in photovoltaic cells by factors of 4 to 20 over present structures. “If the efficiency of the system could be scaled up without any additional, unforeseen limitations, we could conceivably manufacture a one-amp, one-volt sample the diameter of a human hair and an inch long,” says Prof. Bonnell.
Sources:
Scientists turn light into electrical current using a golden nanoscale system
http://www.physorg.com/news185378650.html
Plasmon-Induced Electrical Conduction in Molecular Devices
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn901148m

ARPA-E Awards Funding to 37 Transformational Energy Projects
The DOE's Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (“ARPA-E”) awarded $151 million in funding to 37 transformational energy projects, including; for example, new thermoelectric power generation devices.
Source:
Bold, Transformational Energy Research Projects Win $151 Million in Funding
www.energy.gov/news2009/8207.htm

Renewed Calls for Strengthening E-Waste Management Regulations
According to a UNEP report “Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources,” e-waste grows globally by 40 million metric tons a year and is expected to rise dramatically in the developing countries, which are vulnerable to illegal trafficking of hazardous waste unless regulations are strengthened and enforced. Computer waste in India alone is projected to grow by 500% by 2020 compared to 2007 levels. China, Brazil, and Mexico are also among the countries highly vulnerable to rising environmental damage and health problems from hazardous waste. Nevertheless, properly managed e-waste could represent business opportunities, by creating new jobs and income from recovering valuable materials, such as gold and cupper. [Related items: Hazardous Waste Disposal of Increasing Concern in September 2009, Organized Crime Targets Electronic Waste Recycling in July 2009, and other previous environmental security reports.]
The European Commission is exploring creation of a new body dedicated to enforcing European waste regulations, as recommended by its recent “Study on the feasibility of the establishment of a Waste Implementation Agency”. In the EU, an estimated 2.6 billion metric tons of waste are generated each year, out of which about 90 million metric tons are classified as hazardous. A recent large-scale inspection involving 22 Member States and some neighboring countries found that around 19% of waste shipments were illegal, most destined to countries in Africa and Asia. [Related items: Half of Transported European Hazardous Waste Could Be Illegal––How Much More Elsewhere? in April 2008, EU Updates the REACH System, and WEEE and RoHS Directives in December 2008, and other previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Urgent Need to Prepare Developing Countries for Surge in E-Wastes
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6471&l=en
Recycling – From E-waste to Resources (report)
http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/E-Waste_publication_screen_FINALVERSION-sml.pdf
Dedicated EU body needed to ensure enforcement of European waste law, says Commission study
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/113&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Study on the feasibility of the establishment of a Waste Implementation Agency
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/report_waste_dec09.pdf
Report on joint enforcement actions on waste shipments
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/impel_report_09.pdf

European Commission Creates New Directorate-General for Climate Action
The EC’s new Directorate-General for Climate Action will take over the relevant activities from the other EC DGs, and those related to international negotiations on climate change from the External Relations DG. This should give more focus and effectiveness for the EU’s role in world efforts to address climate change. [Related item: European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Commission creates two new Directorates-General for Energy and Climate Action
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/164&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

Spain Promotes European Common Strategy on Electric Cars
A February 9th meeting of EU industry ministers focused on plans to establish a common strategy for electric cars. Spain, the strongest promoter of the plan, suggests that the electric car be included in EU’s 2020 agenda and is pushing the European Commission to adopt a common strategy. Germany also supports the idea. Nevertheless, environmental-protection NGOs warn that unless developed in concordance with “smart” power grids, large-scale use of electric cars could be counterproductive to reducing CO2 emissions. [Related item: European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Spain pushes for common strategy on electric cars
http://euobserver.com/880/29443

Climate Change Requires Water Management Changes
The UN Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation (UNSGAB) released the Hashimoto Action Plan II. It aims to support meeting the water-related Millennium Development Goals over the next three years. The Plan includes adaptation to climate change, water issues and disaster, and linking water-related disasters to climate change and sustainable development.
Meanwhile, experts warn that the approximately 300 agreements among States that border a shared river might not adequately address future pressures, mostly those caused by climate change. Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute notes, “New disputes are already arising in transboundary watersheds and are likely to become more common.” Pacific Institute’s report “Understanding and Reducing the Risks of Climate Change for Transboundary Waters” recommends: 1) conducting climate impact, vulnerability, and adaptation assessments, 2) evaluating existing treaties’ and agreements’ flexibility in light of changing conditions, 3) enforcing and expanding the scope of existing international legal frameworks, and 4) establishing new agreements for transboundary basins. The study also contains some specific case studies of regions where climate change, water issues, and international politics collide (including the Mekong River in Southeast Asia, the Guaraní Aquifer in South America, and the Nile River in Africa).
Sources:
Climate Change and Transboundary Waters
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/transboundary_waters/index.htm
Understanding and Reducing the Risks of Climate Change for Transboundary Waters
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/transboundary_waters/transboundary_water_and_climate_report.pdf
Water and Conflict Chronology
http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/index.html
The Hashimoto Action Plan II
http://www.unsgab.org/HAP-II/HAP-II_en.pdf

Increased Protection Needed for the Marine Environment
The East Asian Seas region has some of the world’s highest concentrations of shipping and fishing vessel activity, accounting for 50% of global fisheries production and 80% of global aquaculture production. The UNEP report “The East Asian Seas State of the Marine Environment” warns that the coastal habitats and ecosystems are experiencing stress due to pollution, alien invasive species and other factors, which could negatively impact the region’s economy. Nearly 75% of the region’s population depends directly or indirectly on coastal areas, and 80% of the region’s GDP is linked to coastal natural resources. Already, 40% of coral reefs and 50% of mangrove swamps have been lost. Coral reefs generate an estimated $112.5 billion and mangrove habitats $5.1 billion annually. Unless adequate environmental regulations are adopted and marine environment factored into economic planning, increasing poverty might add to social unrest and migration.
According to a study by researchers at Carnegie Institution published in the journal Nature Geoscience, the current rate of ocean acidification is up to 10 times faster than 55 million years ago—the last time deep oceans were so acidic. The main cause is considered to be the rapidly rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Scientists warn that if present trends continue, some marine life is threatened with extinction, while coral reefs will begin to disintegrate before the end of the century. Coral bleaching is already damaging many reefs worldwide.
Sources:
East Asia’s economy could suffer if seas are not protected, says UN report
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33829&Cr=unep&Cr1
Oceans' acidity rate is soaring, claims study
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/oceans-acidity-rate-is-soaring-claims-study-1899536.html
World's coral reefs could disintegrate by 2100
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/feb/23/worlds-coral-reefs-disintegrate-2100

Canada to Map about 2,500 miles of Arctic Seafloor
While national claims over the Arctic’s potentially mineral-rich seafloor are increasing, only about 5% of the Arctic floor has been mapped with modern sonar technology. Canada will send two robot submarines in March 2010 to gather evidence to help Canada’s claims for extending its continental area. The two 20-foot autonomous underwater vehicles will be equipped with specialized echo-sounder equipment, potentially helping scientists create a three-dimensional geographical map, as well as continuously collecting data for about 250 miles at a time, creating images of the expedition’s 2,500 or so miles. [Related items: Arctic Opens to International Commercial Use in January 2010 and others in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
About five percent of the Arctic floor has been mapped with modern sonar technology.
Canada Will Use Robot Subs to Map Arctic Sea Floor, Boost Territorial Claims
http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/02/10/10greenwire-canada-will-use-robot-subs-to-map-arctic-sea-f-45098.html

European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission to Help Improve Water Management
ESA’s SMOS is consistently mapping soil moisture in land and salinity in oceans, documenting their variations and thus advancing understanding of the water cycle and helping weather and climate modeling, as well as improving water resource management. [Related item: A New Water Management Tool in September 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
First images from ESA’s water mission
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/smos/SEMOGN3KV5G_0.html

Organophosphate Flame Retardants May Pose Health Risk
New findings indicate that house pollution from organophosphate flame retardants (widely used as replacements for the now banned polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)) may present a health risk, inducing altered hormone levels and declined semen quality in men.
Sources:
Dust harbors new fire retardants associated with hormone, sperm changes
http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/newscience/op-fire-retardants-in-dust-linked-to-hormone-sperm-changes/
House Dust Concentrations of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Relation to Hormone Levels and Semen Quality Parameters
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2009/0901332/abstract.html

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
The UNEP information note “How Close Are We to the Two Degree Limit?” reveals that under present pledges by countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions, there are slim chances of reaching the goal of keeping a global temperature rise at below 2ºC (3.6ºF) at the end of the century.
The Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre in Tasmania found evidence of interdependence between drought in Western Australia and snowfall in Antarctica: the heavier the snowfall is in Antarctica, the less the rainfall is in Australia’s southwest. The conclusions are based on studying 750-year-old ice-core samples.
In 2009, the average temperature in the Tibet Autonomous Region reached a record high of 5.9ºC (42.62ºF), 1.5ºC (2.7ºF) higher than “normal” (an average over several decades.). Chinese climatologists report that temperatures in Tibet rose by an average 0.32ºC (0.58ºF) per decade since 1961, when meteorological records began, which is considerably higher than the global average of 0.2ºC (0.36ºF) per decade.

Food and Water Security
The 33rd session of the Governing Council of the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD), was held February 17-18, 2010 in Rome, Italy. The session underlined the impotence of smallholder farmers in addressing future agricultural challenges posed by climate change. Noting that food security is an integral part of overall security, both national and global, a high-level panel highlighted the importance of creating better market conditions to promote private investment in smallholder agriculture, developing policies that support smallholder farmers, and allowing smallholder farmers to compete for scarce agricultural resources.
Although avoiding meat is generally considered beneficial to the environment and improved food security, a study by Cranfield University (commissioned by WWF) found a substantial number of meat substitutes consumed in the UK, such as soy, chickpeas and lentils, have a higher environmental footprint because they are imported from overseas. Additionally, potential deforestation to create agricultural land for producing those substitute products is counterproductive to addressing climate change. Similarly, the EU objective of obtaining 10% of all transport fuels from biofuels by 2020 is undermining food security of developing countries as EU companies have taken millions of acres of land for production of biofuels. ActionAid’s new report, “Meals per gallon: the impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger,” warns that if all global biofuels targets were to be met, food prices could rise by an additional 76% by 2020 and force an extra 600 million people into hunger.
According to a new report published in the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 38% of the world area, in eight out of 15 existing eco-regions, is at risk of desertification due to unsustainable land use practices. The areas potentially most affected are: North Africa, the Middle East, Australia, southwest China, the western edge of South America (as well as some coastal areas and prairies), the Mediterranean region, savannahs in general, and the temperate, tropical and subtropical steppes.
A University of Sydney study presented at the Carbon Farming conference warned that more than 80% of the world’s farming land is “moderately or severely eroded” and an estimated 75 billion metric tons of soil is lost annually. Soil in China is being lost 57 times faster than it can be replaced through natural processes, while in Europe it is 17 times faster, 10 times in America, and 5 times faster in Australia.
A recent Egyptian government study warns, “A 30 centimeter rise in sea level is expected to occur by 2025, flooding approximately 200 square kilometers (77 square miles). As a result, over half a million inhabitants may be displaced and approximately 70,000 jobs could be lost.” Given the Nile Delta’s importance for Egypt’s food and economic security, its environmental health should be considered “a matter of national security,” says Mohammed al-Raey of the Regional Disaster Response Centre.
In Niger, food insecurity affecting more than 7 million people and political instability (aggravated by the recent coup d'état) exacerbate each other.

Health
WHO has published a draft discussion paper, “Gender, climate change and health” which aims to provide a framework for gender-differentiated health risk assessment and adaptation/mitigation actions in relation to climate change. It offers information on the health risks for women and men through the perspectives of direct and indirect consequences, and the possible interactions and specificities of biological, economic, and social risk factors in determining these impacts, including migration and displacement, shifts in livelihood as responses to climate change, and gaps in understanding needs.

Melting Glaciers
Greenland’s melting is accelerated by ice sheet erosion caused by winds and currents that drive warmer water into fjords, found scientists led by Fiammetta Straneo of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. Detailed measurements of the water properties in the Sermilik Fjord revealed that deep warm water 3-4ºC (37.4-39.2ºF) is cutting into the base of the glaciers, accelerating their plunge into the sea. At present, sea level is rising at around 3 mm (0.12 inches) per year, compared to 1.8 mm (0.07 inches) a year in the early 1960s.
The Antarctic Peninsula’s ice front on the southern section has been retreating since 1947, with the most dramatic changes happening since 1990, states a U.S. Geological Survey report. “This is the first time since people have been observing the area, since the 1800s, that that ice shelf has not hitched together Charcot Island and the peninsula,” notes scientist Jane Ferrigno. Even in the Antarctic Peninsula’s coldest part, ice shelves are vanishing.
For the first time, the value of the Arctic’s declining ability to cool the climate has been quantified. The Pew Environment Group found that the cumulative cost of rapid melting of the region could range between $2.4 trillion to $24.1 trillion by 2050, and $4.9 trillion to $91.2 trillion by 2100. The factors considered included thawing permafrost, decline in albedo (reflectivity), and increase in methane emissions. The cost calculations included the impact of Arctic warming on agriculture, energy production, water availability, rising sea levels and flooding. The large range of estimates is due to the high level of uncertainty associated with factors influencing climate change; however, the low end magnitudes are not trivial.

Migration
In northeastern Syria, drought lasting for more than three years triggered one of the largest internal displacements in the Middle East in recent years. Some 300,000 families had to move to urban areas, as their livelihood has been destroyed. Lack of economic alternatives and an adequate government response continue to worsen the deteriorating situation.

Adaptation
According to the World Bank, urban populations in areas with significant probability of major earthquakes will increase from 370 million to 870 million between 2000 and 2050. As a result, The World Institute of Development Economics Research of the UN University recommends that cities set up hazard management as an integral part of urban planning and management, not as a separate activity.

Climate Modeling and Scenarios
New projections by the World Meteorological Organization for tropical cyclones until the end of the century show that although there will be fewer storms in number, they will be stronger and carrying more rain, therefore more damaging. Overall strength of storms measured in wind speed would rise by 2-11%; an 11% increase in wind speed translates to roughly a 60% increase in damage. Another study, analyzing only the Atlantic hurricane basin, predicts double the number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes, and a 28% increase in damage near the U.S.
Simulation models developed by Keith Cherkauer, affiliated with the Purdue Climate Change Research Center and the Center for the Environment in Discovery Park, show that Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan could receive 28% more precipitation by the year 2070, with most of it in winter and spring, while summer and fall seasons could be drier. He used three different scenarios based on different amounts of carbon emissions. The results also showed that by 2077, in the four states, winters could be 2.7ºF to 5.4ºF warmer and summers 3.6ºF to 10.8ºF warmer than today. Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model—which simulates how precipitation moves through land surface environments—he predicted stream flow for six rivers: the Chippewa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Wabash, Grand, and Rock Rivers.

Russia Sets Up Nanotech Risk Assessment and Regulation Cooperation
According to Nanowerk News, the CEO of RUSNANO, Anatoly Chubais, and the head of the Russian Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Vladimir Uiba, signed an agreement, "…to work jointly to ensure safe production and safe application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials." The charter of the collaboration is to "…ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well being of the country’s inhabitants during scientific research, development work, production, consumption, and disposal of products, materials, and finished goods created with nanomaterials and nanotechnology and during commercialization of nanotechnology".
Source:
Russian effort to ensure nanotechnology safety
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14832.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Russia and Finland to Cooperate on Nanotech Regulation Development
RUSNANO Deputy CEO Andrey Malyshev and Reijo Munther, Director, Materials Technology, of Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, have signed a memorandum on standardization and regulation in nanotechnology. The discussions examined problems in nanotech regulation and approaches to developing coordinated positions for presentation to standardization and safety agencies.
Source:
Russia and Finland Collaborate on Model for Regulating Nanotechnology
http://www.rosnano.ru/Post.aspx/Show/25026

Detailed Report on ICPC-NanoNet Project
An article prepared for NanoWerk Spotlight presents in updated and expanded detail the various information services available through the EU FP7 ICPC-NanoNet project (ICPC is the International Cooperation Partner Countries to the EU). These include: an electronic archive of nanoscience publications (www.nanoarchive.org); electronic databases of nanoscience organizations and networks, and researchers and stakeholders (www.icpc-nanonet.org); annual reports on nanoscience developments in eight ICPC regions; several online networking tools; and annual workshops in the EU, China, India, and Russia. [Related item: Regional Reports on Nanotech Issued by International Group in August 2009 environmental security report]
Source:
International cooperation in environmental nanotechnology - example water purification
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=14971.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

EC Publishes Paper on Options for Framing Public Policy on Nanotech
The Governance and Ethics Unit of the EC's Directorate-General for Research has published an overview paper on options for framing public policy on nanotechnologies. According to the announcement, "The document gives an overview on four current or recently finished research projects in this field (Deepen, Nanocap, Nanoplat and FramingNano). The authors’ aim is to give an insight into the nature of public debate on nanosciences and nanotechnologies, and the ways in which deliberative approaches could lead to better governance of these technologies."
Sources:
Understanding Public Debate on Nanotechnologies: Options for Framing Public Policy
http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/index.php?section=news&cmd=details&newsid=289&teaserId=
Understanding Public Debate on Nanotechnologies. Options for Framing Public Policy
http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/media/archive2/tv_radio_und_printartikel/Debate_nano_100203.pdf

New Magazine Features Nanotech for the Environment
A new magazine, ENT (Environmental Nano Technologies), has appeared, describing itself as an "…international magazine covering the latest research, applications, and opinions in the field of nanotechnology for the environment - alternative energies, water, air and soil purification." It will include digital archives, an interactive website, and the possibility of participating in Patent Auctions.
Source:
Environmental Nano Technologies Magazine
http://www.entmagazine.com/

Worldwide Nanotech Labs Deficient in EHS Protection
According to a story in Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "Researchers at the University of Zaragoza, Spain, found, by conducting an online survey, that most researchers who handle nanomaterials that could become airborne do not use suitable personal and laboratory protection equipment." The survey indicated that 25% of the nanotech labs did not use any type of protection and many of the labs disposed of nanomaterials in the same way as other chemicals.
Sources:
Reported Nanosafety Practices in Research Laboratories Worldwide
http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=2400
Reported nanosafety practices in research laboratories worldwide
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2010.1.html (abstract; subscription or purchase required for full text)

"Toxicology of the Tiny"
A senior writer at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at UC Santa Barbara, James Badham, has written a brief article summarizing the current state of nanotoxicology and providing a number of links to work in the field. It offers an excellent review of issues in the subject and sources for further information.
Source:
The race to know how nanoparticles affect living things is on, even as the use of those particles is increasing exponentially
http://www.miller-mccune.com/science-environment/toxicology-of-the-tiny-7171/

New Technique May Reduce Silver Nanoparticle Hazard
Scientists at the Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry at the University of Helsinki report success in chemically binding silver nanoparticles to a polymer, thereby reducing the likelihood of a silver particle finding its way from a product into the body. The details of the possible toxicity of silver nanoparticles are still being investigated. It is known that they do cause some cell damage. In the proposed configuration, only silver ions escape, to exert their antimicrobial action.
Source:
Chemists manage to reduce the toxicity of antimicrobial nanosilver in products
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15028.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

January 2010

The Haiti Earthquake Disaster Could Stimulate Improved Resilience Planning
The current chaotic situation and humanitarian disaster resulting from the 7.3 magnitude earthquake on January 12, 2010 in Haiti demonstrates the need for improved early warning, resilience training, and post-disaster international coordination. Since scientists warn that the number and intensity of natural disasters will increase, the need for such systems and training will increase. Unique preparation is needed for poorer, less resilient countries like Haiti.
UNEP is working for the Haiti Regeneration Initiative to be implemented by a wide range of partners for long-term sustainable development and reduction of vulnerability to natural hazards through ecosystem restoration and sustainable natural resource management. [Related item: International Early Warning Programme to Begin Operations in March 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haitihttp://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/
Earthquake jeopardizes Haiti's security and stability http://www.isria.com/M/Weekly_Report_20100118.htm
Haiti earthquake: death toll may hit 200,000 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7003057/Haiti-earthquake-death-toll-may-hit-200000.html
UNEP to lead environmental recovery efforts in Haiti http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=608&ArticleID=6448&l=en

Yemen’s Internal Conflicts Are Water-Induced
A new analysis of Yemen’s drastic water situation points out that an estimated 80% of conflicts in Yemen are over water. The country’s water table is dropping about 6.6 feet per year, and in the capital, Sana’a, water extraction rates are about four times that of replenishment. At this rate Sana’a could become the first waterless capital in the world in five to seven years. Water used for agriculture accounts for about 90% of all consumption, and about 50% of it goes to growing qat (khat), a mild narcotic plant. Since plantations are often controlled by the so-called qat mafia, if farmers would be offered an alternative to qat, the critical water, food, and security situations would be addressed together.
Sources:
Water woes could undermine Yemen’s drive against Al-Qaeda http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hRiwhJYeUXY1B3Ma2oCfQVE0G9vA
Private sector considers desalination to save Yemen from drought http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100125113425/Private%20sector%20considers%20desalination%20to%20save%20Yemen%20from%20drought

International Lawsuits for Environmental Crime Proliferate
International lawsuits for environmental crimes are increasing, including those based on damages due to climate change, which is a new phase in the international environmental legal system. For example, Micronesia filed a case with the Czech Environment Ministry against the extension of the Prunerov, CEZ’s largest coal-powered generator, on grounds of potential increase of CO2 emissions with subsequent consequences to global warming and rising sea levels. Consequently, the Czech government ordered an international assessment of the project. Another example is Kivalina, an Inupiat Eskimo village on a barrier island north of the Arctic Circle. It has created a case against a group of fuel and utility companies (including ExxonMobil and Shell Oil) for their contribution to climate change that is accelerating the island’s erosion. A third example is four Nigerian farmers and Friends of the Earth Netherlands who filed a pollution lawsuit in the Netherlands against Royal Dutch Shell for environmental degradation caused in Nigeria.
In a related activity, Bolivia’s President Evo Morales is organizing an international conference April 20-22, 2010 in Cochabamba to explore creation of an international court on environmental crimes and a “universal proposal for the rights of mother earth.” Government officials, indigenous people, other social movement representatives, environmentalists, and scientists will be invited.
Sources:
Morales Calls Alternative Climate Meeting http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/06/tech/main6063924.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody
Courts as Battlefields in Climate Fights http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/business/energy-environment/27lawsuits.html
Czechs Cede To Micronesia Demands Seeking Power Plant Review http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/commodities/czechs-cede-micronesia-demands-seeking-power-plant-review/
Shell must face Friends of the Earth Nigeria claim in Netherlands http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/dec/30/shell-oruma-alleged-pollution-claim

Geoengineering May Require International Environmental Regulations
Several national authorities are assessing the potential need for national or international regulations for safe development and use of geoengineering to address climate change and global warming. A committee in Britain’s House of Commons began its assessment and is cooperating with the U.S. House Science and Technology Committee, which is also planning to begin hearings this year on scientific, engineering, ethical, economic, and governance aspects related to geoengineering. This March a group of scientists will meet in California to set guidelines for large-scale field tests of proposed geoengineering techniques––ranging from genetically modified trees to absorb CO2, to spewing sunlight-deflecting sulfate particles into the upper atmosphere. Some scientists argue that new environmental regulations should be established even before field tests begin, due to potentially large geographic effects of some geoengineering techniques. Others, while comparing geoengineering to nuclear weapons, which have been successfully managed through international agreements, point out the possibility of serious long-term risks, and propose an international annual research budget growing from $10 million to $1 billion by the end of 2020.
Sources:
A Search for Rules Before Climate-Changing Experiments Begin http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/01/18/18climatewire-a-search-for-rules-before-climate-changing-e-40048.html
Time to start researching global 'sun block': scientist http://www.lfpress.com/news/canada/2010/01/27/12637061.html
Research on Global 'Sun Block' Needed Now, Experts Argue http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100127134243.htm

International Year of Biodiversity is 2010 and Convention on Biological Diversity COP10 to Meet in Japan This Year
The year 2010 is designated as the International Year of Biodiversity by the United Nations. A panoply of events is planned to take place around the world for raising awareness and generating public pressure on leaders to develop new mechanisms to curb loss of the world’s species due to human activity (estimated by some experts at 1,000 times more than natural evolution). Scientists and officials agree that methods are needed to price the impact of decisions on biodiversity and set policies that will help create a better balance. The international community is expected to agree on some post-2010 goals on biodiversity at the COP10 of the Convention on Biological Diversity to be held October 18-29, in Nagoya, Japan.
Sources:
2010 UN Year of Biodiversity http://www.cbd.int/2010/welcome/
UN opens Biodiversity Year with plea to save world's ecosystems http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33393&Cr=envirionment&Cr1=
Benn to call on world leaders to adopt biodiversity pricing http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/jan/25/hilary-benn-biodiversity-pricing
Reformed Common Agricultural Policy should incentivise biodiversity http://www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk/news/reformed-common-agricultural-policy-should-incentivise-biodiversity-1102.aspx

Genetically Engineered Bacteria Might Provide Landmine Detection
Alistair Elfick, of the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Biomedical Engineering, and his team have genetically modified E. coli bacteria to produce a protein in the cell membrane that senses TNT, one of the explosives used in landmines. The group introduced the gene for the luciferase enzyme, which produces light in fireflies. According to scidev.net, “When proteins on the surface of E. coli detect TNT, this ‘switches on’ the gene responsible for light production.”
Source:
Bacteria make light work of detecting landmines http://www.scidev.net/en/news/bacteria-make-light-work-of-detecting-landmines.html

Work Proceeds on Optical Fiber Detector for Bacterial Agents
Thomas Inzana, a bacteriologist at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech, and his team have received a grant by NIH to continue their work on development of nanoscale optical fiber biosensor tests for detection of biological agents such as might be used in a terrorist attack. According to the story in Nanowerk News, “the optical fiber is coated with antibodies or DNA that will bind to antigens or DNA in the specimen. When this happens, the light that normally passes through the fiber will be decreased, indicating the presence of a biological agent.”
Source:
Nanoscale optical fibers to detect bioterrorist agents http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14320.php

New Selective Radiation Surfaces May Save on Cooling Energy
Prof. Geoff Smith and Dr Angus Gentle of the Institute of Nanotechnology at the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, are conducting research on materials for building surfaces that radiate back into the atmosphere at night, heat that was absorbed during the day. The heat is radiated at wavelengths which are not absorbed by the atmosphere but continue on out into space. The surfaces are coated with a mixture of silicon carbide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles, and have cooled surfaces to 15°C less than ambient temperature in Sydney. The scientists point out that the surfaces could cool air or water, which could then be pumped through buildings to cool them.
Sources:
Nanocoating that acts as efficient heat pump could reduce need for energy-guzzling air conditioning http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14466.php

Power-generating Flexible Films Might Power Body-worn Devices
Michael McAlpine, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton University, and colleagues have developed power-generating rubber films that are highly efficient in generating electrical energy when flexed. The films combine silicone and nanoribbons of lead zirconate titanate (PZT), a piezoelectric ceramic material that the developers say is 100× as piezo-efficient as quartz.
Sources:
Energy-harvesting rubber sheets could power pacemakers, mobile phones http://www.physorg.com/news183832835.html
Piezoelectric Ribbons Printed onto Rubber for Flexible Energy Conversion http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl903377u .

New Membranes Claim to Cut Desalination Energy Requirements
A start-up company, NanoH2O, is claiming a 20% reduction in the energy required for reverse osmosis desalination using its new membranes. Other companies (Danfoss, Novozymes, Aquaporin) are engaged in similar efforts.
Source:
NanoH2O to Change the Economics of Desalination http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/print/nanoh2o/

The EU’s Chemical Regulatory Regime might be adjusted to Include Nanomaterials
The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) awarded two contracts to a consortium led by SAFENANO (Institute of Occupational Medicine) for the development of specific advice on the assessment of nanomaterials under REACH (the EU’s Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals). The two projects, REACH-NanoInfo (aka RIP-oN2), and REACH-NanoHazEx (RIP-oN3), address the REACH information requirements on intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, and the processes for undertaking exposure assessments and conducting hazard and risk characterization for nanomaterials within the REACH context. The work will be carried out in consultation with a range of stakeholders and will be used by the EC to support further developments in REACH Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment. Along the same lines, Nanomaterials under REACH report by the Netherlands’ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) indicates that REACH doesn’t adequately cover nanomaterials and points out the differences in risk assessment requirements between nano- and macro-sized materials. [Related item: EU to Add Carbon and Graphite to REACH Program in the June 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Consortium awarded crucial advisory contracts on the regulation of nanomaterials under REACH http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14573.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29
Consultancy & Review Activities - EC & SAFENANO http://www.safenano.org/REACHnanoInfo.aspx
REACH-NanoHazEx: Rip-oN 3 http://www.safenano.org/REACHnanoHazEx.aspx
Nanomaterials under REACH report http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/601780003.pdf
Nanomaterials under REACH: Some Adjustments Needed http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/index.php?section=news&cmd=details&newsid=274&teaserId =

Monopoly over Rare Earth Elements Raises Security and Environmental Concerns
Most new technologies—from low-carbon energy production to defense—require rare earth elements (REEs) for their manufacture. However, the distribution and exploitation of these elements is limited, with over 95% of all REEs for world consumption being produced in China. China’s own increasing technological and green energy generation needs might considerably impact the supply and/or price of some REEs (such as neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and erbium used for wind turbine generators). John Kaiser, a California-based mining expert and rare-earths specialist, warns, “If the world gets really serious about green technology, it could result in a scale of demand that rare-earth suppliers would be unable to cope with.” Pricing and different work and environmental standards are among the main factors impeding exploitation outside China. Business and political leaders should re-assess the supply situation of REEs in view of new technological and security needs. [Related item: Future Lithium Dependency Raises New Energy Security Concerns in March 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
The Battle Over Rare Earth Metals http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=228:the-battle-over-rare-earth-metals&catid=102:issuecontent&Itemid=355
EXCLUSIVE: Inside China's secret toxic unobtainium mine http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1241872/EXCLUSIVE-Inside-Chinas-secret-toxic-unobtainium-mine.html

New Evidence on Silver Toxicity
Researchers of the Dept. of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology at Duke University Medical Center conducted a study whose results, “...provide evidence that silver has the potential to kill developing nerve cells and is even more potent than currently known neurotoxicants.”… Effects varied widely with test conditions, making interpretation difficult. [Related items: UK Defra Committee Report on Nanosilver and Industry Silver Nanotech Group Opposes "New Material" Designation in December 2009, and Petition Filed for EPA to Regulate Nanosilver in November 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Silver Impairs Neurodevelopment: Studies in PC12 Cells: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2009/0901149/0901149.pdf
Silver is a potent nerve cell toxicant: http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/newscience/silver-is-potent-neurotoxicant/

Botox Creates Basis for New Terrorist Weapon
Counterterrorist experts claim Al-Qaeda has tried to acquire botulinum toxin (an extremely deadly poison), which is found in the Botox beauty treatment. Chechnya and other parts of the world may have counterfeit Botox production facilities that can produce and sell botulinum on the Internet. Increasing markets for counterfeit beauty and pharmaceutical products could lead to increased access for biological terrorism. Although it is known that such illicit facilities exist, they are difficult to find. Due to specific characteristics, the most likely attack is contamination of food or water supplies. [Related item: New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems in March 2009 and other items on similar issues in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Officials fear toxic ingredient in Botox could become terrorist tool http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/24/AR2010012403013.html
Toxin Found in Botox Could Pose Bioterrorism Threat http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100125_2898.php

France Proposes Carbon Tax Across EU and on Imports
President Nicolas Sarkozy announced that France would propose a carbon tax across the EU, and carbon tariffs on products imported from countries with weaker environmental regulations. Nationally, a bill expected to be presented soon to the Parliament is proposing a progressive carbon tax similar to the income tax, taxing big polluters on their CO2 emissions. The French government hopes the regulation will come into force on July 1, 2010, and be effective until the EU emissions permits scheme enters into force. [Related item: EU Potential New Measures For Reducing CO2 Emissions in October 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Paris wants pan-European carbon tax http://euobserver.com/9/29221/?rk=1
The Coming Battles Over Green Trade - by Mac Margolis http://www.eu-digest.com/2010/01/coming-battles-over-green-trade-by-mac.html
France to tax big polluters under revised scheme http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60J4FA20100120

New Measures on Chemicals Safety
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has created a ‘Chemicals of Concern’ list and adopted additional measures for reducing risks posed by compounds raising serious potential health or environmental concerns: phthalates and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were added to the list; risk-reduction actions should begin for several phthalates, short-chain chlorinated paraffins, and perfluorinated chemicals; and the three-year DecaBDE phaseout will be reinforced. [Related item: New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security report.]
The U.S. Congress is proposing to update the 34-year-old federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), requiring more through testing for chemicals. In the preamble to the debate, the Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families coalition released a report which notes that since 1976, when the federal TSCA became law, the EPA has required testing on only 200 of the 83,000 chemicals in common use and issued regulations for only five, while 60,000 chemicals received approval without preliminary government testing. Highlighting the health and cost issues associated with toxic chemicals, it estimates that the new regulations would reduce the incidence of chronic diseases by 0.1% and direct health care costs by $5 billion a year in the U.S. [Related item: U.S. to Revise the Toxic Substances Control Act in October 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EPA Announces Actions to Address Chemicals of Concern, Including Phthalates: Agency continues efforts to work for comprehensive reform of toxic substance laws http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/2852c60dc0f65c688525769c0068b219!OpenDocument
Existing Chemicals Action Plans http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/ecactionpln.html
Stricter rules urged on toxic chemicals http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10022/1030212-114.stm

California Proposes Reducing the Level of Chromium 6 in Water
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has proposed a “public health goal” of 0.06 ppb of hexavalent chromium (Cr 6) for the state’s drinking water. The current state and national standards for total Cr compounds are 50 ppb and 100 ppb, respectively. (EPA is reevaluating the latter.) The new California value was set as a result of a recent federal study setting a threshold of one cancer among every one million people exposed for a lifetime. After public comments, the California Department of Public Health will adopt a regulation setting a maximum allowable level for water supplies based on the health goal but also considering economic and technological factors. [Related item: New Substances Identified as Harmful to Human Health and the Environment in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
California unveils new goal for controversial carcinogen in water http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/chromium-6-goal
Public Health Goal for Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water (Draft). Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/Cr6PHGdraft082009.pdf

First U.S. National Health Security Plan Released
The U.S. Health and Human Services Department released the first National Health Security Strategy for the event of a bioterrorism incident or other large-scale health crisis. The strategy outlines objectives for different government areas and for nongovernmental groups to focus on over the next four years, and recommends a review of the national countermeasure system. [Related item: Global Influenza Pandemic Declared in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
First U.S. National Health Security Plan Released http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100108_9470.php
HHS Delivers the Nation’s First Health Security Strategy http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/01/20100107a.html

Building Contaminants Linked to Parking Lots with Coal Tar Sealant
Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey have published a paper linking high concentrations of the contaminants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in house dust to coal tar sealants used on parking lots. PAHs are an environmental hazard because several are probable human carcinogens. [Related item: Study Shows Nanotube Manufacture May Pollute Environment in August 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Parking Lot Problems http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40920
Contaminated House Dust Linked to Parking Lots with Coal Tar Sealant http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100113112056.htm
Coal-Tar-Based Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of PAH to Settled House Dust http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902533r

Scientists Say Dolphins Should Be Treated As 'Non-Human Persons'
New study of dolphins’ behavior, backed up by anatomic research, has led scientists to declare dolphins second to humans in intelligence and suggesting that they should be treated as “non-human persons”. [Related item: GreenhouseGasEmissionsIncreaseOcean Noise Pollution in December 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Scientists say dolphins should be treated as 'non-human persons' http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article6973994.ece

Arctic Opens to International Commercial Use
The first telecommunication project in the Arctic is to link Tokyo and London by underwater fiber optic cable through the Northwest Passage, thus cutting the transmission delay from 140 milliseconds to 88 milliseconds. Branch lines would also link to the U.S. East Coast, ensuring quicker transmission times between Tokyo and New York. In addition to being faster, these lines are apparently also more secure, avoiding critical regions.
A report by UNESCO, “Climate Change and Arctic Sustainable Development” is a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and social transformations of the Arctic due to climate change, proposing an integrated approach for monitoring and adapting to climate change in the Arctic based on multilateral collaboration among scientists, circumpolar communities and decisionmakers. [Related item: Arctic “Pole of Peace” Suggested to Address Arctic Security Issues in December 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Global warming opens up Arctic for undersea cable http://www.nation.co.ke/InDepth/Africa%20Insight/-/625262/847148/-/wxhyixz/-/index.html
Climate Change and Arctic Sustainable Development http://publishing.unesco.org/details.aspx?&Code_Livre=4722&change=E

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
A preliminary analysis from the National Climatic Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found that the decade 2000-2009 is the warmest decade since instrumental measurements of temperatures began in the 1880s, and 2009 (tied with 2006) was the fifth warmest year on record, based on measurements taken on land and at sea. The average trend over the past three decades is warming at about 0.36°F (0.2°C) per decade, while average global temperatures have risen by about 1.5°F (0.8°C) since 1880.
According to the Met Office’s forecast made using the Decadal Prediction System (DePreSys), 2010 could yet be the hottest year on record, due to a new El Niño warming period that has just started in the Pacific. Additionally, the sun should also begin to brighten, as part of its 11-year brightness fluctuation cycle (in 2009 it was at the bottom of the cycle.) Further, if not for 2010, then “a record breaker will still occur in the next few years” says Doug Smith, climate expert at the Met Office.
Oddball Winter Weather: Global Warming’s Wake-Up Call for the Northern Unites States, a study by the National Wildlife Federation, documents how climate change is linked to precipitation increase, including intense snowstorms, as warmer winter weather causes more surface water evaporation (and less freezing), thus recharging the atmosphere with moisture. This explains the unusually heavy snowfall in many parts of the world.

Food and Water Security
A new report by the Division for Sustainable Development of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs assessed the impact of foreign land purchase for agriculture. Foreign governments and private investors are increasingly purchasing or leasing key farmland in Africa on a long-term basis. The report notes that it is critical to ensure that such contracts promote shared food security interests and meet the need for improving legal and technical capacities of host countries, as well as to conduct impact assessments for the host country on the benefits, costs, and risks associated with land acquisition.
Scientists warn that more attention should be given not only to the impact of climate change on food quantity, but to its nutritional quality too. They found that increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere reduces the nutritional value of many basic food crops. It is estimated that the approximate 20% CO2 rise since 1960 may have already decreased protein concentration in wheat flour by 5%–10%. A study by researchers at Southwestern University, Georgetown TX, shows that if atmospheric CO2 reaches 540–960 ppm, it could result in a significant decline (10%–15%) in protein content of major food crops including barley, wheat, soya bean and potato. Additionally, higher CO2 levels may reduce water flow through a plant, affecting the uptake of micronutrients from the soil, such as sulphur, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese.

Health
The WHO report “Protecting Health from Climate Change: Connecting Science, Policy and People” provides an update of the scientific evidence on health risks caused by climate change. It outlines necessary action to protect health from negative impacts of climate change and describes a number of effective interventions that can save lives in the present and reduce vulnerability in the future. In addition, the report singles out several policy options in other sectors, such as transport and energy production, that could simultaneously improve health and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Migration
The small island developing states continue efforts to have their fate stipulated in a binding treaty on climate change. “It is important that the recognition of SIDS as most vulnerable countries be preserved in a legally binding outcome and that these countries receive priority access to resources for urgent adaptation and mitigation projects,” said Mark Jariabka, executive director of Islands First, an organization that promotes and protects the interests of SIDS. In addition to vulnerability, they are concerned about lack of any bilateral or multilateral agreements for eventual relocation. “Even if such an agreement is signed between an island nation and another host country, this itself will raise a number of issues regarding international law - sovereignty status, U.N. membership etc. etc.” says Ambassador Abdul Ghafoor Mohamed, the permanent representative of Maldives to the United Nations. “Do these people relocate as a ‘nation’ or as individual refugees who are then subsumed into the host nation as their own citizens, or would they enjoy ‘sovereign rights’? Would they continue to have claim to the territory of the land they had vacated? If not, who would have claim on it, if at all?” questions the Ambassador.

Adaptation
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced its ongoing work towards the establishment of a Global Cryosphere (global solid water system) Watch to serve societal needs for weather, climate and water, and related environmental information and services. The World Meteorological Congress, WMO’s supreme governing body, is to consider ways and means of developing and implementing a Global Cryosphere Watch at its next quadrennial session in 2011. Once established, a Global Cryosphere Watch should enhance the capability of the research community and operational services to predict the future state of the cryosphere and facilitate assessments of the cryosphere and its components on a regional to global scale to support climate change science, decision-making and formulation of environmental policy.
The Joint Session of the Executive Boards of the UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, and WFP held on January 15, 2010 focused on the issue of climate change. Noting that 40% of development investment from ODA and concessional lending is sensitive to climate risk, UNDP Administrator Helen Clark spoke on how the UN agencies can support countries in addressing the climate change challenge through their programmatic activities at the country level to support capacity building for adaptation and mitigation, and access to climate financing. She also said that the UN Development Group (UNDG) developed guidelines to support the UN Country Team on how to mainstream disaster risk reduction and environmental sustainability into the programmatic activities at the country level. Specific guidelines on climate change will be issued soon.
The UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) released a study, “Transboundary flood risk management: experiences from the UNECE region,” which describes problems and progress made regarding transboundary flood management in 10 transboundary river basins in the UNECE region; tools for improving resilience against transboundary flood risk; and useful legal and institutional arrangements for cooperation.” The study also notes that climate change is expected to increase both the magnitude and the frequency of floods, although there is considerable uncertainty. The study was prepared by the Task Force on Water and Climate, under the UNECE Water Convention.

Climate Modeling and Scenarios
Scientists from NOAA, combining three models into one tool, were able to simulate with higher accuracy storms’ evolution and categories across the Atlantic. They found that by the end of the century, although storms will in general decrease in number, they will be more powerful; category 4 (210-249 kilometers per hour) and category 5 (over 250 kilometers per hour) will double in frequency. The hardest hit will be Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the Bahamas and the northeastern coast of the U.S. These results corroborate results of other climate models.

European FramingNano Governance Platform Draft Now Available
The draft FramingNano Governance Platform sets out a proposal for the framing of policy on nanotechnology in Europe; and, according to Nanowerk News, “highlights the major challenges to be overcome in order to successfully craft governance policies for nanotechnologies, and the communication issues that need to be addressed if Europe is to harness the full potential of this rapidly growing area of technology.” The Governance Plan was discussed at the final International Conference of the FramingNano FP7 held in December 2009 and is being submitted to the European Commission “as a model of management to be followed by European policy makers and stakeholders.”
Sources:
A New Governance Framework for Nanotechnologies (conference page, with “Proceedings now available for members”) http://www.framingnano.eu
Brussels conference discusses nanotechnology governance platform http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14269.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Comprehensive Review of Engineered Nanomaterials Health And Safety
A consortium led by Edinburgh Napier University and the Institute of Occupational Medicine published a 426-page final report of the project Engineered Nanoparticles - Review of Health & Environmental Safety (ENRHES), described by Nanowerk News as "A comprehensive and authoritative review of the health and environmental safety of engineered nanomaterials [that] considers sources, pathways of exposure, [and] the health and environmental outcomes of concern". The report contains prioritized recommendations to aid policymakers in formulating regulations.
Sources:
ENRHES report provides in-depth examination of nanomaterials safety
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14387.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29Engineered Nanoparticles - Review of Health & Environmental Safety project final report
http://nmi.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/pdf/ENRHES%20Review.pdf

Nanotechnology--Assessment of Health Safety and Environmental Factors
Frost & Sullivan, and Research and Markets, are offering a new research report, Nanotechnology--Assessment of Health Safety and Environmental Factors (Technical Insights). According to the announcement, the report provides "an overview of the HSE implications of nanotechnology … a forced field analysis of the industry drivers and challenges… [a] strategic evaluation of the possible initiatives… …[and] Profiling of commonly used HSE nomenclature with a list of the ongoing research projects in North America and Europe." The report is available for €4533-€5928, depending on the scope of the license.
Source:
Nanotechnology - Assessment of Health Safety and Environmental Factors
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/product/02ab42/nanotechnology_assessment_o

UK House of Lords Committee Urges Nanosafety Transparency
Nanotechnologies and Food, a 112-page report presented by the UK House of Lords science and technology committee, urges, "the government and research councils to carry out more checks into the use of nanomaterials in food and in particular the dangers for the human body." This call is the third in two years, following those for more stringent safety checks from the Royal Society and the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution.
Sources:
Press Notice: Science and Technology Committee - Nanotechnologies and Food http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/lords_press_notices/pn080110st.cfm
Nanotechnologies and Food. Science and Technology Committee, First Report http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldsctech.htm
Peers criticise food industry secrecy on nanotechnology http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/08/food-industry-nanotechnology-secrecy

Note: The following three items describe a key stage in development of an emerging issue: the rise of general public interest and outcry. It can signal a turning from involvement of technocrats and some politicians to a more general political atmosphere.

Public Disruptions Force Cancellation of French Public Nano Debates
Disruptions by environmentalists have forced the cancellation of three of the scheduled debates in France on nanotech issues. [See item French Public Debate on Nanotechnology in the October 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Loud Starts End France's Nanotech Debates
http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/01/a-loud-start-to.html

Research Calls for Better Explanations and Sources in Nano Risk Communication
Johannes Simons, of the Institute for Food and Resource Economics at the University of Bonn, and colleagues have published a paper, The Slings and Arrows of Communication on Nanotechnology, that addresses the general problems of communicating nanotechnology risk. According to Nanowerk Spotlight, they utilized research from Germany, the US, and Australia to develop their recommendation, “…risk communication on nanotechnologies requires target-specific approaches…”, and that “...it is important to involve trusted institutions in the risk communication process. This could help people to accept the information because they do not suspect the communicator of having some hidden interests or of deceiving them with misleading information.”
The need for reforms in the process is supported by a study by Prof. Elizabeth Corley, of Arizona State University’s School of Public Affairs, and Dietram A. Scheufele of the University of Wisconsin—Madison that, “found widening gaps in nanotech knowledge since 2004 between the least educated and most educated citizens. Americans with at least a college degree have shown an increase in understanding of the new technology, while knowledge about nanotechnology has declined over time for those with education levels of less than a high school diploma”, according to a Nanowerk News story
Sources:
The slings and arrows of communication on nanotechnology http://www.springerlink.com/content/y6rxm682t4301353/
Communicating nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=14344.php
Nanotechnology outreach going wrong? http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14296.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29
Outreach Going Wrong? When we talk nano to the public, we are leaving behind key audiences http://www.the-scientist.com/2010/1/1/22/1/

5th International NanoRegulation Conference Report Available
The 5th International NanoRegulation Conference took place on November in Rapperswil, Switzerland, with the theme, " 'No Data, no Market?' - Challenges to Nano-Information and Nano-Communication along the Value Chain", presenting views and expectations regarding information and data exchange along the value chain, and possible approaches to the problem. A report is now available. According to Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "the debate at the conference revealed an urgent need for '...a coordinated information transfer of relevant nanospecific data along the value chain,' while recognizing the concerns that nano-labeling could be misunderstood as an indication of hazard by consumers."
Sources:
NanoRegulation Conference Report Now Available
http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/index.php?section=news&cmd=details&newsid=263&teaserId=13

Conference on New-Technology Sensors to Be Held in UK
The Micro and Nano Sensors Interest Group (MiNSIG) of the UK's Sensors & Instrumentation Knowledge Transfer Network (KTN) is organizing a conference, Applications of Micro and Nanosensors in Security, Health and Environmental Monitoring, for 4 March 2010 at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK. The event will display novel sensing technologies developed by UK companies and universities leading to new applications in security, health and environmental monitoring. The keynote speakers will highlight some of the important developments in nanotechnology and sensor applications including future challenges, trends and opportunities, and will give an account of the requirements and opportunities for novel sensor developers.
Sources:
Applications of Micro and Nanosensors in Security, Health and Environmental Monitoring http://sensors.globalwatchonline.com/epicentric_portal/site/sensors/minsig-page2/?mode=0
Conference to discuss future of nanotechnology enabled sensors http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=14463.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Key 2009 Nano Environmental Health and Safety Developments
According to the announcement, UK's SAFENANO's new report, "provides a summary of key nanoEHS developments from 2009, … considers how these are likely to shape 2010 in nano … [and] provides a personalised account of news, publications and legal developments from 2009, …[c]overing scientific discoveries, regulatory and governmental developments, consumer issues, and developments in the nanotechnology community."
Sources:
2009 - a big year for nano safety http://www.safenano.org/SingleNews.aspx?NewsID=957

Protecting the environment during armed conflict. An inventory and analysis of international law
Protecting the environment during armed conflict. An inventory and analysis of international law report by UNEP is a comprehensive overview of existing legislation protecting the environment in case of conflict and gaps and areas that should, but are not yet, covered by regulations. The report notes that there are no mechanisms to protect natural resources during armed conflict, and no permanent international authority to monitor violations and address liability and redress claims for environmental damage caused during armed conflicts. There are also terminology issues, such as lack of clear definition for “widespread,” “longlasting,” and “severe”, as well as a standard definition of what constitutes a “conflict resource” or their illegal exploitation and trade. While the majority of international legal provisions protecting the environment during armed conflict—including the ICRC Guidelines on the Protection of the Environment during Armed Conflict (1994)—were designed for international armed conflicts, the majority of today’s conflicts are internal; hence the legal instruments do not apply. The report recommends, inter alia, that the Permanent Court of Arbitration and its “Optional Rules for Conciliation of Disputes Relating to the Environment and/or Natural Resources” should be considered to address disputes related to environmental damage during armed conflict. It concludes that “A summary report on the environmental impacts of armed conflicts should be presented on an annual basis to the UN General Assembly, in conjunction with the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict.”
Sources:
Laws Protecting the Environment during Wars Need Enforcing and Strengthening to Deal with New Challenges
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=602&ArticleID=6362&l=en
Protecting the environment during armed conflict. An inventory and analysis of international law
http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/int_law.pdf

Environmental Performance Index 2010 Score Worse for Vulnerable States
The 2010 Environmental Performance Index ranks 163 countries on 25 performance indicators tracked across ten policy categories. It facilitates cross-country comparisons as well as analysis of how the global community and individual countries are performing in particular sectors and policy issues, therefore helping assess the sectors that should be improved. The 2010 EPI reveals that most of the lower ranked nations are also vulnerable states, hence proving again the importance of including environmental aspects in peace and vulnerability strategies.
Sources:
Environmental Performance Index 2010 http://epi.yale.edu/

European Space Agency First International Security Symposium
On February 9-10, 2010, the European Space Agency will hold its First International Security Symposium to “share information on security approaches, challenges and evolution that international organizations face in the current geopolitical situation.”
Source:
First International Security Symposium http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM08TRJR4G_Benefits_0.html

“Copenhagen Accord” Brokered by President Obama at UN Climate Change Conference Is a Step Forward in Negotiations––Next Stop Mexico
The UN Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen was attended by over 100 heads of state and government, representatives of 193 nations, and between 40,000 and 100,000 people from around the world came to participate in side events. The December 7–18, 2009 set of conferences and meetings resulted in a non-binding 12-paragraph Copenhagen Accord that calls for international cooperation to make sure global warming does not rise more than 2ºC, that developed and developing nations set carbon reduction targets that are internationally verifiable, that developed countries provide funds approaching USD 30 billion for the period 2010 to 2012 for developing countries with balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation, and that developed countries mobilize USD 100 billion a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. However, the original objective was not achieved: to adopt a treaty that would extend or replace the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address global climate change.
The Conference and the numerous side-events generated an extraordinary wealth of information regarding challenges and potential strategies for addressing global climate change and set the stage for further negotiations. The next round of climate talks is scheduled for November 2010 in Mexico.
Note: Some scientists warn that lack of clear targets and commitments might raise CO2 concentrations to around 700 parts per million (compared to 450 ppm that scientists consider the limit for keeping global warming below 2ºC), meaning a potential warming by 3.5ºC by 2100. The International Energy Agency estimates that about $10.5 trillion in additional investment is needed by 2030 for setting the world on the path to low-carbon development.
Sources:
Copenhagen Accord. Draft decision -/CP.15 Proposal by the President. Conference of the Parties, Fifteenth session, Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009 http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf
Summary of the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference http://www.iisd.ca/vol12/enb12459e.html
The Copenhagen climate change summit. New Scientist's full coverage http://www.newscientist.com/special/copenhagen-climate-change-summit

Seven Tipping Elements That Could Transform the Planetary Systems
Increasingly, scientists agree on some tipping elements that are extremely sensitive to climate shifts and therefore might have an important impact on the planetary systems. “The problem with tipping elements is that if any of them tips, it will be a real catastrophe,” notes Anders Levermann, climate physicist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. The seven tipping elements considered are:
• Polar sea ice––passing a potential warming tipping point might cause serious loss of ice sheets and associated sea-level rise
• Amazon rainforest––increased weather-altering deforestation after passing a critical deforestation point
• Chad Bodélé Depression––substantial increase in dust production from the 10,000 square mile Saharan plain that now puts 700,000 tons of dust into the atmosphere annually
• South Asian Monsoons––amplified monsoon systems triggered by increased heat
• The Gulf Stream––due to lack of good models, the IPCC’s estimate of 10% Gulf Stream slowdown during the 21st century is uncertain
• Seafloor methane––increased release of methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) from methane hydrate in the seafloor, due to warming over a tipping point
• The Future––unknown features that could trigger radical changes
Scientists point out that an additional important unknown element is the interaction of these and other known elements.
Sources:
Tipping elements in the Earth System. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, PNAS December 8, 2009, vol. 106, no. 49, 20561-20563 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/49/20561.full
7 Tipping Points That Could Transform Earth http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/12/tipping-elements/all/1

Emerging International Packaging Standards to Reduce Environmental Footprints
The first meeting of the ISO TC122 SC4 Packaging and Environment committee was held in Stockholm to begin work on standards for reducing the environmental footprint of packaging. The standards will cover source reduction, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, chemical recovery, composting and biodegrading, and a seventh overall standard. The new international standards are expected to be finalized by mid-2012 and to consider existing packaging and environmental standards already in use in Europe and Asia.
Sources:
Creation of International Packaging Standards Begins http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/12/10/creation-international-packaging-standards-begins
TC 122/SC 4 Packaging and Environment http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/other_bodies/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=52082

Studies Show Increased Hazards from Some Types of Airborne Particles
Latest research reveals that certain kinds of airborne metallic microparticles, such as nickel, vanadium, and carbon, appear to pose a much higher toxic risk than other materials, putting acute stress on the lungs and heart. Low grade oil, such as is used in diesel trucks and space heaters, is a major source in urban areas. Scientists stress that more work needs to be done to study the relationships between particulate composition and biological harm.
Source:
Heavy metal: Some airborne particles pose more dangers than others http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/metal-particles

New Laser-based Gas Sensor Is Tunable over Wide Wavelength Range
A new type of optical gas sensor, using vertical-cavity, surface-emitting semiconductor laser diodes (VCSELs) has the important property of being tunable over a 5 nm spectral range, and thus able to detect a variety of different gases. The technology is being developed by NEMIS, an EU FP6 project at the Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München in Munich.
Sources:
NEMIS (New Mid-Infrared Sources for Photonic Sensors http://www.nemis.eu/
Huge long-term potential for new breed of gas sensors http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13823.php

Ozone Bubbles Provide New Cleansing Technique
A new technique uses ozone bubbles to turn hydrocarbon [oil] content in water or soil into a form that can be retained by sand filtration, which is a conventional and economical process. This new method has been developed by Prof. Andy Hong of the University of Utah, and is expected to be commercialized by Miracotech, Inc. of Albany CA.
Source:
Tiny Bubbles Clean Oil from Water. New Method Targets Oil Sheen, Other Pollutants http://unews.utah.edu/p/?r=111209-1

New Water Purifying Filter Requires No Energy or Running Water
Tata Chemicals, of Mumbai/Kolkata, India, has announced the release of ‘Tata Swach’, a water purifier unit that requires no energy or running water to operate. The unit uses a replaceable cartridge packed with a purification medium that kills bacteria and disease-causing organisms. The cartridge can purify up to 3000 liters of water, after which it stops water flow.
Source:
Tata Chemicals launches ‘Tata Swach’ http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=TtOdcdNuSRk=

Nanotube-impregnated Paper Provides Sensitive Biosensor for Aqueous Toxins
Prof. Nicholas Kotov, of the departments of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michigan, and associates from Jiangnan University, China, have developed a fast and inexpensive sensor for detecting toxins in water, using paper strips with several layers of single-walled carbon nanotube dispersion containing antibodies. The technique’s sensitivity is high––comparable with such current biochemical techniques as enzyme immunoassay and mass-spectrometry––and reportedly more than 25 times faster. Kotov explains that “The change of electrical response [conductivity] of the paper reflects the contents of the analyte”.
Sources:
Simple nanotechnology paper sensor for detecting toxins in water http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=13913.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29
Simple, Rapid, Sensitive, and Versatile SWNT-Paper Sensor for Environmental Toxin Detection Competitive with ELISA http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl902368r

New Technology to Measure Single Nanoparticles
Prof. Lin Yang and his team at Washington Univ. have developed a “whispering-gallery-mode resonator” that provides a new degree of accuracy––1% to 2%––in the measurement of nanoparticle size. [Related item: New Paper Suggests Concentrating Toxicity Studies on Smaller Nanoparticles in the September 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Tiny whispering gallery: Sensor can detect a single nanoparticle and take its measurement http://www.physorg.com/news180363327.html
On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nphoton.2009.237.html (Abstract)

NIST Awards Development Funding for Extended Sensor for Infrastructure Health
Under its Technology Innovation Program, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has awarded development funding to Optellios, Inc. of Newtown PA for distributed fiber-optic sensing technology to enable real-time monitoring, identification, and location of disturbances and changes over long stretches of pipelines. Although the system is intended to detect and locate leaks, third-party actions, aging, and other disturbances in pipelines, it may also be applicable to other types of infrastructure.
Source:
Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology For Civil Infrastructure Management http://tipex.nist.gov/tippb/prjbriefs/prjbrief.cfm?ProjectNumber=090038

‘Energy Harvesting’ Offers Possibilities for Environment-sparing Power
A team of researchers at the Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, UK, are investigating technologies for ‘energy harvesting’––the gathering of energy from low amplitude vibrations that occur naturally in the environment, such as from machines or even the human body. Their research is directed at making use of a much larger variety of vibrations than is currently possible, by employing transducers that respond to a wider range of frequencies.
Source:
Pickin' Up Good Vibrations to Produce Green Electricity http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/PressReleases/harvester

Genetically Engineered Bacteria Convert CO2 to Liquid Fuel
Scientists led by James C. Liao, Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at UCLA’s Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, have genetically modified a cyanobacterium to consume CO2 and use sunlight-driven photosynthesis to produce the liquid fuel isobutanol, which can potentially be used as a alternative to gasoline.
Source:
Researchers engineer bacteria to turn carbon dioxide into liquid fuel http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13968.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Nano-infused Paper Substrate Improves Energy Storage Capabilities
A research group at Stanford University, led by Yi Cui, assistant professor of materials science and engineering, has shown that paper coated with ink made of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires makes a more durable component for flexible batteries and supercapacitors than the plastic used in previous experiments. According to Cui, “The paper supercapacitor may last through 40,000 charge-discharge cycles––at least an order of magnitude more than lithium batteries. The nanomaterials also make ideal conductors because they move electricity along much more efficiently than ordinary conductors.” [Related item: First Flexible Supercapacitor Built in the April 2009 environmental security report]
Sources:
Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/12/04/0908858106
At Stanford, nanotubes + ink + paper = instant battery http://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/december7/nanotubes-ink-paper-120709.html

Thin Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Cells Offer Many Advantages
Scientists at Sandia National Laboratories have developed crystalline-silicon photovoltaic cells from 14 to 20 µm thick and 0.25 to 1 mm across. According to the announcement, the new devices “are expected eventually to be less expensive and have greater efficiencies than current photovoltaic collectors that are pieced together with 6-inch-square solar wafers.” Further, “they use 100 times less silicon to generate the same amount of electricity,” and “Since they are much smaller and have fewer mechanical deformations for a given environment than the conventional cells, they may also be more reliable over the long term.” A major manufacturing convenience is that a very large number can be created from a single 12- or 18-inch diameter wafer, allowing defective cells to be individually discarded.
Source:
Glitter-sized solar photovoltaics produce competitive results http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/glitter-sized-solar-photovoltaics-produce-competitive-results/

Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
The past ten years have been the warmest in 160 years of recorded history, reveals preliminary data released by the UK Met Office based on temperature records from over 1,500 global monitoring stations. Similarly, based on preliminary data the World Meteorological Organisation announced that 2009 will be one of the ten warmest individual years recorded, with a temperature 0.44ºC (0.79ºF) above the long-term average of 14ºC (57.2ºF).
Preliminary disaster figures for 2009 show that over 75% of the people killed and 95% of the total affected by natural hazards were due to extreme weather events, says a joint press release by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, UNDP, and World Meteorological Organization. Although the 2009 statistics show lower figures compared to previous years, Margareta Wahlström, UN Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction, warned that “extreme weather disasters remain top of the list and will continue to affect more people in the future.”
The Global Climate Risk Index 2010 (see world map in the Appendix) compiled by Germanwatch, shows that the top 10 countries most affected in the past 20 years by extremes of climate are: Bangladesh, Myanmar, Honduras, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Haiti, India, the Dominican Republic, Philippines, and China. The Global Climate Risk Index analyzes the impacts of weather-related loss events––mainly storms, floods and heat waves––and is based on the NatCatSERVICE database of Munich Re.

Food and Water Security
The Pacific Institute’s recently updated online chronology of water conflicts shows 6 incidents during 2009, up from 3 in 2008. Peter Gleick, President of the Pacific Institute, notes that a pattern of localized conflict is likely to emerge in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, India, China, Pakistan, and Burma in coming decades. Although skeptical about ‘water war’ or full-scale interstate warfare triggered by water, he suggests that water and climate change should still be considered serious security issues. Terrorist groups could start to view water infrastructure as valuable targets as tensions rise over water’s availability, says Gleick. In addition, in countries like Pakistan, discontent with the West could intensify as water becomes scarcer, which could help extremists bring in new recruits.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) collection of three technical papers provides an overview of the current status of knowledge on “Climate Change and Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture,” noting that ecosystem approaches to aquaculture and fisheries, as well as precautionary management, can help improve the resilience of the sectors and calling for the integration of fisheries and aquaculture into national climate change and food security policies.
The UN World Water Assessment Programme released two publications: “The Implications of Climate Change for Water––Highlights on Climate Change from the third World Water Development Report” addressing the potential impacts of a changing climate on the availability of water and on the control of water extremes; and “Water and Climate Change––An Overview from the WWDR,” that underscores that water is at the root of a complex vulnerability dynamic and describes the impacts of climate change on water, making some recommendations for responses to climate change focused on water and proactive adaptation measures.
The study “Local Responses to Too Much and Too Little Water in the Greater Himalayan Region” by a consortium of international organizations, based on the work of five field teams in China, India, Pakistan and Nepal, highlights that adaptation practices need to be aligned with other processes if they are to be successful, even over a short period. It also stresses the need for governments to prioritize the development and improvement of national and regional policies to provide better support for local long-term resilience and adaptation to more extreme climate.

Health
Two reports by the World Health Organization, “Global Health Risks”and “Protecting health from climate change: global research priorities,” assess the potential health implications related to climate change, with detailed global and regional estimates, and making some policy recommendations. Acknowledging that only some of the many potential effects of climate change are quantifiable, it underlines increased deaths from thermal extremes and weather disasters, vector-borne diseases, a higher incidence of food-related and waterborne infections, photochemical air pollutants and conflict over depleted natural resources. The WHO fact file, “10 Facts on Children’s Environmental Health,” summarizes environment-related causes and conditions of the nearly three million annual deaths of children under five years old, underlying the increased risk of children of injuries and death from floods and extreme temperatures, asthma and respiratory diseases due to air pollution, and diarrheal diseases, malaria, and malnutrition.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
The report “Melting Snow and Ice: A Call for Action” notes that land ice melting is now becoming the dominant contributor to sea level rise, while receding glaciers threaten the livelihood of millions of people by inundation as well as decline of freshwater. The most important findings include: Greenland ice cap reduction rate tripled over the past decade; snow cover is diminishing, and glaciers from the Himalayas to the Alps are melting rapidly, with the greatest reductions in the Andes and the Rockies; while Antarctica, which seemed immune to global warming, now shows signs of net ice reduction on a similar scale to inland Greenland.
According to the report “Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment” by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, although the bulk of the Antarctic ice sheet has shown little change, overall, 90% of the Peninsula’s glaciers have retreated in recent decades. While since 1980 there has been a 10% increase in Antarctic sea ice extent, particularly in the Ross Sea region, regional sea ice has decreased west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Loss of ice from the West Antarctic ice sheet might raise sea level by 1.4 meters (4ft 6in) by 2100, estimates the report.
According to a new study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, infragravity waves generated by ocean-storms could cause dramatic ice breakups far away from the storm’s origin, as the energy from the waves hitting a shore is echoed back into the sea for thousands of miles. Warming waters will likely aggravate the phenomena.

Migration
In view of the fact that Pacific Islanders are among the most affected by climate change, UNHCR has partnered with other agencies to form a Pacific Humanitarian Protection Group, which will help map and analyze the protection needs of people in the region, and address disaster preparedness, mitigation and adaptation together.
Tuvalu, the fourth-smallest nation on Earth, might become the first country to be rendered unlivable by global warming. Nevertheless, the relocation of some Tuvalu communities has been well-managed so far, given its small population. However, the situation might get more difficult for the relocation of population from other areas vulnerable to climate change such as Africa’s Sahel, coastal Bangladesh, and Vietnam’s deltas. The displacement of those populations could be “a phenomenon of a scope not experienced in human history,” warns Koko Warner, an expert on climate change and migration at the United Nations University in Bonn.
A UNHCR working paper “Climate change, disaster, displacement and migration: initial evidence from Africa,” based on evidence from Burundi and Somalia, indicates that the frequency of climate-related disasters has increased in the past two decades and underscores that disasters and environmental degradation can trigger displacement and conflicts, which can further accentuate environmental degradation.
A report by the Norwegian Refugee Council, “Climate Changed: People Displaced” also explores who are affected by climate related displacement, and how they are assisted and protected, when displaced within the borders of their own country or across borders.

Adaptation
“Climate Change, Conflict and Fragility”. a new report by International Alert, advises that adaptation strategies should be conflict sensitive and international responses to disasters and conflict should take into account the interlinked nature of the problems. Peace-building, for example, needs to be climate-proofed by paying attention to the availability of resources such as water for agriculture which could be affected by climate change. Similarly, large amount of funds for adaptation given to vulnerable states could encourage warfare unless adequate attention is paid to the systems of power and political reality in these countries. Dan Smith, Secretary General of International Alert and co-author of the report, warned “there is an enormous risk that money will go astray and end up doing more harm than good.”
“Linking Climate Change Policies to Human Development Analysis and Advocacy” by UNDP aims to integrate human development analysis and advocacy into more equitable, sustainable and climate-resilient development planning and policy debates. The guidance note proposes a conceptual framework for the analysis and provides analytical data, policy and advocacy issues that can be adapted to regional and national contexts.

No Enforcement Mechanism Proposed for Strengthening the Bioweapons Treaty Due to “rapidly changing nature” of the threat
The 2009 Meeting of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention was held in Geneva, December 7–11, with focus on promoting capacity-building in the areas of disease surveillance, detection, diagnosis, and containment of infectious diseases. The new National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats presented by the U.S., although a comprehensive document designed to strengthen the Convention, doesn’t propose any international monitoring or enforcement system. A binding treaty on verification “would not be able to keep pace with the rapidly changing nature of the biological weapons threat,” noted Undersecretary of State Ellen Tauscher. [Related items: U.S. Should Launch a New Biology Initiative in October 2009, and Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Meeting Improves International Resilience Systems to Address Infectious Disease and BioWeapons in August 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources: (see an expanded list in the Appendix)
President Obama Releases National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-releases-national-strategy-countering-biological-threats
Biological Weapons Convention Meeting of States Parties Concludes in Geneva
http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/77D5F2659E3558E5C125768C00324E30?OpenDocument

China to Create an Emergency Environmental Management System
China’s Vice Minister of Environmental Protection, Zhang Lijun, announced that one of the ministry’s priorities for 2010 is the creation of an environmental management system for addressing pollution and its effects. Reportedly, “environmental protection authorities at all levels should focus on the handling of mass disturbances triggered by environmental pollution such as water and soil pollution, and reduce the harm that pollution bring to people as much as possible.” A two-year nationwide campaign will be conducted to investigate all pollution-related threats, “which will gradually form a dynamic environmental management system,” says Zhang. [Related item: China’s New Ministry of Environmental Protection in March 2008 environmental security report.]
Note: A new poll of Chinese public opinion on ‘What does China see as its greatest threat?’ shows that Chinese are more concerned by the environment and domestic woes than potential geopolitical enemies. The study, conducted by the Lowy Institute for International Policy and the MacArthur Foundation, revealed that 75% of Chinese consider environmental problems such as climate change as a major threat to China’s security, 67% consider water and food shortages, and 58% internal separatists, while only 50% thought the U.S. posed a security threat, and 45% are still worried about Japan.
Source:
China to establish emergency environmental management system http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/29/content_12725490.htm
Chinese See Environment As Biggest Security Threat http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/wealthofnations/archive/2009/12/10/chinese-see-environment-as-biggest-security-threat.aspx

Toxic Compound Detected in Chlorinated Tap Water
Xing-Fang Li and a team of scientists at the University of Alberta have discovered minute amounts (a few ng/l) of one of the toxic dichloroquinone compounds in chlorinated tap water. It is suspected that these compounds may pose a risk of bladder cancer. [Related item: New Substances Identified as Harmful to Human Health and the Environment in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
A Toxic Disinfection By-product, 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, Identified in Drinking Water http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123218235/abstract
Tracing the traces: Nanogram concentrations of a toxic compound detected in chlorinated tap water http://www.physorg.com/news180767147.html

Environmental Effects from Flame Retardant Manufacturing Impurities
A research team from Canada’s National Laboratory for Environmental Testing has found that environmental pollution associated with the flame retardant Dechlorane Plus comes not only from that compound but from impurities introduced during its manufacture. [Related item: Dechlorane Plus® Detected in Atmosphere in January 2006 environmental security report.]
Source:
Flame retardants are the suspected source of a new compound in the environment http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es903688s

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase Ocean Noise Pollution
New research reveals that oceans are becoming noisier due to declines of the concentration of chemicals that absorb sound as result of ocean acidification caused by increased concentrations of CO2. Model simulations show that increased acidity could reduce sound absorption (mostly of lower frequency range) by 60% by 2100 in high latitude oceans, potentially affecting marine life. The study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, was conducted by researchers at the University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. [Related items: Sonar Restrictions Debate Continues in January 2008, and New Measures for Improving Marine Environment in July 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Ocean noise pollution turns up with greenhouse gas emissions http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20091227_Ocean_noise_pollution_turns_up_with_greenhouse_gas_emissions.html
Oceans becoming nosier thanks to pollution http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayarticleNew.asp?section=todaysfeatures&xfile=data/todaysfeatures/2009/December/todaysfeatures_December37.xml

Arctic “Pole of Peace” Suggested to Address Arctic Security Issues
In view of the increasingly heated debate over the Arctic due to increased access to resources, a group of Arctic security experts suggest that the U.S. should take the lead in proposing that the central Arctic Ocean be declared a “pole of peace and international cooperation based on shared interests in environmental security,” and invite Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia to endorse the initiative. This might address the controversies over sovereign rights and jurisdiction. [Related items: New Developments by Canada and the U.S. in Arctic Security in August 2009 and other items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
United States leadership needed in Arctic Ocean http://juneauempire.com/stories/120309/opi_531556737.shtml

Nuclear Disarmament Dilemma Continues
The US/Russia negotiations for a legal framework to replace the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), which expired on December 5, 2009, are expected to be restarted in mid-January 2010. Meantime, they pledged to continue working “in the spirit” of the 1991 pact. Reportedly, a major cause of the delay in concluding a new treaty is disagreement over compliance verification mechanisms. However, failure to reach agreement before the next Review conference might jeopardize nuclear non-proliferation advancements.
Meantime, the UN General Assembly, acting on the recommendation of its Disarmament and International Security Committee, adopted 16 texts in the nuclear weapons category, including a resolution naming August 29 as the international day against nuclear tests; beginning of negotiations in 2010 for a treaty for banning fissile material use for nuclear weapons; and a renewed determination towards the total global elimination of nuclear weapons (adopted by an overwhelming margin, with only India and North Korea voting against, and Bhutan, China, Cuba, France, Iran, Israel, Myanmar and Pakistan abstaining).
The report “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers” by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament evaluates the threats and risks associated with the existing nuclear weapons, highlighting their potential use by accident, miscalculation or design, or falling into the hands of terrorist actors, and calls upon nations with nuclear arms to adopt a “no first use” stand, as well as a reduction of nuclear arsenal to 2,000 weapons by 2025, roughly 10% of today’s stockpile. The 230-page report compares nuclear weapons to climate change in terms of gravity, although underlining their much higher potential immediate impact. [Related item: UN Security Council Resolution on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in September 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
START Talks to Continue in Geneva in January: Dec. 22 State Department Briefing http://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/12/23/start-talks/
On Recommendation of First Committee, General Assembly Adopts 54 Texts, Sets Aside Four Weeks in 2012 to Hammer Out Legally Binding Arms Trade Treaty http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/ga10898.doc.htm
Commission Report Launched in Tokyo: Towards a Nuclear Weapon Free World http://www.icnnd.org/releases/091215_report.html

NanoAssociation for Natural Resources and Energy Security (NANRES) Formed
A group of nanotechnology-interested companies have formed the NanoAssociation for Natural Resources and Energy Security (NANRES), which, according to Nanowerk News, "is designed to advance the research, development, and commercialization of innovative energy and environmental-specific nanotechnologies."
Sources:
NanoAssociation for Natural Resources and Energy Security (NANRES) http://www.nanres.org/
New nanotechnology association established to address 21st century natural resource and energy security challenges http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13992.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Tunisia Sets Up Unit for Environmental Applications and Nanotechnology
In Tunisia, the National Agency of Environmental Protection (ANPE) and the Tunisian Association of Nanotechnology have set up a partnership for the creation of a unit for nanotechnology research and environmental applications of nanotechnology.
Source:
Nanotechnology for the Environment http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/?p=30787

Global Archive of Government Nanotech Documents Launched
The Center for the Study of Law, Science, & Technology at Arizona State University's Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law has launched the Nanotech Regulatory Document Archive, a global database of government documents on nanotechnology. Each document will be accompanied by an abstract. The archive will be set up as an edited wiki, and, notes Nanowerk News, “Documents for a specific jurisdiction can be accessed by clicking on a map or on a region, nation or entity.”
Sources:
Welcome to the Nanotech Regulatory Document Archive http://nanotech.law.asu.edu/
First global nanotechnology regulation database launched http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13817.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

List of Experts in Nanotechnology Ethics Published
The ObservatoryNano project has published Experts NanoEthics and Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Nanotechnology [sic], a comprehensive list of personnel in the field. According to the announcement, it "includes senior academics and consultants, experienced in nanoethics or ethical, legal and social aspects of nanotechnology from different countries in Europe and the rest of the world … [,and in] addition, a list of junior experts including PhD students and young professionals". Each entry includes complete contact information and a note on area of expertise.
Source:
Experts NanoEthics and Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Nanotechnology http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/document/2918/

Scientists Object to Generalized Nano-Hazard Statements
A group of distinguished scientists in the nanotechnology field have published an open letter in Nanotoxicology in order "to draw the attention of the nanotoxicology community to how the term 'nanoparticles' is being somewhat indiscriminately used, especially in the titles of scientific papers and in statements to the press." Their objection takes as an example "a recent paper that linked nanoparticles in the most general sense to seven very serious cases of occupational lung and pleural injury occurring in China. The exposures were not characterized, but histological assessment of lung biopsies and pleural fluid indicated the presence of nanoparticles with an unidentified origin or chemistry. Despite a lack of information on the nature of the nanoparticles, the research was published under the title ‘Exposure to nanoparticles is related to pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis and granuloma’ ". The panel strongly cautions all involved in communication of nanotech issues to consider the present uncertainties in the study of nanotech pathogenesis, to be precise in stating the technical bases and limitations of studies, and not to make such generalized statements as in the title cited above.
Source:
Nanoparticles – one word: A multiplicity of different hazards http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.3109/17435390903337701

UK Defra Committee Report on Nanosilver
The Advisory Committee On Hazardous Substances of the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has issued its report on nanosilver. The paper (7 pp, with references) states that it reviews information and studies on the environmental exposure and effects of nanoparticulate silver, comments on known or predicted environmental exposure levels and whether these present a human health or environmental risk, and considers what action should be taken to further develop understanding in this area. It does not comment on risk management issues because of insufficient information and because those are the responsibility of the relevant policy and regulatory bodies.
Source:
Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances Report on Nanosilver http://www.nanoforum.org/dateien/temp/achs-report-nanosilver.pdf?20112009112655

"Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology"
Topics covered in this ten-chapter book include: The properties, preparation and applications of nanomaterials; Characterization and analysis of manufactured nanoparticles; The fate and behaviour of nanomaterials in aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments; Ecotoxicology and human toxicology of manufactured nanoparticles; Occupational health and exposure of nanomaterials; and Risk assessment and global regulatory and policy responses.
Source:
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=1083599&t=d&cat_id=

December 2009 Nano Magazine Features Nanotech Applications and the Military
Most of the December issue of the UK's Nano Magazine is devoted to articles on various aspects of the military use of nanotechnology.
Source:
NANO Magazine, issue 15, Published December 2009 http://www.nanomagazine.co.uk/read.php?i=121

OECD Publishes Nanomaterials Roadmap and Information Gathering Analyses
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has published Manufactured Nanomaterials: Roadmap for Activities During 2009 and 2010, which, according to Nanowerk News, "presents a brief description of the ways in which the Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) contributes to the overall objectives of the Environment, Health and Safety Programme (EHS), and the OECD as a whole." It has also issued Analysis of Information Gathering Initiatives on Manufactured Nanomaterials, which specifies a desirable set of information elements, and considerations and recommendations for countries planning such an activity, and summarizes existing efforts in seven countries.
Military Implications:
Military personnel involved in nanotech risk assessment should review these publications for useful ideas.
Sources:
OECD Nanomaterials Roadmap http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00004E1A/$FILE/JT03269258.PDF
OECD Information Gathering Analyses http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00006F1E/$FILE/JT03274953.PDF
OECD publishes manufactured nanomaterials roadmap 2010 http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13990.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

New On-line Nanotech Information Service
Knovel, an online technical information company, has announced availability of subscriptions to its Nanotechnology collection, with content focused on nanoscale materials, nanostructure-dependent properties and phenomena data as well as fabrication and manufacturing techniques. It includes a section on Environmental Nanotechnology and Environmental Safety.
Source:
Knovel Launches Nanotechnology Collection http://why.knovel.com/company/press/345-knovel-launches-nanotechnology-collection-.html

Industry Silver Nanotech Group Opposes "New Material" Designation
The Silver Nanotechnology Working Group (SNWG) has released the content of a presentation it made to EPA's Scientific Advisory Panel on the topic of "Evaluation of Hazard and Exposure Associated with Nanosilver and Other Nanometal Oxide Pesticide Products". In it, the group stated that EPA has safely and successfully regulated these products for decades, and that "calls for treatment of nanosilver as a new material requiring development of expensive new test regimes and discriminatory regulatory consideration are difficult to justify."
Source:
Silver Nanotechnology Working Group: EPA Has Safely Regulated Nanosilver for Decades http://www.silverinstitute.org/snwg.php

Green Nano: Challenges of Sustainability Conference to Be Held in Germany
The Green Nano: Challenges of Sustainability - Saving Resources & Protecting Life conference will be held 26 - 27 January 2010 at DECHEMA-House, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The program will include 21 talks, and poster presentations.
Source:
Green Nano: Challenges of Sustainability. Frankfurt am Main, 26 - 27 January 2010 http://www.processnet.org/en/cnt10.html

State of the World 2010 Calls for a New Paradigm in Addressing Security
Worldwatch Institute’s annual report State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures; From Consumerism to Sustainability is a comprehensive assessment of the strategies and measures necessary for improving humanity’s prospects by switching away from consumerism-based patterns. Concerning security, the report argues that as “it will become increasingly clear that the biggest threats to national security are not foreign armies or terrorist groups but the weakened state of the planet,” there will be important changes to the security and legal systems, including new concepts such as “Earth jurisprudence,” while a more balanced military-to-climate budget would “do more to protect people than the largest nuclear arsenal ever could, and in the process it will create additional economic opportunities and new openings to improve diplomatic relations between countries.” The recommendations include, inter alia, the establishment of global political institutions for guaranteeing security, and increasing use of environmental restoration, diplomacy, and cooperation for addressing conflict.
Source:
State of the World 2010. Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability http://blogs.worldwatch.org/transformingcultures/contents/

Summary of European Battery Regulations Released
The environmental consulting firm Enhesa has published its 2009 Batteries Report, with a detailed comparative analysis of the regulatory requirements, including take-back and disposal, in nine European countries compared to the EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC.
Sources:
Enhesa Releases Battery Report 2009 Will Santa Claus break the law? The European Batteries Directive http://www.enhesa.com/en/docs/PressRelease_Enhesa_Batteries_final_200912.pdf
Enhesa Batteries Report 2009 http://www.enhesa.com/en/service/docs/Enhesa_Batteries_Report_2009.pdf

Water Treatment Technologies for the Removal of High-Toxicity Pollutants
“Water Treatment Technologies for the Removal of High-Toxity Pollutants,” part of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, presents the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop with the same name, held September 13–17, 2008 in Košice, Slovak Republic. It is an overview of problems related to high toxicity pollutants in the environment, especially in drinking waters, some technologies for water treatment, as well as policy aspects for increasing environmental security.
Source:
Water Treatment Technologies for the Removal of High-Toxity Pollutants http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-90-481-3495-3?sa_campaign=email/NBA

China and U.S. Announce Climate Change Goals
China announced it will reduce carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45% of 2005 levels, by 2020. The U.S. announced its goal of reducing its emissions by 17% (regardless of emissions per unit of GDP) during this period, matching legislation passed by the U.S. House of Representatives. Both President Obama and Premier Wen will attend the Climate Change conference in Copenhagen in December along with more than 85 heads of state and government (confirmed as of November 30, 2009.) Premier Wen Jiabao has also hosted a group from developing countries including India and Brazil to create a technology transfer position from richer countries in exchange for developing countries’ mitigation efforts.
Sources:
China announces carbon reduction targets http://english.cctv.com/program/bizchina/20091126/104112.shtml
President to Attend Copenhagen Climate Talks http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-attend-copenhagen-climate-talks
Big Developing Countries Form Climate Change Front http://planetark.org/wen/55688

Changes to War Crimes Proposed for the International Criminal Court
The 8th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court discussed proposals to amend the Rome Statute. Belgium proposed modifying Article 8 to cover use of certain weapons (chemicals, gases, and certain bullets) for international and non-international conflict situations and expanding the list of war crimes to include use of chemical, biological, and some conventional weapons, and anti-personnel mines. These proposals are considered relatively non-controversial so as not to deter non-parties from ratifying the Rome Statute and to be consistent with other multilateral agreements in force and with international customary law. Mexico proposed adding the employment or the threat to employ nuclear weapons to article 8. The Netherlands proposed inclusion of Crime of Terrorism under Article 5: Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. The first Review Conference on the Rome Statute will be held May 31-June 11, 2010, in Kampala, Uganda.
Sources:
Report of the Bureau on the Review Conference; Addendum. ICC-ASP/8/43/Add.1, 10 Nov., 2009 http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP8/ICC-ASP-8-43-Add.1-ENG.pdf
Report of the Bureau on the Review Conference. ICC-ASP/8/43, 15 November 2009 http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP8/ICC-ASP-8-43-ENG.pdf

Increased Calls for Banning Nonlethal Riot-control Agents
Should advances in non-lethal riot control agents be considered in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)? Currently, the Chemical Weapons Convention and its enforcement mechanisms do not apply to non-lethal riot control agents, incapacitants, and certain munitions containing chemical agents. The nature of the global chemical industry and chemical warfare materials are evolving outside international regulations. A report, Dangerous Ambiguities: Regulation of Riot Control Agents and Incapacitants under the Chemical Weapons Convention by Michael Crowley of the University of Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project documents these problems. It notes that the danger of “misuse of riot control agents by law enforcement officials, military personnel and private military company employees” grows exponentially as research on these agents proliferates around the world. The report recommends that the next (third) CWC review conference, scheduled for 2013, considers clarifying ambiguities that undermine effective enforcement of the Convention with regard to such weapons and, in the meantime, adopt a moratorium on weaponization of incapacitants. Some states, led by Switzerland, show an increased interest in discussing a legal framework for incapacitants. [Related item: Eleventh Chemical Weapons Convention in December 2006 environmental security report]
Sources:
Danger of "Nonlethal" Agents Grows Amid States' Inaction, Report Says http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20091106_8443.php
Dangerous Ambiguities: Regulation of Riot Control Agents and Incapacitants under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Michael Crowley, 2009 http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/nlw/publications/BNLWRPDangerous1.pdf

New Technique Helps Reduce Nanoparticle Wastewater Pollution
Scientists at the UK’s Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have discovered that coating nanoparticles with a surfactant causes them to clump together and form a removable solid sludge when they appear in wastewater as a result of their use (now widespread) in commercial products, enabling them to be cleared from treatment plant effluent streams.
Source:
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. New discovery may help manage nanoparticle wastes from consumer products
http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/press/Managenanoparticlewastesfromconsumerproducts.asp

Evaporation Provides Power in New Desalination System
Saltworks Technologies in Vancouver, BC, Canada claims to have developed a desalination technology that uses up to 80% less energy than current commercial processes, according to the originators. The method depends on using heat in the environment to evaporate salty water to a high degree of concentration, and then setting up an “ionic current” which removes the Na and Cl components. The result, according to the developers, is a system that needs only enough external energy to drive its pumps.
Sources:
Saltworks Technologies Company http://www.saltworkstech.com
Breakthrough in Energy Efficient Desalination Technology http://www.globe-net.com/green_tech/listing.cfm?ID_Report=1856
A fresh way to take the salt out of seawater http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14743791

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
New Tool for Reducing Carbon Emissions from Building Construction Projects
The Rocky Mountain Institute has released a new on-line computational tool, Green Footstep, which provides the design targets required to achieve carbon neutrality, net zero site energy, and other environmental objectives for a building construction project. It is based on information input about the location and other characteristics of the building, and the local ecosystem. The Green Footstep will produce a carbon emissions performance report for all phases of the work.
Source:
Green Footstep http://greenfootstep.org

Quantum Dots Offer New Possibilities for Energy from Waste Heat
Peter Hagelstein, an associate professor of electrical engineering at MIT, and associates have published a paper setting forth new results that promise major improvements in devices for converting waste heat into electrical energy, offering both high efficiency and high throughput power. Additional technological development will be needed, but MTPV Corp. of Boston is working on exploitation of these ideas.
Sources:
Better way to harness waste heat with quantum dot devices http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13604.php
Quantum-coupled single-electron thermal to electric conversion scheme http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JAPIAU000106000009094315000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes

Software Standards to Connect Data Globally
Denis Havlik of the Austrian Institute of Technology is coordinating an EU FP6 project, Sensors Anywhere (SANY), which embodies the technical capability to allow the free exchange and use of environmental monitoring data regardless of its source. SANY allows a user to search for and retrieve raw or processed environmental data using standardized methods and to receive it in a standard format set out by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGS).
In another project with a related goal, the University of New Mexico, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and associated institutions worldwide are beginning work on establishing DataONE, a global data access and preservation network "for organizing and providing large amounts of highly diverse and interrelated but often incompatible scientific data", according to ORNL's Robert Cook.
Sources:
SANY Project http://sany-ip.eu/
Open shop for environmental data http://www.physorg.com/news177671377.html
DataONE http://dataone.org
DataONE helping scientists deal with data deluge http://www.physorg.com/news177765736.html

New Decisions Adopted for Strengthening the Montreal Protocol
The 21st meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP21), held in Port Ghalib, Egypt, November 4-8, 2009, adopted 30 decisions, including examining alternatives to hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), environmentally sound management of banks of the ozone depleting substance methyl bromide; and data and compliance issues. A North American proposal on phasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) was withdrawn after China, India, and several Arab countries disagreed with discussing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. [Related item: Powerful Greenhouse Gas HFCs Might be banned under the Montreal Protocol in the August 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Documents of the 21st Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, 4-8 November, 2009 http://ozone.unep.org/Meeting_Documents/mop/21mop/index.shtml
Twenty-first meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer http://www.iisd.ca/ozone/mop21/

UNECE Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change
The fifth meeting of the parties to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) was held November 10-12, 2009 in Geneva. It adopted the Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change to help address the impacts of climate change on transboundary freshwater. The Guidance provides an overview of multilateral agreements related to water issues, and an interdisciplinary methodology on how to develop and implement an adaptation strategy in a transboundary context, as well as recommendations to decisionmakers and water managers on how to assess impacts of climate change on water quantity and quality, perform risk and vulnerability assessments, and design and implement appropriate adaptation strategies. It also contains about 40 case studies. [Related item: Draft European Transboundary Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change in September 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2009/Wat/mp_wat/ECE_MP.WAT_30_E.pdf

International Gene Synthesis Consortium Created for Increasing Biosecurity
Five companies that represent about 80% of global gene synthesis capacity have formed the International Gene Synthesis Consortium for increasing the security of their products, preventing misuse of gene synthesis technology, and helping to prevent bioterrorism and the use of manufactured DNA sequences in producing lethal disease agents. The Consortium’s “Harmonized Screening Protocol for Gene Sequence & Customer Screening to Promote Biosecurity” creates a framework for safe use of synthetic genes covering aspects related to: screening of transactions and customers, record keeping, and regulatory compliance. In the meantime, the International Association of Synthetic Biology finalized the Code of Conduct for Best Practices in Gene Synthesis, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) held a ‘Symposium on Future Challenges of International Law: The Way Forward in Patenting Biotechnology’ on November 25, 2009, to address the challenging interface between biotechnology, intellectual property rights, and international trade (the outcomes were not yet available at the time of this writing.) [Related item: Synthetic Gene Ordering Security Screening Up for Discussion in September 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
World’s Top Gene Synthesis Companies Establish Tough Biosecurity Screening Protocol http://www.genesynthesisconsortium.org/November_19.html
Gene Synthesis Companies Pledge to Foil Bioterrorists http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/gene-synthesis.html
Code of Conduct for Best Practices in Gene Synthesis http://www.ia-sb.eu/go/synthetic-biology/activities/press-area/press-information/code-of-conduct-for-best-practices-in-gene-synthesis/
Symposium on Future Challenges of International Law: the Way Forward in Patenting Biotechnology http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2009/wipo_ls_biot_ge_09/

UK and US Legislators Review Geoengineering Proposals
The US House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology held a hearing to examine the scientific, engineering, ethical, economic, and governance aspects of geoengineering and intends to hold two or three more. The UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee has plans for studying whether geoengineering would require new national or international regulations. The two groups plan a partnership, holding parallel hearings and sharing materials when they are publicly available. [Related item: London Convention Might be Expanded to Include Ocean-based Geoengineering in November 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Geoengineering Gets a Hearing in Congress -- and in the U.K., Too http://industry.bnet.com/energy/10002452/geoengineering-gets-a-congressional-hearing-and-the-uk-too/
Geoengineering: Assessing the Implications of Large-Scale Climate Intervention http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?newsid=2668
Ken Caldeira Testifies to Congress on Geoengineering http://www.ciw.edu/news/ken_caldeira_testifies_congress_geoengineering

EPA Issues New Regulations on Water Pollution from Construction
The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a final rule to be phased in over four years to help reduce water pollution from construction sites. Builders must use best management practices to ensure that construction activity does not pollute nearby bodies of water; and, for larger projects, they must also monitor discharges and ensure they comply with specific limits. [Related item: Fiber Check Dams with Chemicals Control Polluting Construction Runoff in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Construction and Development. Final Effluent Guidelines http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/guide/construction
EPA Issues Rule to Reduce Water Pollution from Construction Sites http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/3881d73f4d4aaa0b85257359003f5348/46b167e60dac2c2185257677005bf4fa!OpenDocument

Ultrathin Solar Panels Could End Up On the EU list of Hazardous Materials, Due to Cadmium Content
The ultrathin photovoltaic panels, favored over the conventional crystalline models because they are more versatile, contain cadmium telluride for converting light to electricity. Since cadmium is banned from most products in Europe, rather than amending the law, the EU is expected to propose a way of pressuring solar companies to come up with alternatives to cadmium telluride, e.g., by requiring them to apply for four-year, renewable grace periods. A French government report concluded that risks to human health from cadmium exposure during normal operation of the panels were negligible. One of the largest U.S. panel manufacturers has set up a voluntary system that would be funded in advance to recycle and reuse 95% of the cadmium and tellurium in its modules sold worldwide. [Related items: RoHS Closer to Deadline in May 2006 and UN E-Waste Forum and Basel Convention’s Conference of Parties in December 2006 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Balancing energy needs and material hazards http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/business/energy-environment/09iht-green09.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Global mean warming might reach 7°C (12.6°F) by the end of the century, without drastic mitigation efforts, estimate scientists contributing to the IPCC AR5, due in 2013. The Copenhagen Diagnosis is “an interim scientific evaluation” prepared for the December climate Summit. Similarly, the Global Carbon Project warns that unless urgent actions are taken to reduce CO2 emissions, global temperatures are on course to rise by about 6°C by the end of the century. They estimate that emissions rose by 29% between 2000 and 2008, and suggest that in order to limit global temperature rise to 2°C, average carbon emissions per capita for goods and services should be reduced to 0.3 metric tons by 2050, from 1.3 metric tons now.
The 2008 Greenhouse Gas Bulletin by the World Meteorological Organization also reveals that the global trend of rising atmospheric global greenhouse gases (GHG) continues. Globally, the averaged mixing ratios of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2008; and, while some halocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are decreasing slowly as a result of the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, concentrations of their substitutes, such as HCFCs and HFCs, are increasing rapidly. Simultaneously, the first comprehensive study accounting for oceans’ intake of CO2 over the past 250 years reveals that since 2000, as the oceans’ acidity increases, their carbon-sequestration capacity is declining. Therefore, “we cannot count on these sinks operating in the future as they have in the past, and keep on subsidizing our ever-growing appetite for fossil fuels,” says lead author, oceanographer Samar Khatiwala, from Columbia University. A recent assessment financed by the Global Environment Facility indicates that 61 of the world’s 64 large marine ecosystems experienced a significant increase in sea surface temperatures in the last 25 years.

Food and Water Security
Food Security and Agricultural Mitigation in Developing Countries: Options for Capturing Synergies, released by FAO prior to the World Summit on Food Security, says that 70% of agriculture’s mitigation potential can be realized in developing countries. The report highlights the importance of considering food security, agricultural mitigation, adaptation, and development in global agendas and national strategies for addressing climate change, and it stresses the need for reaching global consensus on measurable, reportable, and verifiable requirements. Agriculture adaptability was also the main theme of the World Summit on Food Security held at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, November16-18, 2009. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon underlined that “there can be no food security without climate security.” The Summit adopted a Declaration that outlines strategic objectives, commitments and actions, and establishes the Five Rome Principles for Sustainable Global Food Security.
The World Bank report Agricultural Development Under a Changing Climate: Opportunities and Challenges for Adaptation, focuses on rural development in the context of climate risk management and adaptation, particularly on issues of seasonal climate forecasting, water management in rain-fed and irrigated production systems, sustainable land management, crop and livestock breeding, crop genetic diversity, seed systems, pests, and urban and peri-urban agriculture.
The FAO policy brief Climate Change and Food Security in the Pacific warns that climate change will have serious impacts on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the Pacific islands, leading to increased food insecurity and malnutrition. Considering climate change as a “threat multiplier” in a region that is already under severe ecological and economic stress, FAO urged governments and donors to start implementing robust and action-oriented climate change adaptation plans for all Pacific islands.
Aaron Wolf, Program Director in Water Conflict Management and Transformation at Oregon State University, said that the source of potential tensions and conflicts over water is not scarcity but poor capacity to deal with changes in the water basin. He gives as examples some regions that had organizations to oversee shared river basins; including those formed by India and Pakistan, and by Israel and its Arab neighbors, which had remained intact for decades.
Colin Chartres, Director General of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CIGAR) warned that countries depending on snowmelt could expect water levels to drop by up to 30%. He underscored the need for investments amounting to $270 billion in drinking and irrigation infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and India. Along the same lines, the UNEP report, Fresh Water Under Threat, Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Environmental Change, Africa, calls for urgent adaptation measures to combat scientific and technical deficiencies, poor governance and management structures, pollution of water resources, and industrialization and urbanization.

Health
The World Health Organization is increasingly publishing articles that highlight the link between environmental conditions and health, such as the need to examine the spatial distribution of vector-borne diseases in relation to climate change, and design strategies that would help mitigate climate change while also improving human health. The Feeling the Heat report by Save the Children notes that climate change is the 21st century’s biggest global health threat to children, with impacts including: over 900 million children in the next generation to be affected by water shortages; 160 million more children to be at risk of catching malaria; and 175 million children a year to suffer the consequences of natural disasters such as cyclones, droughts, and floods by 2030. It warns that 250,000 children could die next year due to climate change (a figure that could reach 1 million by 2030).

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
The interim scientific report, The Copenhagen Diagnosis reveals: summer-time melting of Arctic sea ice surpassed by about 40% the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s forecasts for the period 2007–2009, Greenland and Antarctic ice-sheets are losing mass at an increasing rate, and glaciers and ice-cap melting accelerated in most parts of the world since 1990. Similarly, an analysis of data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Grace) mission reveals that the East Antarctic ice sheet, thought to be stable, has been losing 57 billion metric tons per year since 2006.

Rising Sea Levels
Sea-level rise might reach 2 meters by 2100, say the new estimates by the interim scientific report The Copenhagen Diagnosis. It notes that global average sea-level rise was 3.4 mm/year over the past 15 years, 80% above the IPCC forecasts, but consistent with an accelerating melting of glaciers, ice caps, and the Greenland and West-Antarctic ice-sheets. The report also underlines that sea level will continue to rise over the next few centuries after global temperature have been stabilized.

Migration
Nearly 10% of the world’s population––500 million to 600 million people––are at risk from displacement by climate change, and up to 150 million “climate refugees” might move to other countries by 2050, predicts the report No Place Like Home by the Environmental Justice Foundation. Some countries––Tuvalu, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, the Marshall Islands, the Maldives and some of the Lesser Antilles––are in danger of losing a significant part of their land in the next 50 years, while others could see large movements of people: Bangladesh, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Somalia, Yemen, Ethiopia, Chad, and Rwanda.
In an address to the Third Meeting of the Global Forum on Migration and Development held November 4th, in Athens, Greece, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, identified climate change along with human trafficking and economic crisis as a cause of international migration, , therefore emphasizing that protection of vulnerable communities should be a priority of adaptation efforts.

Adaptation
The UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat (UNISDR) 2010-2011 Biennial Work Programme: Invest Today for a Safer Tomorrow includes four strategic objectives: 1) accelerate the promotion of national coordination mechanisms for disaster risk reduction with the goal of including climate change concerns; 2) participate in UNFCCC processes; 3) promote joint adaptation and risk reduction measures in countries; and 4) increase global inter-agency coordination on risk analysis and risk reduction, as a tool for climate change adaptation. While the current strategic overview is for two years, the vision, targets, and strategic directions are forward looking to 2015. Key expected outcomes include improved knowledge, strategies, and political and financial commitments, as well as better coherence and coordination among international and regional actors to address climate-related risks.
In partnership with the IPCC, UNISDR is working on a special report, Managing the Risk of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, to be released in 2011, representing the first global scientific effort to examine the linkages between disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change.
A Declaration of ‘climate vulnerable’ States demands that the Copenhagen outcome document include adaptation finance mechanisms to address the needs of the most vulnerable countries, amounting to at least 1.5% of developed countries' GDP (in addition to the 0.7% for overseas development assistance) annually by 2015 to assist developing countries to make their transition to a climate-resilient economy and to address the health, human rights, and security implications of climate change, including communities’ relocation and a legal framework to protect climate refugees. A follow-up Climate Vulnerable States Forum will be held in Kiribati in 2010.
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers; Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature assesses reasons and methods for measuring the value of ecosystems and includes a series of recommendations for improving decisions. It highlights that the ratio of benefits to costs for ecosystem protection ranges between 25-to-1 and 100-to-1. For example, expanding marine protection from less than 1% to 30% would cost about $40-50 billion per year, whereas the annual benefit would be about $4-5 trillion. “Recognizing and rewarding the value delivered to society by the natural environment must become a policy priority,” said The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity study leader, Pavan Sukhdev.
The EU estimates that €100 billion ($150 billion) a year by 2020 would cost-effectively address climate change. It estimates it would cost about €7 billion ($10.5 billion) a year for the first three years to “fast-track” funding in the developing world. There is no agreement on who should pay what and if the contributions should be voluntary or mandatory, or linked to the “polluter pays” principle. Chancellor Angela Merkel reportedly said that the European and the U.S. shares should be around one-third each.
The State of World Population 2009 report by the UN Population Fund focuses on the impacts of climate change on the most vulnerable - and poor women specifically. The report argues that the fight against climate change is more likely to be successful if decisions take into account the needs, rights, and potential of women.

Climate Modeling
A newly revised NASA model trying to address the complexities of atmospheric chemistry, suggests that some greenhouse gases have considerably stronger warming effects than previously estimated. When the hydroxyl-consuming effect is factored in, methane’s planet-warming potential is about 28 times more than that of CO2 (compared to 25 times shown by previous studies), while carbon monoxide’s greenhouse warming potential rises from 2.2 times to 3.3 times that of CO2. It further finds that their greenhouse effect increases even further if their inhibiting influence on the formation of planet-cooling clouds is incorporated into the model. The new finding, published in the October 29 Science, reveals the difficulty of making long-term climate predictions under various emissions scenarios. However, the model can help policymakers better assess the potential climatic effects of specific types of emissions and design reduction targets accordingly.
Recent discoveries reveal that it took only six months to plunge Europe into the last ice age. The research, conducted by William Patterson from the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, using mud deposits from Lough Monreagh lake in western Ireland, shows that 12,800 years ago, most probably due to a sudden slowdown of the Gulf Stream, the northern hemisphere was plunged into a mini-ice age that lasted for 1,300 years. Professor Tim Lenton from the University of East Anglia notes, “In the period from 65,000 to 10,000 years ago there were periods of abrupt warming and cooling roughly every 1,500 years, when the temperature in Greenland might fall or rise by 10°C (18°F) in a decade.”

Sodium Cholate Found to Be Safe Surfactant for Carbon Nanotubes
Prof. Lifeng Dong and associates at Missouri State University, Springfield MO, have shown that sodium cholate is an environmentally friendly surfactant for the purification and dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes, not affecting cell morphology, proliferation, or growth.
Source:
Cytotoxicity Effects of Different Surfactant Molecules Conjugated to Carbon Nanotubes on Human Astrocytoma Cells http://www.springerlink.com/content/g5x542181j646494/

OECD to Release Guidance for Manufactured Nanomaterials Testing
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development plans to publish in the next month or so new draft guidance on the preparation of samples used for safety testing of manufactured nanomaterials. According to the Bureau of National Affairs, an OECD official stated that using traditional bulk chemical test methods with nanomaterials can lead to unexpected results and, “Materials tend to agglomerate or will attach themselves to other things that are in the [test] medium. So there is always the possibility that people are not testing the thing that they thought they were testing,” He also announced that OECD will be explaining human health and environmental safety aspects of nanotechnology at a series of regional meetings. “We will be explaining the kind of work we've been doing and the kind of guidance documents that we've developed,” he said. The first such event will be Nov. 27 in Beijing, for the Asia-Pacific region.
Source:
OECD to Release Preliminary Guidance For Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials
http://ehscenter.bna.com/pic2/ehs.nsf/id/BNAP-7XGFWX?OpenDocument

European Consumer Organizations Call for Better Nano Regulation
Two European consumer organizations – the European Consumers' Organisation (BEUC) and the European consumer voice in standardization (ANEC) – have issued a preliminary inventory of products on the EU market that contain nanomaterials. Its launch was accompanied by a series of demands from the organizations for better European regulation of nanotechnology.
Source:
EU consumer bodies launch nanotechnology consumer product inventory http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13465.php

New Centre for Nano Safety Established in Scotland
Edinburgh Napier University has set up a new Centre for Nano Safety as "a multi-disc[i]plinary centre addressing the potential human and environmental effects of nanomaterials, incorporating human and environmental toxicology as well as microbiology."
Sources:
New nanomaterials safety research center launched in the UK http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13489.php
Centre for Nano Safety http://www.napier.ac.uk/RANDKT/RKTCENTRES/NANOSAFETY/Pages/CentreforNanoSafety.aspx

Petition Filed for EPA to Regulate Nanosilver
The International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA) and a coalition of consumer, health, and environmental groups has filed a petition with EPA, requesting that it regulate all nanosilver products as pesticides and ban all consumer products containing nanosilver, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. The action is being interpreted as a first step in a campaign for more intensive evaluation and possible regulation of nanoproducts.
Sources:
Demands for Regulation of NanoSilver – The First Battle for the Industry’s Future? Vol. 6/3 http://www.nanolabweb.com/index.cfm/action/main.default.viewArticle/articleID/300/CFID/2812526/CFTOKEN/41767117/index.html (Abstract; full article by subscription)
Legal Petition Challenges EPA’s Failure to Regulate Environmental and Health Threats from Nano-Silver. Executive Summary http://www.icta.org/nanoaction/doc/CTA_nano-silver_executive_summary_5_1_08.pdf

NIEHS Awards 13 Grants for Nanomaterials Assessment Methods
The NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences has awarded 13 new two-year grants to develop better methods to assess exposure and health effects associated with nanomaterials. According to Nanowerk News, the grants, "focus on ensuring that we have reliable and reproducible methods and models to assess exposure, exposure metrics, and biological response to nanomaterials", and the "research is also essential for the harmonization of research results and forming a scientifically sound basis for hazard assessment, as well as the safe design and development of [engineered nanomaterials]".
Sources:
NIEHS grants to focus more research on health and safety of nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13626.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29
NIEHS Awards Recovery Act Funds to Focus More Research on Health and Safety of Nanomaterials http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/releases/2009/nanotech.cfm

Australian Group Releases Two Workplace Nanosafety Reports
Safe Work Australia has announced the release of two research reports on engineered nanomaterials, Engineered Nanomaterials: Evidence on the effectiveness of workplace controls to prevent exposure, prepared by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and Engineered nanomaterials: A review of the toxicology and health hazards, researched by Toxikos Pty Ltd..
Sources:
Safe Work Australia releases two new reports for its Nanotechnology Occupational Health and Safety Program
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13469.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nanowerk%2FagWB+%28Nanowerk+Nanotechnology+News%29

Lack of Standards for Engineered Nanoparticles in European Surface Waters
As reported by Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, a recent article in the Journal of Environmental Monitoring "concludes that it is impossible to set limit values for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in European surface waters now and in the foreseeable future…due to the extensive lack of knowledge not only of toxic effects, degradability, and bioaccumulation of ENPs in the aquatic environment, but also due to the questionable validity of test systems and methods to establish environmental quality standards" and goes on to explain the role of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) as an environmental control.
Sources:
Setting the limits for engineered nanoparticles in European surface waters – are current approaches appropriate? J. Environ. Monit., 2009, 11, 1774 - 1781, DOI: 10.1039/b909730a http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=EM&Year=2009&ManuscriptID=b909730a&Iss=10
EU Water Framework Directive—information page http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html

Questions Raised on Reliability of In Vitro Nanomaterials Toxicity Testing
In talks, one self-characterized as provocative, at the National Science and Technology Council's workshop Nanomaterials and Human Health & Instrumentation, Metrology, and Analytical Methods, Prof. David Grainger of the Univ. of Utah and Dean Martin Philbert of the University of Michigan's School of Public Health raised serious questions about the reliability of in vitro tests for toxicity of nanomaterials and advocated more whole body research, basing their criticism on the variability of in vitro tests and the lack of knowledge of nanomaterial interactions in a full biological environment.
Sources:
In vitro assessments of nanomaterial toxicity (Abstract) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL
Cell Tests Can Produce Any Desired Result about Nanomaterial Toxicity, Speaker Says http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=2270

Risk Assessment Leader Warns against "Temptations"
Dr. Kristen M. Kulinowski, Director of the International Council on Nanotechnology, has recently written an article, Temptation, Temptation, Temptation: Why Easy Answers About Nanomaterial Risk are Probably Wrong, citing three temptations that can produce misleading conclusions about nanotech risks. T 1: “Generalizing Results from One Study to All of ‘Nanotechnology’”: she suggests using the Virtual Journal of NanoEHS (http://icon.rice.edu/virtualjournal.cfm) and its accompanying analysis tool to aid in placing new results in their proper place in the developing body of risk knowledge. T 2: “Mischaracterizing the Impacts Research as Either Non-Existent or Conclusive”: The current lack of full understanding of the nanomaterial/biosphere interaction makes difficult the evaluation of results. T 3: “Basing Risk Management Decisions on Non-Nanoscale Material”: Nanomaterials may be qualitatively different.
Source:
Temptation, Temptation, Temptation: Why Easy Answers About Nanomaterial Risk are Probably Wrong http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleId=2448

Conference on the Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology
Presentations from the OECD Conference on the Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology are now available. According to Nanowerk News, "...the conference explored the environmental profiles of emerging nanoscale innovation with the goal of encouraging development of technologies that can result in environmental gain while addressing unintended consequences."
Source:
Presentations from the OECD Conference on the Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13420.php

Possibly Unfounded Concern over Nanoparticle Cell Damage Study
Gevdeep Bhabra, et al., contend in Nature Nanotechnology that cobalt-chromium nanoparticles damage DNA across cell boundaries. Other experts in the field are upset over wide and alarmist publicity being given to this new study. Critics say it is seriously flawed. The study claims that cells in the farthest layer of a four-layer cellular barrier were damaged by cobalt-chromium particles introduced into the nearest layer. These critics point out that the particle concentration was thousands of times higher than could be expected to occur in the human body, and the particle size was not limited to the nano range.
Sources:
Nanoparticles can cause DNA damage across a cellular barrier http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2009.313.html
Experts Criticize Nanoparticle Study http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1106/1

FramingNano Conference to Present Nanotech Governance Framework
The Final International Conference of the FramingNano FP7 project will take place December 15, 2009 at the Sheraton Brussels Airport Hotel. The Governance Plan developed within the Project will be discussed, in preparation for its presentation to the European Commission (EC) as a model of management to be followed by European policy makers and stakeholders. Its aim is described as, "to ensure that the development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies takes place responsibly, and to the benefit of individuals and society as a whole."
Sources:
A new governance framework for nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13435.php
A New Governance Framework for Nanotechnologies http://www.framingnano.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=39&Itemid=63
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies: An action plan for Europe 2005-2009. Second Implementation Report 2007-2009 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0607:FIN:EN:PDF

Reports and Information Suggested for Review
Climate Change Threats Increasingly Top Security Agendas
The first study assessing quantitative links between climate change and the risk of civil war found that in sub-Saharan Africa, between 1980 and 2002, the incidence of conflicts across the continent rose by nearly 50% with a 1°C temperature increase in a given year. Using these assumptions and 20 global climate models, the researchers warn that without swift mitigation action, the incidence of African civil war could increase 55% by 2030 relative to 1990.
“If uncontrolled, climate change will have security implications of similar magnitude to the World Wars, but which will last for centuries [….] Security sector actors must not just prepare responses to the security challenges of climate change; they must also be part of the solution,” states the report Climate Change and the Military: The State of the Debate prepared by the Institute for Environmental Security and partner organizations. In this spirit, the First Statement of the Military Advisory Council of the Climate Change and the Military project calls upon governments to integrate into their respective military strategies the security implications of climate change, and on the military to reduce its own carbon “bootprint.” Climate and Energy the Dominant Challenges of the 21st Century from members of the Center for Naval Analyses Military Advisory Board states that climate and energy security threats “will dominate and shape the state of nations in the decades to come.”
Sources:
The Role of the Military in Climate Change and Security http://www.brookings.edu/events/2009/1029_climate_change_military.aspx
"Climate and Energy the Dominant Challenges of the 21st Century http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/environmental-threats
The war against warming http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0912/full/climate.2009.120.html
Climate change could boost incidence of civil war in Africa, study finds http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/11/23_africa_climate_change.shtml

European Environment Agency Draws First Map of Europe’s Noise Exposure
The European Environment Agency has launched the most comprehensive map of noise exposure, NOISE (Noise Observation and Information Service for Europe). Using database map software, map products show the numbers of people exposed to noise generated by air, rail and road traffic across Europe and in 102 large urban agglomerations. NOISE is expected to help enforce the Environmental Noise Directive adopted in 2002 and to reduce human noise exposure.
Source:
EEA draws the first map of Europe's noise exposure http://www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/eea-draws-the-first-map-of-europe2019s-noise-exposure

Consumer’s Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste
The booklet “Consumer’s Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste” describes how individual consumers can help alleviate modern society’s mounting solid waste problem by making environmentally aware decisions about everyday needs. This booklet outlines many practical steps to reduce the amount and toxicity of solid waste.
Sources:
Consumer’s Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste http://www.epa.gov/osw/wycd/catbook/index.htm

UN Treaty on Maritime Goods Transportation Opened for Signature
The new UNCITRAL Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, known as the “Rotterdam Rules”, provides a legal framework governing the international carriage of goods by sea and industry practices. 90% of world trade travels in part by ocean transport. The Convention sets clear global rules for rights and obligations, liability and redress of all parties involved in shipping goods by sea. Adopted by the General Assembly in December 2008, the Rotterdam Rules opened for signature on September 23, 2009 and need 20 ratifications for entry into force. To date, it already has 20 signatories (including the U.S.) representing over 25% of current world trade volume.
Sources:
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea - the "Rotterdam Rules" http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/transport_goods/2008rotterdam_rules.html
Rotterdam Rules Gain Momentum as 20th State Signs http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2009/unisl133.html
The Rotterdam Rules. Wide Support by States at Signing Ceremony in Rotterdam https://www.bimco.org/Corporate%20Area/About/Press/Press_Releases/2009_09_23

East Africa to Increase Environmental Security
The East African Community (EAC) conference, ‘Peace and Security for Stability and Development,’ held in Kampala, Uganda, October 5–7, 2009 explored the issues and impacts of globalization and climatic change on the region. It recommended the creation of a regional standby force that would provide collective protection of EAC’s natural resources (land and marine), as well as the unified airspace. It would have active and reserve contingents, and would be different from the Brigades established by the African Union. The Implementation Plan for the EAC Regional Strategy for Peace and Security addresses broad human security concerns, including population growth, socio-political and economic security issues, and global warming. Along the same lines, the Annual Regional Parliamentary Forum on Environmental Security in Eastern Africa, held October 13–14, also in Uganda, discussed security implications of environmental challenges facing Africa, as well as environmental crime and its trans-boundary manageability. The recommendations to parliamentarians include initiating policy reforms and legislation, as well as establishing monitoring systems for environmental security related issues.
Sources:
EAC Peace and Security Conference. Conference Resolutions and Recommendations http://www.eac.int/component/content/315.html?task=view
Regional MPs Advocate for Climatic Change Mitigation http://allafrica.com/stories/200910160024.html
Annual Regional Parliamentary Forum on Environmental Security in Eastern Africa 13 and 14 October 2009 http://www.amaniforum.org/images/09_updates/Update%20on%20Environemtnal%20Security%20Forum.pdf

Changes to Chemicals Regulatory Systems
Asian Countries to Adapt their Chemicals Regulatory Systems to EU REACH System
China, Japan, and Korea have set the broad framework for adapting their chemicals regulatory systems to the EU REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances) system. So far, they have only introduced REACH in the top legal structure, but during 2009–2010, their governments will issue additional regulations on issues such as chemical exposure, risk assessment, classification of chemicals, and collection of hazard data. Venues used for policy coordination include: the Tripartite Environmental Ministers Meeting; the Chemical Dialogue; the UN Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management, and the Globally Harmonized System on Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. The “REACHing Asia Continued” report examines the differences between the Asian chemicals regulatory system (specifically China, Japan and Korea) and the EU REACH system and outlines national frameworks covering, inter alia: pollutant release and transfer register; import and export restrictions; occupational exposure limits and protection; and chemical restrictions in products/compositions.
Source:
Park, DaeYoung: REACHing Asia Continued (September 16, 2009) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1474504

U.S. to Revise the Toxic Substances Control Act
The overhaul of the U.S. 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) will require prioritizing tens of thousands of chemicals currently on the market. While there is agreement that the focus should be on the highest-priority chemicals based on potential health risks, the industry prefers using existing data, while environmentalists call for a risk-based standard focused on chemical regulation rather than product regulation.
Sources:
Experts debate ways to reform 1976 toxics law http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/07/07greenwire-experts-debate-ways-to-reform-1976-toxics-law-83495.html
Revisiting the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/7092/
Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/tsca.html

EU to Introduce New Environmental Index
In order to better measure progress, the EU Commission plans to develop a comprehensive index of environmental sustainability, which would include indicators on the main environmental policy and protection aspects. The index would complement the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), thus helping sustainable development policies. A pilot version of the index will be presented in 2010. The European Statistical System will also implement Environmental Accounting as a standard in macro-economic statistics, while the Commission will speed up environmental and social data generation for producing near real-time information for decision-making.
Sources:
Environment: Measuring progress in a changing world http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/1286
Brussels wants wider measure of well-being than mere GDP http://news.my.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3559371

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Multi-component Environmental Sensing System Could Help Anticipate Crises
Prof. Eyal Ben-Dor of Tel Aviv University’s Department of Geography has recently described applications of his team’s ‘Hyperspectral Remote Sensor’ concept, which combines ground-, air-, and space-based physical, chemical and optical sensors to provide advance warnings of disasters or post-event damage assessments.
Source:
Sensing disasters from space http://www.physorg.com/news175441355.html

Scanning Instrument for Chemical Agents Detection
Researchers at Queen’s University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, are developing a new sensor that has the potential to detect chemical agents within seconds. The system consists of special gel pads to collect samples from people or objects, and a scanning device (using Raman spectroscopy). Mixing the samples with nanoscale silver particles amplifies the signals of compounds, allowing detection of even very small traces of chemical agents.
Sources:
Chemical sensor to fight terrorism http://latestnews.virginmedia.com/news/tech/2009/10/05/chemical_sensor_to_fight_terrorism
Ulster scientists develop sensors for chemical agents http://kn.theiet.org/news/sep09/ulster-chem-sensors.cfm

Ultrasensitive Sensor Could Detect Bacteria in Minutes
According to an article in MIT’s Technology Review, a new sensor developed by Benjamin Miller, professor of dermatology and biomedical engineering at the University of Rochester Medical Center, and associates, could be the basis for a portable instrument that could detect bacteria in the environment in 15 minutes to two hours. The sensor is based on a folded strand of complementary DNA that unfolds upon bonding with a sensed target sequence, allowing a fluorescent molecule attached to one end of the DNA to glow. Lighthouse Biosciences in West Henrietta, New York is commercializing the technology. Other similar efforts at Northwestern University (used in a product by Nanosphere of Northbrook IL) and MIT are also briefly cited in the article.
Source:
Ultrafast DNA Nanosensor. A new type of sensor makes diagnosing infections quick and easy http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/23575/

New Method for Assessment of Fine Dust Composition
A project managed by Dr. Cord Fricke-Begemann at the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology in Aachen, Germany, has developed a new technique for analyzing by particle size the components of fine dust (< 100 nm) such as may be generated by industrial processes. According to a story in Nanowerk News, “a gas stream separates the particles into size classes before they are collected on filters. Their composition is then examined by means of laser emission spectroscopy.” Results can be obtained in less than 20 minutes.
Source:
Tracing ultra-fine dust http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12864.php#

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Algae Provide Material for New Thin and Flexible Battery
Scientists at the Ångström Laboratory at Uppsala University, Sweden, have developed a new type of battery, using algae-derived polypyrrole-coated cellulose for electrodes, separated by saline-soaked filter paper, yielding a product which, although less powerful than conventional units, is light-weight, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly to produce.
Sources:
Super-thin batteries made from paper and algae http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/September/15090902.asp
Ultrafast All-Polymer Paper-Based Batteries http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl901852h
Salt and Paper Battery May One Day Replace Lithium Batteries http://www.physorg.com/news172241467.html

Changing Temperature Changes Roof Tiles from Black to White to Save Energy
A group of recent MIT graduates have developed a material for roofing tiles that changes color from black to white as the temperature rises, reflecting the sun's heating rays, and thus saving on building cooling requirements and consequent energy demand, while still absorbing the radiation in cold weather. Nick Orf, a member of the Thermeleon team, says it is determined to pursue the project and develop it into a marketable product, but also notes that the material’s cost and durability remain to be explored.
Source:
Energy savings in black and white http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/madmec-roof.html

Progress Announced in Methane-to-Liquid Process Development
Scientists at the departments of chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Washington have announced the first observation of a metal complex (a compound consisting of a central metal atom connected to surrounding atoms or molecules) that binds methane in solution. This is an important first step in the development of a process for converting methane to a more easily transported and stored and more environmentally friendly liquid fuel.
Sources:
New clues in quest for liquid methane http://futurity.org/top-stories/new-clues-in-quest-for-liquid-methane/
Characterization of a Rhodium(I) {sigma}-Methane Complex in Solution http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;326/5952/553

Updates on Previously Identified Issues
Assessment and Potential Revision of Resolution 1540 on Preventing WMD Terrorism
The UN Security Council’s 1540 Committee conducted a three-day review meeting of Resolution 1540 (that requires states to take steps to prevent terrorists from acquiring chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons) to assess the evolution of risks and threats, and to address implementation aspects. Issues identified include: lack of capacity-building tools and criteria for evaluation, geographical gaps, and compatibility differences of national systems, as well as potential weaknesses at the international level. Some delegates argued that the resolution did not have the same power and impact as a convention, therefore legislations are not 1540-specific, and cannot be used for prosecutions. The Committee hopes to prepare a report on collaborative anti-WMD strategies by the end of 2009, said panel head, Jorge Urbina, Costa Rican ambassador to the UN. [Related item: Increased Efforts Needed to Counter the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in July-August 2008 environmental security report.]
Source:
Risks to Non-proliferation Regime Challenge Resolution 1540 to Ensure States Enact Domestic Controls over Weapons of Mass Destruction Spread to Non-State Actors
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2009/sc9757.doc.htm

First Simultaneous ExCOPs for Improving MEAs' Synergies and Coordination
As part of the UN’s effort to improve coordination, reduce overlaps, and improve enforcement of multilateral environmental agreements, the first simultaneous extraordinary meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel (control of transboundary movement of hazardous waste), Rotterdam (prior informed consent for certain hazardous chemicals), and Stockholm (on POPs) Conventions, will be held February 22-26, 2010, in Bali, Indonesia, in coordination with the UNEP 11th Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum. The Synergies Oversight Team, composed of the Executive Secretaries of the three Conventions and representatives of UNEP and FAO, is coordinating the preparation of the simultaneous ExCOPs, while also assessing synergies in a strategic and long-term perspective. In a preamble to the conference, UNEP and FAO have launched a website that presents updated information on the ExCOPs: http://excops.unep.ch. Incidentally, the Basel Convention Committee has recently released a practical guide on national reporting by parties to the Basel Convention. [Related item: UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Forum Makes Progress on Global Environmental Governance in February 2007 environmental security report.]
Source:
Simultaneous Extraordinary Meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions http://excops.unep.ch/
Basel Convention National reporting http://www.basel.int/natreporting/index.html (direct link to the Guidance Document on Improving National Reporting by Parties to the Basel Convention: http://www.basel.int/natreporting/GuidFinal-22102009.doc)

Reducing GHG Emissions Using the Montreal Protocol and other Regulatory Systems
Considering the need for “fast-action” to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avoid abrupt climate changes, international ozone negotiators suggest the use of the Montreal Protocol and similar existent international regulations, by amending them to cover greenhouse gases, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and black carbon particles and precursor gases. The subject is on the agenda of the 21st meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, to be held in Egypt, on November 4-8, 2009. Note: “fast-action” includes regulatory measures that can begin within 2–3 years, be substantially implemented in 5–10 years, and produce a climate response within decades. [Related item: Regulations Might be Needed for New Greenhouse Gases in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in CO2 emissions http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/10/19/0902568106.full.pdf+html
Climate scientists suggest revisiting the 1987 Montreal Protocol http://www.canada.com/technology/Climate%20scientists%20suggest%20revisiting%201987%20Montreal%20Protocol/2103810/story.html
Ozone protocol squares up to climate http://www.nature.com/news/2009/091028/full/4611184a.html

Belgian Senate to Consider Nuclear-Weapon Ban
A bill submitted to the Belgian Senate on October 15, 2009, is proposing a ban in Belgium on the manufacturing, fixing, sale, shipping, and possession of nuclear arms. Deliberations will take at least until May 2010. Belgium has already banned cluster and depleted uranium munitions. [Related item: UN Security Council Resolution on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in September 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Belgian Senate to Consider Nuclear-Weapon Ban http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20091016_3998.php
Bill to ban nuclear weapons reaches Belgian Senate http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9BBIE780&show_article=1
Belgian initiative to ban nuclear weapons http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NucNews/message/30249

EU Potential New Measures For Reducing CO2 Emissions
Following discussions of EU finance ministers concerning a carbon tax across the bloc to further reduce CO2 emissions and fight climate change, the European Commission will probably make the formal proposal next year. Several EU member states already have such a tax, but a bloc-wide deal might be difficult, since taxation is a matter of national sovereignty and any change requires unanimity among the 27 member states.
To further reduce emissions from transportation vehicles, the European Commission proposed emissions limits for light trucks and vans (minibuses to be exempted). The proposal restricts light trucks and vans CO2 emissions to 175 grams/kilometer driven (present EU average is around 200 grams.) This limit will be introduced gradually from 2014 to 2016, while by 2020 van makers would have to meet a 135 grams target or face fines. The draft legislation moves now to negotiations at the European Parliament and EU governments. [Related item: European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EU mulls carbon tax to fight climate change http://english.cctv.com/20091003/102119.shtml
Commission unveils van CO2 emissions standards proposal http://euobserver.com/9/28904/?rk=1
Europe Suggests Emissions Limits on Small Trucks http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/29/business/energy-environment/29vans.html?_r=1

Russia to Boost Its Space Security Program
Reportedly, participants in the Russian State Duma hearings on planetary security stated that it was time for Russia to supplement its national space program with the study of the asteroid hazard and possible ways to protect the Earth. [In March 2009 an asteroid missed Earth by 77,000 kilometers, 80% closer to the planet than our moon is. If it had hit Earth, it would have wiped out all life on 800 square kilometers. No one knew it was coming.] Asteroid-comet hazard and international legal aspects of counteracting the impact hazard were also on the agenda of the ‘Asteroid-Comet Hazard-2009’ conference held September 21-25, 2009, in St. Petersburg (proceedings to be available on November 6). NASA already has a Near-Earth Object Program Office, and Italy and Spain cooperate on NEODYS (Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site). Meantime, Roscosmos (the Russian Federal Space Agency) announced plans to design by 2012 a nuclear-powered spacecraft, to be ready for a manned mission after 2021. [Related items: Steps for an International Regime for Space Debris and Space Traffic Control System in May 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Russia Needs To Add Asteroid Hazard Study To National Space Program – Opinion (ITAR-TASS, Moscow, October 6)
International conference Asteroid-Comet Hazard – 2009 http://www.ipa.nw.ru/conference/ach2009/first_announcement.php?lang=en
Russia develops design for spaceship with nuclear engine http://en.rian.ru/science/20091028/156623290.html
Asteroid Apophis less likely to collide with Earth http://www.itwire.com/content/view/28361/1066/

EPA Warnings on Various Potential Health Hazards
The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a final Federal Register notice designating 31 areas throughout the U.S. as “nonattainment” and “unclassifiable/attainment” for the 24-hour national air quality standards for fine particulate matter, also called PM2.5. These communities will have to formulate plans for reducing fine particle pollution.
Another EPA announcement warns that high levels of PCBs can readily occur in the caulking material used in buildings built or renovated from 1950 to 1978, and that there is a continuing risk to personnel from exposure to PCBs in the material around doors and windows, and in the joints between masonry products such as brick or concrete block.
Sources:
EPA Lists Areas Violating Daily Air Pollution Requirements 31 locations not meeting 24-hour fine particle standards http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/
EPA Designates Areas as Attainment and Nonattainment for the 24-Hour PM2.5 National Air Quality Standards http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/2006standards/regs.htm#4
PCBs in Caulk in Older Buildings http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Scientists found that Arctic Ocean waters are acidifying at an unprecedented rate, as more CO2 can dissolve in cold water than warm. Research carried out in the archipelago of Svalbard revealed that seawater could reach corrosive levels within 10 years, thus jeopardizing shellfish and other life forms and livelihoods depending on it. At this rate, scientists fear that 10% of the Arctic Ocean will be corrosively acidic by 2018; 50% by 2050; and entirely by the end of the century.

Food and Water Security
The number of hungry people in the world rose to 1.02 billion this year. Varying impacts of climate change (including lower water availability, and an increase in plant and animal pests and diseases) could lead to a 30% reduction in agricultural productivity output in Africa and a 21% reduction in Asia, noted FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf, at the two-day high-level forum “How to Feed the World in 2050,” held October 12-13. About 300 experts attending the forum, debated policy, technology, and investment needs to achieve food security by 2050. FAO estimates that in order to ensure food security for over 9 billion people in 2050, investments in agriculture in developing countries should increase by about 50%, to $83 billion a year ($29 billion for India and China). Noting the challenge of feeding another 2.3 billion people by 2050 while at the same time limiting the environmental impact of the farm sector, the report Reaping the benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture by the Royal Society is calling for a £2 billion “Grand Challenge” research program on global food security including investment in genetically modified crops. The Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation report by the International Food Policy Research Institute, examining the impact of climate change on food security compared to a no-climate-change scenario, forecasts that in 2050 there will be a 90% increase in wheat prices, in the developing world calorie availability will decline relative to 2000 levels, and there will be an additional 25 million malnourished children.
The Africa Factbook 2009 by the Global Footprint Network warns that if current population and consumption trends continue, Africa’s Ecological Footprint will exceed its biocapacity within the next 20 years, with some countries, including Senegal, Kenya, and Tanzania, potentially reaching that threshold in less than five years. It notes that between 1961 and 2005, while Africa’s population grew from 287 million to 902 million people, the amount of biocapacity (food, fiber and timber resources that are renewably available) per person decreased by 67%. A World Summit on Food Security will be held at FAO headquarters in Rome, November 16-18, 2009.
In India, the four-month monsoon season ended with rains 23% below normal, causing the country’s worst drought since 1972. Food prices already skyrocketed and threaten inflation. About half of India’s 1.2 billion people depend on agriculture for their income.
The Water Governance Programme for Arab States was officially launched by the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States and the League of Arab States at the high-level Partners Meeting on Water Governance, on October 12, 2009. The Programme aims to support water management in the Arab States by integrating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. Meantime, Egyptian officials warn that the Nile Delta region is facing a double threat, due to freshwater needs which might surpass resources by 2017, and rising sea levels inundating much of the fertile Delta region, where 60% of the country’s 78 million people live. Over the past decade, the Mediterranean is been rising an average of 2 centimeters annually, says Mohamed al-Raey of Alexandria University. A one-meter sea-level rise would submerge Alexandria. Meantime, Egypt is facing disputes with the other ten Nile basin countries that are demanding bigger shares of Nile water to compensate for reduced rainfall.

Health
Health Problems Heat Up: Climate Change and the Public's Health by the Trust for America’s Health warns that climate change will make Americans more vulnerable to diseases, disasters, and heat waves. According to the report, only five states have published a strategic climate change plan that includes a public health response, including planning for health challenges and emergencies expected to develop from natural disasters, pollution, and infectious diseases as temperatures and sea levels rise. The report includes several recommendations related to setting national guidelines and measures for core public health functions and funding for climate change planning and response, and special efforts to address the impact of climate change on at-risk and vulnerable communities.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Losses from both Greenland and Antarctica have accelerated over the past seven years, shows a comprehensive continuous monitoring of the ice sheets using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, which ‘weighs’ the ice on a monthly basis. NASA geophysicist Isabella Velicogna says that “That is a big thing,” and “We should be more concerned.” Similarly, based on recent field observation, David Barber, Canada’s Research Chair in Arctic System Science at the University of Manitoba, notes that the multiyear ice covering the Arctic Ocean is almost gone.

Migration
UNDP’s Human Development Report 2009, Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development, focuses on different forms of migration. The report indicates that out of about 1 billion migrants worldwide, 740 million are intrastate, and only about a third of the transnational migrants move from a developing country to a developed one. The report notes that climate change-induced displacement is very difficult to estimate, due to many uncertain variables, and comments that estimates of 200 million to 1 billion migrants by 2050 do not take into account the adaptation and mitigation measures, while environment-related migration is directly dependent on livelihood opportunities and public policy responses combined.
The UN Special Rapporteur on adequate housing, Raquel Rolnik, reiterated the need for some legal framework for environmental refugees, to ensure that people affected by climate change are treated with dignity, offered appropriate housing and livelihoods, and social organizations of those affected are protected.

Adaptation
The Consultative Meeting of Parliamentarians from Central Africa, held October 17 in Chad, recognized the synergies between disaster risk reduction and adaptation, and concluded that disaster risk reduction measures should be a main adaptation tool to the effects of climate change that are already affecting many African countries. The Chair of the African Parliamentarian initiative on Climate Risk Reduction called for a common African position that would link climate change adaptation to disaster risk reduction. Participants to the Southern African Development Community annual emergency preparedness and response workshop held in Johannesburg, South Africa, also pledged to strengthen their ability to respond to natural disasters and reduce risks on their populations. The SADC Secretariat will set up a regional disaster risk reduction unit that will provide leadership and coordination for early warning and disaster risk reduction to SADC member States. At the World Forum on Sustainable Development held October 9-11, 2009, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, under the theme “Climate Change: What Opportunities for Sustainable Development?” African leaders emphasized that climate change adaptation policies and development strategies in the region should be integrated. They also called for the acceleration of the creation of a department for African environmental programs at the African Bank of Development, with a special fund to be contributed mainly by the developed countries. It was also decided that Africa speaks with one voice at the Copenhagen climate summit, including the demand for a compensation to be paid by major polluters, estimated at $65 billion dollars.
Managing our coastal zone in a changing climate: the time to act is now, a report by the Australian House of Representatives Climate Change, Water, Environment and the Arts Committee, is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of climate change on Australia. The report highlights the importance if the issue since 80% of Australia’s population lives in the coastal zone. It recommends new coastal management measures, based on national leadership in a collaborative framework with state and local governments and communities.

Scenarios
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report Climate Solutions II warns that the world has only five years to switch to low-carbon reindustrialization and avoid the point of no return estimated to be in 2014. The report considers two scenarios of emission cuts by 2050 relative to 1990 levels: one of 63% cuts, and another of 80%. It finds that clean, low-carbon industries would need to grow at least 22% a year for the 63% reduction scenario to be achieved, and at least 24% a year for the 80% reduction scenario to be achieved. According to the report, the estimated short-term investment to achieve these goals is between $7 trillion and $17 trillion.

EPA Unveils Nanotech Risk Research Plan
The Environmental Protection Agency has announced a new research strategy for the next several years for work on the health and environmental risks from manufactured nanomaterials and on nanotech-based cleanup techniques.
Sources:
Nanomaterial Research Strategy. Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA http://www.epa.gov/nanoscience/files/nanotech_research_strategy_final.pdf
EPA announces research strategy to study nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12839.php#

European Commission to Review Nanomaterial Policies
Responding to a request from the European Parliament, the European Commission plans to "review all relevant legislation within two years to ensure safety for all applications of nanomaterials in products with potential health, environmental or safety impacts over their life cycle," according to EU Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas.
Source:
EU plans to review its policies on nanomaterials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13104.php

European Environmental Bureau Assessment of Nanotech Governance Issues
According to Nanowerk, the European Environmental Bureau has issued a report, Nanotechnologies in the 21st Century - A Critical Review of Governance Issues in Europe and Elsewhere (October 09), outlining the critical governance structures needed for the safe development and use of nanotechnology. The report "reviews the current uncertainties associated with the governance of nanotechnologies ... [and] presents NGO initiatives for nano regulation calling for the application of the precautionary principle and pre-market registration of materials."
Sources:
Nanotechnologies in the 21st Century - A Critical Review of Governance Issues in Europe and Elsewhere Report http://www.eeb.org/publication/2009/2009-NanoBrochureNo3-WEB.pdf
European Environment Bureau assesses critical nanotechnology governance issues http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13044.php

EC's DEEPEN Final Report on Nanotech Development Ethics Released
The release of the Final Report from the EC-funded DEEPEN Project has been announced. The project characterizes itself as "Europe’s leading research partnership for integrated understanding of the ethical challenges posed by emerging nanotechnologies in real world circumstances, and their implications for civil society, for governance, and for scientific practice."
Sources:
DEEPEN Final Report released 28th September 2009 http://www.geography.dur.ac.uk/projects/deepen/NewsandEvents/tabid/2903/Default.aspx
Nanotechnology Decision-Making Needs Greater Public Involvement http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?NewsID=13873#

NC Summit to Focus on Environmentally Responsible Development of Nanotech
The Research Triangle Environmental Health Collaborative’s second annual environmental health summit in early October focused on Environmentally Responsible Development of Nanotechnology. According to Nanowerk News, it brought together 150 experts from around the US “to address critical issues in nano-enabled product development and manufacturing … [to] overcome barriers to success related to environmental/occupational health concerns.” and produce a guidance document with recommendations about how to successfully address the critical issues. That document will be available at http://environmentalhealthcollaborative.org/summit/summit-2009/.
Source:
Industry leaders gather in North Carolina to focus on environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12947.php#

Report Suggests Current Nanotech Protective Gear May Not Be Adequate
In a paper to be published in a journal next year, Patricia Dolez of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, at the École de technologie supérieure, in Montréal, and colleagues, point out possible problems with the adequacy of current workplace protective equipment when dealing with nanomaterials in the environment, and suggest that further research is needed into these special risks.
Source:
Current safety equipment may not be adequate for nanoprotection http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=13054.php
Paper in the International Journal of Nanotechnology (Int. J. Nanotechnol., 2010, 7, 99-117)

French Public Debate on Nanotechnology
The French Commission of Public Debates has launched a public debate on nanotechnology, with seventeen meetings to be held around France, starting in mid-October, and running through February 2010. Each of the meetings will be organized around a different topic, but participants will be free to raise other issues. Planned subjects include European regulation of nanotechnology, nanostructured materials, consumer and workplace protection, nanoparticles in the organism, and ethics and governance. The project is supported by a Web site (in French) <http://www.debatpublic-nano.org/ >.
Source:
France launches public debate on nanotechnology http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Formulation-Science/France-launches-public-debate-on-nanotechnology

European Project to Study Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Risks
According to an item in Nanowerk News, CIC biomaGUNE, the Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials, in Guipúzcoa, Spain, is to lead the European FP7 project HINAMOX (Health Impact of Engineered Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Response, Bioimaging and Distribution at Cellular and Body Level). The aim of the three-year project is to evaluate the possible impact on health of metal oxide nanoparticles, including zinc, cerium, titanium and iron oxides.
Sources:
European project evaluates possible health impact of metal oxide nanoparticles http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12904.php#
CIC biomaGUNE is to lead a european project that will test the toxicity of the nanoparticles in metal oxides http://www.cicbiomagune.es/secciones/noticias/noticias_detalle.php?idioma=en&id_noticia=33

Norwegian Research Group Launches Nanotech Particles Project
The SINTEF Group, the largest independent research organization in Scandinavia, has established a project, ‘The environmental fate and effects of SINTEF-produced nanoparticles’, to investigate the behavior and effects of nanoparticles in marine environments. Several other nanotech-oriented efforts are also underway in the Group.
Sources:
Nanoparticles - toxic or harmless? http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12802.php#
SINTEF Group http://www.sintef.no/Home/

New Nanotech Survey Book Covers Environmental Aspects
A new book, Nano-Society - Pushing the boundaries of technology (ISBN: 978-1-84755-883-1), surveys 122 nanotech research projects, grouped into four sections, one of which, Simply Green – Environmental Applications and Risk Management, covers Green nanotechnology, Dealing with pollution, Energy – renewable and clean, and Nanotoxicology – assessing the risks.
Sources:
Nano-Society. Pushing the Boundaries of Technology http://www.rsc.org/Shop/books/2009/9781847558831.asp
Nano-Society - Pushing the boundaries of technology http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=12798.php#

Reports and Information Suggested for Review
Reconsidering the Rules for Space Security
Reconsidering the Rules for Space Security by Nancy Gallagher and John D. Steinbruner reviews the current regulations that currently govern the use of space and the relevancy of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. It argues that the U.S. should advance international negotiations based on the Treaty for developing new rules that explicitly address problems of space security, to specifically outlaw weaponization of space, and define the legitimate limits of space-based support for military missions. Some practical recommendations for successful negotiations include strategies for equitable distribution of the costs of compliance systems.
Source:
Reconsidering the Rules for Space Security http://www.amacad.org/publications/reconsidering.aspx

U.S. Should Launch a New Biology Initiative
A New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Coming Biology Revolution, a report from the National Research Council, assessing the state of use of recent advances in biology, concludes that the design, manipulation, and prediction of complex biological systems needed for practical applications are “well beyond current capabilities.” To accelerate the implementation process, the report recommends a National New Biology Initiative, with an interagency and interdisciplinary approach and a timeline of at least ten years and funding in addition to current research budgets. The report underlines that the initiative could also be used to address environmental issues by making it possible to monitor ecosystems and diagnose and repair ecosystem damage.
Source:
National New Biology Initiative Offers Potential For 'Remarkable and Far-reaching Benefits' http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12764

London Conference to Include Hazard Detection Technologies
The Institute of Nanotechnology is holding a conference, Converging Technologies for 21st Century Security, on 25 November 2009 at the Royal College of Physicians, London. The meeting will include a session, ‘Hazardous Material Detection,’ and a paper, ‘Use of Antibody-based Approaches for the Detection of Hazardous Materials.’
Source:
Converging Technologies for 21st Century Security http://www.nanoforum.org/nf06~modul~showmore~folder~99999~scc~news~scid~4016~.html?action=longview&

Climate Change at the UN and G-20
Climate change was the focus of several international summits held in September 2009: the UN Climate Change Summit that attracted 100 Heads of State and Government and was convened by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Climate Change Summit of the Alliance of Small Island States (ASOIS), the UN General Assembly, the G-20 summit, and additional international forums held in parallel with these summits. Although the issues discussed ranged from addressing economic crises to disarmament and reforming the UN system, the theme most mentioned was climate change and policies to address its causes and effects, including adaptation and setting emission reduction targets. The AOSIS underscored security implications of climate change and asked for a greater say in the related negotiations. Vanuatu’s Prime Minister Edward Natapei emphasized that “climate change poses a real threat to the future survival of mankind.” French President Nicholas Sarkozy reiterated the call for creation of a new World Environment Organization to replace the current several disparate agencies and committees. UN reform ideas converged towards a more representative Security Council and more powerful General Assembly so that its resolutions are implemented and legally binding.
Sources:
General Debate of the 64th Session; 23-26 & 28-30 September 2009 http://www.un.org/ga/64/generaldebate/2309.shtml
Leaders' Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/mediacenter/129639.htm
Ahead of Copenhagen talks, small island nations sound alarm at UN on climate change http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32265&Cr=climate+change&Cr1

Chemicals Management to Address Emerging Technologies-related Issues
The Secretariat of Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) released an update on current emerging policy issues related to: nanotechnologies and manufactured nanomaterials, hazardous substances within the life cycle of electrical and electronic products, chemicals in products, and lead in paint. These were adopted by Resolution II/4 at the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management. SAICM, in collaboration with OECD and the UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), will organize during 2010 a series of regional informative workshops on potential applications and risks associated with nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, as well as capacity assessment, and awareness building. Submissions for emerging policy issues are welcome and would be considered at the next Conference, scheduled for June 2012.
Sources:
Emerging policy issues - ICCM2 outcomes and follow-up http://www.saicm.org/index.php?menuid=9&pageid=392&submenuheader=
Update on SAICM implementation – emerging policy issues. 2 September 2009 http://www.saicm.org/documents/iccm/ICCM2/September09%20update-rev%20on%20emerging%20issues.pdf

Draft European Transboundary Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change
The Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is preparing a draft Guidance on water and adaptation to climate change, the first of its kind looking at adaptation from a transboundary perspective. The Guidance will cover impacts of climate change on water quantity and quality, assessment of risks, and addressing vulnerability and adaptation strategies in the UNECE region and beyond. The draft Guidance will be submitted to the fifth session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Water Convention, to be held November 10–12, 2009 in Geneva.
Sources:
Draft Guide to implementing the Convention http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2009/Wat/mp_wat/ECE_mp.wat_2009_L2_%20E.pdf
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Fifth session, 10-12 November 2009 http://www.unece.org/env/water/mop5.htm

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Neurotoxins Detected/Neutralized by New Fast Molecular Configuration
A new type of organophosphate neurotoxin sensor molecule that detects such neurotoxins as sarin up to105 times faster than previous reagents was developed by researchers from the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, CA. The detector also renders the toxin harmless, and signals its activity by significantly increasing the intensity of its fluorescence.
Sources:
Hydroxy Oximes as Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Sensors http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122597479/abstract? (abstract)
Ring closure as warning - new, extremely fast detection of neurotoxins http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12678.php

New Ultra-sensitive Detector for Water-borne Hazards
A new semiconducting-nanotube-based chip that reliably detects very low concentrations (ppb) in water of TNT or a chemical relative of sarin has been developed by researchers from the Dept. of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University. According to the principal investigator, Prof. Zhenan Bao, the new device “offers a rare combination of low-cost materials, low power usage, robust and repeatable performance in water, instant response and physical flexibility,” and its technology is applicable to a wide variety of target compounds.
Sources:
Cheap, sensitive carbon nanotube sensors could detect explosives, toxins in water http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12779.php
Sorted and Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks for Transistor-Based Aqueous Chemical Sensors http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn900808b

New Color Matrix Sensor Array Warns of Toxic Gases
As part of the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative, Prof. Kenneth S. Suslick and colleagues at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed what they characterize as an ‘optoelectronic nose.’ The system uses a postage stamp-sized 6×5 array of sensor dots, each of which signals the presence of one or more particular toxins by changing color. According to Prof. Suslick, “The pattern of the color change[s in the whole array] is a unique molecular fingerprint for any toxic gas and also tells us its concentration. By comparing that pattern to a library of color fingerprints, we can identify and quantify the TICs in a matter of seconds.” Tests were run on a set of 19 toxic industrial chemicals.
Sources:
Postage stamp-sized electronic nose sniffs out poisonous gases http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12593.php
An optoelectronic nose for the detection of toxic gases http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nchem.360.html

Dirty Bomb Treatment Technology Developed in U.K.
Scientists in the UK have developed a suitcase-sized device that could help fast treatment of large numbers of people following exposure to a radiological ‘dirty bomb.’ The device could test 30 samples per hour, determining the level of cellular damage a person is suffering following exposure to radiation.
Sources:
'Dirty bomb' breakthrough http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dirty-bomb-breakthrough-1786616.html

A New Water Management Tool
The Mapping Evapotranspiration with High Resolution and Internalized Calibration (METRIC) tool, developed by the Idaho Department of Water Resources and the University of Idaho, offers specific measurements of the water consumed across a region. Using surface temperature readings from satellites, air temperature, and a system of algorithms, the tool allows measurement of water quantities consumed on a certain piece of land through “evapotranspiration” (water that leaves the land for the atmosphere.)
Sources:
Washington Post: Water Measured From the Sky http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/13/AR2009091302368.html
The Idaho Department of Water Resources http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/

Electric Vehicle Powered by Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries
The prototype of Electric Daily, the first zero emission light commercial vehicle produced in Latin America was presented by Iveco in Brazil. The prototype uses three Zebra Z5 sodium, nickel, and chloride batteries claimed to be completely recyclable and not producing gaseous emissions.
Source:
Iveco launches the Daily Electric in Brazil http://www.iveco.com/en-us/PressRoom/PressRelease/Pages/DailyElettricoBrasile.aspx

UN Mission Assessment of Gaza Conflict Included Environmental Impacts
The UN Mission assessment of the December 2008–January 2009 Gaza conflict found evidence that both Israeli forces and Palestinian militants committed actions that could be violations of international law. The 575-page report, “Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories; Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict,” includes impacts on the environment and public health. The Mission assessed particularly the use of white phosphorous, fléchette missiles, DIME (dense inert metal explosive) munitions, and depleted uranium. The Mission “…believes that serious consideration should be given to banning the use of white phosphorous in built-up areas” (par. 897). Similarly, it notes that DIME weapons injuries might raise the risk of cancer (par. 904). The report recommended further environmental monitoring under UN auspices and underlined that a detailed environmental impact assessment is being conducted by UNEP [see UN to Conduct Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in Gaza in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Human Rights in Palestine and other Occupied Arab Territories. Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (Advance Edited Version; A/HRC/12/48) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/9/docs/UNFFMGC_Report.pdf
UN Fact Finding Mission finds strong evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Gaza conflict; calls for end to impunity http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/9B63490FFCBE44E5C1257632004EA67B?opendocument

UN Security Council Resolution on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
The UN Security Council endorsed a resolution aiming to advance global nuclear disarmament. Measures include: discouraging withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, increasing membership in the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, and creating additional nuclear weapon-free zones. Non-compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty would be referred directly to the Security Council for possible punitive action, rather than to the International Atomic Energy Agency. [Related items: Entire Southern Hemisphere Covered by Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties in August 2009, Advancements on Non-proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament in May 2009 and other previous items in environmental security reports.]
Sources:
U.N. Security Council Approves Nuclear Resolution http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090924_4766.php
Fact Sheet on the United Nations Security Council Summit on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Disarmament UNSC Resolution 1887
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Fact-Sheet-on-the-United-Nations-Security-Council-Summit-on-Nuclear-Nonproliferation-and-Nuclear-Disarmament-UNSC-Resolution-1887/

Observation and Information System for the World's Oceans to be Created
Confirming that a systematic scientific analysis of the oceans and seas is needed, the OceanObs’09 (for ocean observatories) meeting held September 21-25, 2009, at Venice, Italy decided to build a comprehensive observation system for monitoring the marine environment, assessing longer term trends and promoting sustainable marine resources management. UNESCO announced that the first globally integrated oceans assessment system could be delivered under the auspices of the UN by 2014. In the meantime, the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership have signed a Cooperative Agreement as the next step toward construction of the Ocean Observatories Initiative, “a network of ocean observing components, and their associated cyberinfrastructure, that will allow scientists to examine ocean processes on global, regional and coastal scales.” [Related items: World Database on Marine Protected Areas in June 2009 and “Roving” Marine Protected Areas as Climate Change Affects Migration in March 2008.]
Sources:
'Assessment of Assessments' (of the oceans) http://www.unga-regular-process.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=20
OceanObs’09 Conference http://www.oceanobs09.net/
Ocean Observatories Initiative Receives Award http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/ocean-observatories-initiative-receives-award/

Synthetic Gene Ordering Security Screening Up for Discussion
A proposed Code of Conduct for the DNA synthesis services industry is scheduled to be discussed and possibly adopted at the International Association of Synthetic Biology’s (IASB) Second Annual Industry Workshop on Technical Solutions for Biosecurity in Synthetic Biology in Cambridge MA on November 3, 2009. The IASB developed such a code, but a similar but less rigorous and less costly process is advocated by two leading companies, raising safety concerns among scientists. A UC Berkeley scholar characterizes it as “a standards war that is a race to the bottom.” [Related item: New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems in March 2009 and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Gene-synthesis industry at odds over how to screen DNA orders http://www.k8science.org/news/news.cfm?art=5579
K8 Science http://www.K8Science.org
IASB Workshop http://www.ia-sb.eu/go/synthetic-biology/activities/press-area/press-information/workshop-on-synthetic-biology/

Hazardous Waste Disposal of Increasing Concern
According to the European Environment Agency, paper, plastic, and metal trash exported from Europe rose tenfold from 1995 to 2007, with 20 million containers of waste now shipped each year; either legally or illegally. In 2008, the Netherlands returned 80 illegal shipments to their countries of origin. Hong Kong authorities say that about 100 containers of waste arrive daily from the US and Canada. Recently, Italian mafiosi confessed that that they have been disposing of toxic waste by putting it onboard ships and then deliberately sinking the vessels. [Related items: Organized Crime Targets Electronic Waste Recycling in July 2009, Toxic Waste Disposal of Global Growing Concern in September 2006 and other environmental security reports.]
Participants in the first international E-Waste Summer School, in Eindhoven, Netherlands, September 6-11, recommended adopting global policies and standards for recycling electronic products to avoid illegal and harmful e-waste processing practices in developing countries.
Sources:
Smuggling Europe’s Waste to Poorer Countries http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/science/earth/27waste.html
Mafia 'sank ships of toxic waste' http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8257912.stm
Set world standards for electronics recycling, reuse to curb e-waste exports to developing countries http://www.physorg.com/news172237477.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
By 2060, the global average temperature could rise by 4°C (7.2°F), unless sound greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies are implemented, revealed a study by the UK Met Office, prepared for the Department of Energy and Climate Change. Nevertheless, UNEP’s “Climate Change Science Compendium 2009” estimates that even in the best case scenario––if the world’s most ambitious targets are met––the planet will still warm by 3.5°C (6.3°F) by the end of the century. The calculations consider the upper-range targets of nearly 200 nations’ climate policies (e.g. U.S. emissions reduction of 73% from 2005 levels by 2050, EU 80% from 1990 levels by 2050). The report also notes that sea level might rise by 6 feet by 2100 instead of 1.5 feet, as projected by the IPCC.
The August 2009 ocean surface temperature was the warmest since 1880, when record keeping began. The average ocean surface temperature for June–August was 16.9°C (62.5°F), which is 1.04°F above the 20th century average, according to NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center. For the same period, the combined global land and ocean average surface temperature was 16.2°C (61.2°F), the third warmest on record, and 1.06°F above the 20th century average.

Food and Water Security
By 2050, to feed 9.1 billion people, world food production should increase by 70% and withdrawal of water for irrigation by almost 11%, notes FAO in a paper prepared for the high-level experts forum and World Summit on Food Security to be held in October 2009. Given that 90% of the growth in crop production is projected to come from higher yields and increased cropping intensity, even small changes in precipitation and/or crop yield due to climate change could have devastating impacts on food security in the world.
A study by the Asian Development Bank warns that if current trends persist until 2050, the yields of irrigated crops in South Asia will decrease significantly and resulting food scarcity will lead to higher prices and reduced caloric intake across the region. Under this scenario, per capita calorie availability in 2050 will be below levels recorded in the year 2000. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Nepal are identified as particularly vulnerable to falling crop yields caused by glacier retreat, floods, droughts, erratic rainfall, and other climate change impacts. The study, “Addressing Climate Change in the Asia and Pacific Region: Building Climate Resilience in the Agriculture Sector,” was officially launched by ADB on the sidelines of the UNFCCC meeting held in Bangkok, September 28-October 9, 2009.
Researchers reiterated a warning that growing corporate control over seeds is reducing the diversity of traditional seed varieties and traits that help farmers adapt to the effects of climate change, jeopardizing poor farmers’ livelihoods. They suggested that farmers would benefit from a similar legal protection over their traditional seed varieties and associated knowledge as do corporations through the international treaty on the protection of new varieties of plants. Researchers from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and partner organizations in China, India, Kenya, Panama and Peru launched the warning ahead of the 2nd World Seed Conference held September 8-10, 2009, in Rome, Italy.
A prolonged drought is sweeping across Kenya, thought to be a result of the El Niño cycle worsened by global warming and continued degradation of forest ecosystems. Crops have been destroyed, and domestic and wild animals are dying, negatively affecting the two key industries: agriculture and tourism. Four million Kenyans face mass famine, and foreign aid is reluctantly provided and inadequate. Tensions are spawning ethnic conflict as communities fight over the last remaining pieces of fertile grazing land.

Health
WHO notes that while 37 of the least developed countries admit the link between population growth and climate change, only six of them identify family planning as part of their adaptation strategy. A study of the first 40 National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) shows that only 7% of 448 projects across the 40 NAPAs were in the health sector. At the same time, Lancet notes that over 200 million women worldwide lack access to contraceptives. Remedying this, could prevent 76 million unintended pregnancies a year, reducing demographic pressure on the environment. A study by the London School of Economics estimates that $7 spent on family planning would reduce carbon emissions by one ton, while low carbon technologies cost an estimated $32 per ton reduced ($24 for wind power, $51 for solar, $57-83 for coal plants with carbon capture and storage, $92 for plug-in hybrid vehicles, and $131 for electric vehicles).
Researchers warn of increased incidence of dengue fever, which sickens over 50 million and kills 24,000 worldwide every year. The main causes are population growth, increased traveling, and global warming disrupting the natural cold temperature processes that limit the population of dengue carrying mosquitoes.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Findings outlined in the UNEP report “Climate Change Science Compendium 2009” reveal that mountain glacier melting seems to be accelerating. If current trends continue, most glaciers from the mountains of tropical Africa will disappear by 2030, and those from the Pyrenees by 2050. Similarly, most models project that by 2030, the Arctic Ocean might be ice-free in September. The Greenland ice sheet surface melting rate was some 60% higher in the summer of 2007 than the previous record in 1998.
NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center noted that Arctic sea ice cover was an average of 6.3 million sq kilometers (2.42 million sq miles) during August, 18.4% below the 1979-2000 average.

Rising Sea Levels
UNEP reassessment of potential sea level rise based on the combined effects of melting land-ice and thermal expansion of oceans reveals a rise of 0.8–2.0 meters above the 1990 level by 2100, and 5–10 times that over following centuries.
According to an analysis based on ten years of global daily satellite images, 85% of the world’s 33 largest delta regions experienced severe flooding due to sinking land and rising seas. The study warns that if ocean levels increase as projected under the moderate climate change scenarios, delta land vulnerable to serious flooding could expand by 50% this century, Asia being the worst affected. The study was led by the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Migration
In 2008, climate-related natural disasters displaced about 20 million people, compared to 4.6 million who were internally displaced by conflicts, revealed a UN report compiled by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Trying for the first time to quantify the number of people displaced by climate change, the UN study estimates that out of the total of 36 million people displaced by rapid-onset natural disasters, 15 million were due to the Sichuan earthquake, while 90% of the others were due to floods, storms, drought and other climate change-related phenomena.

Computer Modeling
Climate-Rapid Overview and Decision Support Simulator (C-ROADS) is a new climate change model, developed by the Sustainability Institute, aiming to help policymakers assess the greenhouse gas emissions implications of their strategies. The forecasts show that unless all nations take dramatic steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, temperature and sea level rises will be unacceptably high by the end of the century.
Scientists participating at the conference Climate Forcing of Geological and Geomorphological Hazards, September 15-17, 2009, outlined evidence that global warming could cause geological disturbances, which can result in earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, and volcanic eruptions. Although linking earth’s sensitivity to climate is only emerging and more data is needed to build predictive climate models linking the two systems, the evidence is there, say scientists.

Adaptation
The “World Economic and Social Survey 2009” calls for a ‘Global New Deal’ at the scale of $500-600 billion, compared to the ‘woefully inadequate’ estimated $21 billion currently allocated internationally for climate change adaptation and mitigation plans. The report presents a range of possible multilateral measures in support of a global investment program, including a global clean energy fund, a global feed-in tariff regime in support of renewable energy sources, and a more balanced intellectual property regime for aiding the transfer of clean technologies. The Christian Aid report “Community Answers to Climate Chaos” estimates that rich countries’ overall annual contribution to a proposed Sustainable Development Innovation Facility should be over €110 billion ($161 billion) to help local communities cope with climate change effects.
Similarly, the World Bank’s “World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change” estimates that by 2030, developing countries will need $75 billion annually for adaptation, and another $400 billion for low-carbon technology development. The report notes that poor nations will bear between 75-80% of the cost of floods, increased desertification and other disasters caused by global warming. Countries in Africa and South Asia are slated to lose as much as 5% of their GDP if temperatures rise just 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The WDR 2010 focuses on the many dimensions of development that are affected by climate change, including: reducing human vulnerability; managing land and water; stimulating development without compromising the climate; harnessing and efficiently using funds for mitigation and adaptation; accelerating the spread of “climate-smart” technologies; and communicating climate change issues to societies.
The World Climate Conference-3 held in Geneva, August 31–September 4, 2009, under the theme “Better climate information for a better future” decided to establish a Global Framework for Climate Services, to improve science-based climate prediction services and long-range seasonal weather projections. This will be an important tool for policymakers in general and for developing nations most vulnerable to the impact of global warming, specifically.
The “Lomé Declaration on Climate Change and Protection of Civilians in West Africa,” adopted at the Regional Conference on Protection Challenges to Climate Change in West Africa, from 14-16 September 2009, in Lomé, Togo, calls for broader consideration of the social impacts of climate change through a human rights-based approach. Participants underscored conflicts arising from natural resource depletion and the infringement of displaced people’s rights. They also recommended establishment of a special fund to help address climate change-induced impacts on affected parts of the population; called for measures to protect climate-affected persons; and agreed that a regional platform should be established for information exchange.

Comprehensive report on nanotechnology-related regulatory issues
Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies Towards Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation report by the international collaborative project Regulating Nanotechnologies in the EU and U.S., is a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of aspects related to nanotechnology: environment, health and safety risks; and key regulatory frameworks, issues and challenges––including relevant national and international institutions—in the U.S., EU, and internationally, with specific focus on chemical, food, and cosmetics regulations. The report highlights that although “No efforts have been undertaken as yet to create a formal, treaty-based, international framework for nanomaterials regulation,” in the future such an international framework treaty might be needed, given the globalization of nanotechnology developments. It concludes that the EU and the US should play a greater role in developing an international nanotech regulatory framework. Commenting on the report, some experts expressed that nanotechnology and biotechnology would need a complex and flexible regulatory system, due to their unknown evolution and often absence of data. [Reference to the report launch: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies in August 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies: Towards Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/14692_r0909_nanotechnologies.pdf
Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=544514

New Paper Suggests Concentrating Toxicity Studies on Smaller Nanoparticles
An on-line paper by researchers from the Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, suggests that particles in the <30 nm section of the 1-100 nm "nano spectrum" should receive the most attention in studying the environmental and human health impacts of nanomaterials, since it is in that high surface-area-to-volume ratio range that possibly hazardous increases in reactivity are more likely to be observed.
Sources:
When nano may not be nano http://www.physorg.com/news172072324.html
Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2009.242.html

Call for Systematic Studies to Link Nanoproperties and Hazards
A recent paper by Dr. Amanda Barnard of CSIRO Australia discusses a “number of strategies … combining the desirable aspects of theory, simulation, experiment and observation, and leading to predictions for incorporation into preventative frameworks” for mitigation of possible hazards from nanomaterials.
Sources:
Computational strategies for predicting the potential risks associated with nanotechnology http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/NR/article.asp?doi=b9nr00154a
News Story: Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News - Headlines for: 9/4/2009 http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2009/11/calculated_risk.asp

Report Reviews Nanoparticle Risks and Regulation
A new paper in the Royal Society’s Interface reviews the current state of nanoparticle risk research and regulation. The authors discuss “Lessons from History”, “Nanotoxicology & Exposure” (concluding that “in many cases knowledge is sufficient to implement effective controls to minimise exposure and these should be put into place”), and “Knowledge gaps & the road to regulation.” The 12-page paper lists 52 references
Sources:
Nanoparticles, human health hazard and regulation http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/08/31/rsif.2009.0252.focus.short?rss=1
Nanoparticles, Risk & Regulation http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=34583

Researchers Call for Broad Approach to Nanotube Risk Assessment
Enrico Bergamaschi and colleagues of the Department of Clinical Medicine, at the University of Parma (Italy) Medical School suggest in a recent paper that “we need a much more detailed toxicological approach to hazard assessment before judgement regarding the long-term safety of carbon nanotubes can be made,” according to a story in Nanowerk News. They point out that “carbon nanotubes are a recent invention … and so clinical and epidemiological evidence for any long-term effects they may have on human health are entirely lacking” and recommend that “we should combine experimental, clinical and epidemiological evidence … [and] set up preventive measures as well as assess the need to implement periodic health examinations of employees exposed to carbon nanotubes.”
Sources:
“A toxicological approach to hazard assessment of carbon nanotubes: implications for workers’ health protection” in Int. J. Environment and Health, 2009, 3, 249-263 (International Journal of Environment and Health (IJENVH); Volume 3 - Issue 3 – 2009) http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=142&year=2009&vol=3&issue=3
Carbon nanotube risk assessment http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12653.php

Metallic Impurities Affect Carbon Nanotube Toxicity
According to a story in Highlights in Chemical Science, Martin Pumera and Yuji Miyahara of the National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan describe in a recent paper how “A main factor in nanotube toxicity are the metal contaminants that remain from manufacture, which are typically one to ten per cent by weight.” In a test, only 100 ppm of iron was needed to dominate the ability of five nanotube samples to reduce or oxidize two biomarkers - hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine. The story goes on to point out that this value is significantly lower than the detection limits of the methods routinely used to assess nanotube purity.
Sources:
How safe are carbon nanotubes? http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2009/11/carbon_nanotubes.asp
What amount of metallic impurities in carbon nanotubes is small enough not to dominate their redox properties? http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/NR/article.asp?doi=b9nr00071b

First Global On-line Nanotech Conference to be Held 22-25 March, 2010
The organizers have announced the First On-line International Conference & Exhibition, "Nano-Globe", 22-25 March 2010. Access will be over any >28.8 kbps Internet connection, and the meeting will feature fully equipped “virtual rooms.” According to the announcement, there will be some coverage of “Key solutions: Environmental and Health Risks,” but no details are given.
Source:
"Nano-Globe" First On-line International Conference & Exhibition http://www.nano-globe.com

New Paper Studies Public Perceptions of Nanotechnology
A study published in Nature Nanotechnology and reported by Nanowerk News found that public perceptions of nanotechnology do not follow previously seen patterns for new technological developments, and concludes that “Given the potential malleability of perceptions, novel methods for understanding future public responses to nanotechnologies will need to be developed.”
Sources:
Anticipating the perceived risk of nanotechnologies http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nnano.2009.265.html
Nanotechnology is viewed favorably, but possible risks should be acknowledged http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12706.php

New Grant in Wales for Nanotoxicology Research
Researchers at Swansea University’s Centre for NanoHealth in the UK have been awarded £1 million to analyze the levels at which nanoparticles can be judged safe within cells. The four-year project, led by Prof. Huw Summers, Chair in Nanotechnology for Health at Swansea University, is closely linked to the Centre for NanoHealth initiative at the university.
Source:
Centre for NanoHealth researchers to study safety of nanoparticles http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12439.php

Royal Society Issues Major Geo-engineering Report
“Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty” by the UK Royal Society is a comprehensive review of the main geo-engineering options. The 98-page document discusses carbon dioxide removal techniques, solar radiation management techniques, and governance. It also contains a large reference list and a complete glossary. [Related item: Geo-engineering Promises/Threatens Major Consequences in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Geoengineering the climate. Science, governance and uncertainty (September 2009) http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=35094
Risky schemes may be only hope for cooling planet: scientists http://www.physorg.com/print171034934.html

Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century
Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century: A Reference Book provides an “overview of the world’s energy system and the vulnerabilities that underlie growing concern over energy security”, as well as “various approaches energy producers, consumers and transit states have toward energy security and it examines the domestic and foreign policy tradeoffs required to ensure safe and affordable energy supply.”
Source:
Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century. A Reference Handbook http://www.greenwood.com/psi/book_detail.aspx?sku=C9997

New Flood Center to Develop Warning Systems
Professor Witold Krajewski of the University of Iowa has been named director of the new Iowa Flood Center, which has at the top of its agenda the development of prototype flood warning and forecasting systems to mitigate the effects of future floods. What the engineers and scientists learn is expected to enhance their overall understanding of floods and improve the accuracy of flood warning systems.
Source:
Better Prediction Sought for Devastating Floods http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115479&WT.mc_id=USNSF_1

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Meeting Improves International Resilience Systems to Address Infectious Disease and BioWeapons
About 500 participants from 95 countries, UN organizations such as WHO, FAO and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), regional disease surveillance organizations, academic institutions, NGOs, and corporations participated in the 2009 Meeting of Experts from States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention in Geneva, August 24-28. The meeting focused on international cooperation for fighting infectious diseases, while also discussing peaceful uses of advances in bioscience and the establishment of mechanisms for promoting the implementation of the Convention’s Article X on scientific and technological cooperation related to “bacteriological (biological) agents and toxins for peaceful purposes.” The results of the meeting will be considered for the Meeting of States Parties, to be held December 7-11, 2009. Although in force since 1975, the treaty has no verification or compliance monitoring provisions or organization. According to the report Ensuring Compliance With the Biological Weapons Convention, some biodefense research might violate member-states commitments to the BWC. Along the same lines, New Approaches to Biological Risk Assessment, published by the British Royal Society and the International Council for the Life Sciences, calls for a harmonized international and inter-sectoral system to assess the “full spectrum” of bio-threats––ranging from naturally occurring diseases to accidental or intentional misuse of biological materials. The report acknowledges the difficulties generated by the variety of hazards and the limited data available on some threats. Reportedly, a meeting at the White House on August 13 represented the first in a series of meetings with biological experts for strengthening the strategy on bioterrorism, including inputs for the BWC and its 2011 review conference. [Related items: Biological Weapons Convention Meeting in July-August 2008, and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Biological Weapons Convention Expert Meeting Concludes http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/CE96DCFC346B580DC1257620004DAC6F?OpenDocument
Biodefense Research Could Violate Weapons Conventions, Report Warns http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090820_6796.php
New approaches to biological risk assessment http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=0&id=8700
White House, Scientists Discuss Biological Threats http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/ts_20090828_3718.php

Entire Southern Hemisphere Covered by Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties
With the entry into force of the Pelindaba Treaty for an African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, nuclear weapons will be banned throughout the entire Southern Hemisphere. The Treaty requires the establishment of an African Commission on Nuclear Energy to implement the agreement and to promote cooperation for the peaceful uses of nuclear science, and stipulates procedures by which the African Union could refer non-compliance cases to the UN Security Council. The other regional agreements banning nuclear weapons in their area are: the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco (for Latin America and the Caribbean), the 1985 Treaty of Rarotonga (for the South Pacific), the 1995 Treaty of Bangkok (for Southeast Asia), and the 2006 Treaty of Semipalatinsk (for Central Asia).
Sources:
Africa Renounces Nukes. Treaty's Entry into Force Makes Entire Southern Hemisphere Free of Nuclear Weapons http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2009/africarenounces.html
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Force: What Next for Diego Garcia? http://www.asil.org/files/insight090827pdf.pdf

Gimcheon, South Korea to Create a Global Climate Change Situation Room
On August 19, 2009, the City of Gimcheon, South Korea, announced that it will establish a global climate change situation room. The Millennium Project has agreed to provide the collective intelligence system based on the GENIS model (Global Energy Network and Information System) with additions for climate science, adaptation, and mitigation. Collaboration will be sought with related efforts such the War Room on Climate Change proposed by Richard Branson (see Branson calls for War Room on Climate Change at the United Nations in February 2008 environmental security report.)
Sources:
Climate Change Situation Room opening ceremony in Gimcheon, South Korea http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/Korea-CCSR.html
Global Energy Network and Information System (GENIS) http://millennium-project.org/millennium/GENIS.pdf

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
Network of Autonomous Robots Monitors Difficult Environments
A NASA project recently tested the concept of a network of rugged, autonomous, environment-sensing “spiderbots” that can be placed into a hazardous environment (in this trial, dropped into Mount St. Helens) to communicate among themselves and with the outside world, including satellites, to monitor an environmental situation. The network bypasses inoperative nodes and can command satellites to provide additional coverage. The principal investigator is Prof. WenZhan Song of the School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University.
Source:
‘Spiderbots’ talk amongst themselves inside active volcano http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2009-117

Improved Techniques for Water Desalination
A team led by Bruce Logan, Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, has modified a microbial fuel cell. It simultaneously desalinates salty water, and internally produces the electrical power required for operation, thus lowering the cost of water treatment. A different line of investigation, by Professor Shin-Ho Chung and a group from the Computational Biophysics Group of the Research School of Biology at the Australian National University, led to the discovery that using boron nitride nanotubes in desalination filters allows four times faster water flow, yielding a much faster and more efficient desalination process. [Similar items: New Process Improves Water Desalination Efficiency in January 2009 and others in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Salt Rejection and Water Transport Through Boron Nitride Nanotubes http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900349
Using microbes and wastewater to desalinate water http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es902384g?prevSearch=logan%2Bbacteria%2Bdesalination&searchHistoryKey=
Nanotubes help to solve desalination problem http://news.anu.edu.au/?p=1558

Grease-repelling Surface Coating Reduces Need for Detergents
A new surface coating reportedly repels oils while allowing water through; hence, surfaces can be cleaned using reduced quantities of detergents, which are damaging to the environment. The research team is led by Prof. Jeffrey Youngblood, of the School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University.
Source:
Scientists Develop Self-Cleaning Material http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=13153

Improved Battery Performance Techniques
Techniques Provide Improved Lithium-ion Battery Performance
An article in MIT's Technology Review reports that an advance in lithium-ion battery design by Prof. Yi Cui and colleagues at the Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, has dramatically increased efficiency. A new anode structure using carbon nanowires coated with amorphous silicon provides about 2000 milliampere-hrs/g. This is an almost six-fold increase over today’s graphite-based 360 mA-hrs/g. The article also briefly describes related work being carried out at other laboratories. In a related development, researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology have synthesized a nanocomposite of LiFePO4 nanoparticles embedded in a nanoporous carbon matrix as a superior cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although this compound offers 170 mA-hrs/g, it has other deficiencies that the new structure ameliorates. Next Alternative Inc. of Ottawa, Canada also claims to have a greatly improved battery design based on carbon nanotubes.
Sources:
Nanowire Advance for Lithium Batteries http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/23240/page1/
Carbon-Silicon Core-Shell Nanowires as High Capacity Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl901670t
Superior cathode material for electrochemical energy storage devices http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12231.php
Next Alternative Introduces Car Battery With Carbon Nanotube Technology http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12068.php

New Ceramic Membrane Enhances Battery Performance
Ceramatec Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah announced development of a new battery design, based on a paper-thin ceramic membrane. The company claims that their sodium-sulphur unit will store 20-40 kWh in a package the size of a refrigerator, operate below 90°C, and withstand 3,650 daily discharge/recharge cycles over 10 years. The expected sales price is around $2000.
Source:
New battery could change world, one house at a time http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html

International Water Issues
Water to be Considered Integral Part to Copenhagen Negotiations
The Stockholm Statement adopted at the World Water Week conference held in Stockholm, August 16-22, 2009, calls for global water management strategies to be considered as integral parts of the negotiations for a global climate agreement in Copenhagen, in December. Some 2,500 water experts from 130 countries attended the meeting. It also stresses the need for a clear framework for more effective use of water across borders, as well as for better cooperation between officials involved in land and forest management, climate, and water issues. [Related item: A New Step Toward Preventing Water Wars in July-August 2008.]
Sources:
World Water Week http://www.worldwaterweek.org
Experts: water issue crucial in world climate deal http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jWIcs1HTs6jJh9W36Ni_qGRQx7xwD9A7ABMO1

Nile Basin Controversies Continue
The Cooperative Framework Agreement for water-sharing by the ten Nile basin countries was postponed for at least another six months. It is mainly opposed by Egypt, which doesn’t want to renounce privileges given by previous agreements. Because of increased economic development in the region and the consequences of climate change, the Nile’s flow is likely to decrease; hence, a Nile accord could be essential for preventing further escalation of disputes in an already vulnerable region. The ten Nile countries are: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. [Related items: Water Scarcity in February 2007 and several climate change-related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Egypt blocks Nile water deal http://www.ethiopianreview.com/news/6468
Nile Basin countries may fight for water: expert http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/6716139.html

Powerful Greenhouse Gas HFCs Might be banned under the Montreal Protocol
Although hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are not ozone-depleting chemicals, their use and commercialization might be banned under the Montreal Protocol. Experts and policy makers increasingly call for HFCs’ phaseout due to their global warming potential hundreds or even thousands of times greater than CO2. Countries, like the Federated States of Micronesia, threatened by global warming, are advocating for a 90% HFC phaseout by 2030. The issue is expected to be discussed at the next meeting of the States Party to the Montreal Protocol, to be held November 4-8 in Port Ghalib, Egypt. [Previous item on this issue: Regulations Might be Needed for New Greenhouse Gases in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Ozone Treaty May Hold Key to Halting Climate Change http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48211

Insecticide Ingredient Deet May Be a Neurotoxin
Deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, aka N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) might be a toxin to the human central nervous system, as revealed by new research by a team of scientists led by Vincent Corbel from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement in Montpellier, France and Bruno Lapied from the University of Angers. According to Science Daily, “Researchers say that more investigations are urgently needed to confirm or dismiss any potential neurotoxicity to humans, especially when deet-based repellents are used in combination with other neurotoxic insecticides.” [Related item: New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security report.]
The Insect Repellent DEET http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/chemicals/deet.htm
Popular Insect Repellent Deet Is Neurotoxic http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090804193230.htm

Study Reveals Extensive Danger from Lead in Foreign Paints
A new study reveals that approximately 73% of consumer paint brands tested from 12 countries in Africa, Asia, and South America exceeded the former U.S. standard of 600 parts per million (ppm) for lead in paint (now 90 ppm), with 69% of the brands having at least one sample exceeding 10,000 ppm. “A global ban on lead-based paint is drastically needed” underlines main author, Dr. Scott Clark, professor of environmental health at the University of Cincinnati. [Previous relevant items: Low-fume Paint Requirements Spread in the July 2009, and Call for Global Ban on Lead-based Paints in October 2007 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Lead-Based Consumer Paint Remains a Global Public Health Threat http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/8982

New Developments by Canada and the U.S. in Arctic Security
A high-level Canadian delegation, led by the Prime Minister, made a five-day tour of the northern military operations and held a cabinet meeting in Iqaluit as part of an effort to stress Canada’s sovereignty in the region. Nevertheless, it is not clear yet how much Canada will allocate to increase its security capacity in the North. In the meantime, the U.S. Coast Guard is developing strategies to strengthen security in the Arctic region, including a new duty station. The U.S. is among the countries that consider the Northwest Passage an international waterway, rather than Canada’s sovereign waters. [Related items: Arctic Civil and Military Activities Increasing in July 2009 and other items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Harper of the melting North http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14313727
Congress hears Alaskan views on Arctic Ocean issues http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/082809/loc_8_001.shtml

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
In July 2009, the world’s oceans reached the highest average temperature since record keeping began 130 years ago. Some NASA scientists suggest that warming oceans could cause Earth’s axis to shift more than previously estimated, with potential implications for interpreting how the Earth wobbles.
Another record was set by big tropical storms in the Atlantic, as the average frequency of hurricanes over the past decade was higher than at any time in the last 1,000 years, reveals a study published in the journal Nature.
As CO2 levels are increasing at a faster rate than the IPCC worst-case scenario, the planet might be heading for an “irreversible” climate change by 2040 says a paper by Andrew Brierley of St. Andrews University and Michael Kingsford of the James Cook University in Australia, which specifically examines the effect of CO2 emissions on ocean ecosystems.

Food and Water Security
Competition for food, water and energy is expected to worsen as the world’s population increases faster than expected. The 2009 World Population Data Sheet by the Population Research Bureau reveals that world population will reach 7 billion in 2011 (a year earlier than expected), and 8.1 billion by 2025. With at least 97% of the growth occurring in developing countries, by 2050, nine in ten people under 25 will live in those countries, mostly in Africa and Asia. Africa’s population reached 1 billion and will double by 2050.
Revitalizing Asia's Irrigation: To Sustainably Meet Tomorrow’s Food Needs, a report by FAO and the International Water Management Institute calls for increased investments in irrigation systems and reforms in the way water is used for agriculture to feed an additional 2.5 billion people over the next 40 years. Otherwise, many developing nations face the risky prospect of having to import more than a quarter of their rice, wheat, and maize by 2050. “If nothing is done, you are going to get an increase in social unrest, migration and a fertile ground for terrorism,” warns Colin Chartres, the director general of IWMI.
In China, 27% of the land area is now desert or suffering from land degradation, and experts warn that desertification is one of the greatest ecological threats to the entire Northeast Asia area.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Satellite records show that one of Antarctica’s largest glaciers is thinning four times faster than thought ten years ago. At its current pace, Pine Island Glacier in west Antarctica could disappear in 100 years, 500 years sooner than previously thought. Meanwhile, at the other pole, three major glaciers –– Gulkana and Wolverine in Alaska and South Cascade in Washington –– are also decreasing at dramatic rates, according to a study by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Computer Modeling
A computer model developed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation has confirmed for the first time that there is a link between southeast Australia’s changed weather patterns––decline in rainfall (drought)––and rising levels of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and ozone depletion.

Adaptation
The United Nations is setting up a Global Impact and Vulnerability Alert System to help poorer countries such as those in the Pacific region deal with the combined effects of the global economic crisis and climate change. “Mitigation and adaptation must both be our urgent priorities,” said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in a message to the 40th Pacific Leaders Forum in Cairns, Australia.
The study Assessing the costs of adaptation to climate change: A critique of the UNFCCC estimates reveals that the real costs are likely to be 2-3 times greater than the estimates by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among other things, the UN estimates didn’t include key sectors such as energy, manufacturing, tourism, and natural ecosystems. The UNFCCC estimates are $40 billion to $170 billion a year until 2030. Pointing out that some existing studies already suggest that costs will be considerably higher, the study calls for detailed case studies of what adaptation costs would be.
Reportedly, a draft resolution by African leaders will ask rich nations for $67 billion per year to help them cope with the impacts of global warming. The draft resolution is prepared for the summit to be held in December, at Copenhagen.
The UN International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UN/ISDR) warns that the frequency of landslides is expected to increase as climate change increases the intensity of rainfall. Actions such as building early warning systems to alert people living in landslide-prone areas are necessary to reduce impacts, says UN/ISDR.

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
International NanoRegulation Conference to be Held in November
The 5th International NanoRegulation Conference will be held in Rapperswil, Switzerland, November 25-26, 2009. The conference will offer a comprehensive overview of the political and regulatory background of nanotechnology governance at the national, European, and global levels; discuss who in the nanotechnology value chain needs what kind of information; and suggest strategic guidelines for a feasible and effective information policy along the value chain and towards external stakeholders.
Source:
5th International NanoRegulation Conference. No data, no market? Challenges to nano-information and nano-communication. Rapperswil, Switzerland, 25–26 November, 2009
http://www.nanoeurope.com/wEnglisch/messen/nanoeurope/02_aussteller/FlyerNREG09_V20090810.pdf

New Paper Claims Nanotech Environmental Downsides Trivialized or Ignored
The International POPs Elimination Network’s Nanotechnology (IPEN) Working Group and the European Environmental Bureau (EEB) issued a paper claiming, "there is emerging evidence … claims [of nanotech benefits] do not provide the whole picture, with serious environmental risks and costs being trivialised or ignored". The 8-page paper covers a variety of topics, and contains a large number of references to the literature. The EEB also published a series of papers on Nanotechnologies in the 21st Century. IPEN is a global network of more than 700 public interest NGOs, and EEB represents over 145 environmental organizations in 31 countries.
Sources:
Nanotechnology and the environment: A mismatch between claims and reality http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12357.php
Nanotechnology and the environment: A mismatch between claims and reality http://www.eeb.org/documents/090713-OECD-environmental-Brief.pdf

Five-year Review of Royal Society Report
To mark the fifth anniversary of the publication of the Royal Society report on nanotechnology, the Responsible Nano Forum "invited opinion formers from science, risk, investment, NGOs, unions, business and consumer groups to reflect on the legacy of the report and what still remains to be done." The new report features contributions on: General Reflections; Regulation, responsibility, safety, and risk; Standardisation; Social, ethical, and public engagement; and International organisations. The Responsible Nano Forum also created a new website at www.nanoandme.org to provide a forum for discussion of nanotech issues.
Source:
A beacon or just a landmark? Reflections on the 2004 Royal Society/ Royal Academy of Engineering Report: Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties
http://www.responsiblenanoforum.org/pdf/beacon_or_landmark_report_rnf.pdf

Regional Reports on Nanotech Issued by International Group
ICPCNanoNet is a repository of published nanoscience research for scientists in the EU and International Cooperation Partner Countries (ICPC). It has begun to publish its series of annual regional reports describing nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives and activities in eight ICPC regions: Africa, Caribbean, Pacific, Asia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA), Latin America, Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC), and Western Balkan Countries (WBC). Their extensive content includes regional initiatives, national programs for nanoscience and nanotechnology, responsible government agencies, centers for nanoscience and nanotechnology research, and national nanoscience and nanotechnology networks. It is an EU FP7 support action coordinated by the UK Institute of Nanotechnology that brings together partners from the EU, China, India and Russia. For access to reports, registration is required.
Source:
ICPC Reports http://www.icpc-nanonet.org/content/category/7/20/46/

Improved Investigative Techniques for Identifying Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment
A recently published note summarizes the present state of affairs in retrieving and analyzing nanoparticles from the environment. Some nanoparticles in the outside world have originated from masses of normally sized material of the same kind; others were coated originally or have acquired disguising coverings. This short article from Environmental Science and Technology of the American Chemical Society cites several current efforts to improve investigative techniques.
Source:
Hunting for engineered nanomaterials in the environment http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es902174z

Insects Are Affected by, and Can Spread, Carbon Nanoparticles
David Rand and Robert Hurt, and colleagues, at Brown University have published a study that, according to Nanowerk News, "raises the possibility that flies and other insects that encounter nanomaterial 'hot spots,' or spills, near manufacturing facilities in the future could pick up and transport nanoparticles on their bodies, transferring the particles to other flies or habitats in the environment". Further, "adult [fruit] flies died or were incapacitated when their bodies were exposed to large amounts of certain nanoparticles." Larvae were unaffected by ingested nanomaterial. The scientists also found that contaminated flies could transfer the nanoparticles to other flies, and hence possibly to humans.
Sources:
New insights into health and environmental effects of carbon nanoparticles http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12021.php
Differential Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials in Drosophila: Larval Dietary Uptake Is Benign, but Adult Exposure Causes Locomotor Impairment and Mortality http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/full/10.1021/es901079z

Databases on Nanosafety
OECD Database on Nanomaterials Safety Research
The July 2009 issue of the bimonthly newsletter published by the European Network on the Health and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials notes the establishment of the OECD Database on Research into the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials, which "holds details of completed, current and planned research projects on safety, which are to be updated (electronically) by delegations."
Sources:
Information about database: http://www.oecd.org/document/26/0,3343,en_2649_37015404_42464730_1_1_1_1,00.html#Additional_Info
Database access: http://webnet.oecd.org/NanoMaterials

Automated Nanosafety Database Planned
According to a news release, a four-year R/D effort, the Nano Health Environment Commented Database (NHECD), is underway to "create and maintain an automated database that will retrieve, index and extract from scientific publications results related to the health and environmental impact of nanoparticles. The annotated, commented results and the extracted information will be stored at a central repository that will be available to research scientists, regulatory bodies and NGOs, [and] the general public." The EU FP7 project is coordinated by Prof. Oded Maimon and managed by Abel Browarnik, both of Tel Aviv University's Dept. of Industrial Engineering.
Source:
NHECD http://www.nhecd-fp7.eu/index.php?id=515

New Map of Nanotech Centers
An article in Nanowerk News calls attention to a new map issued by the Pew Trusts/Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. The new work plots as varying-diameter and color-coded circles the locales and metro centers of nanotech enterprises of various types around the U.S. Available adjacent to the map are links to raw data and inventories of entities in various application areas.
Sources:
Mapping nanotechnology in the U.S. http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12202.php
PEN Map http://www.nanotechproject.org/121

Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies
The EU and the US have undertaken a collaborative research project, Regulating Nanotechnologies in the EU and US: Towards Effectiveness and Convergence, to investigate the regulatory challenges raised by nanotechnologies and to assess the effectiveness of existing approaches. A conference, Transatlantic Regulatory Co-operation: Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies, will be held September 10-11, 2009, in London, to discuss recommendations from the project, and to consider new ideas for the future. A subsequent, shorter meeting on the same subject will be held at the Wilson Center in Washington on September 23, 2009.
Sources:
London: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/internationalRelations/centresandunits/regulatingnanotechnologies/nanohome.aspx
Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=544514

NIOSH to Sponsor Conference on Nanomaterials and Worker Health
NIOSH and other co-sponsors will convene a conference in July 2010 in Colorado to identify gaps in information and to address questions focusing on occupational health surveillance, exposure registries, and epidemiologic research involving nanotechnology workers.
Source:
Upcoming Conference; First Announcement. Nanomaterials and Worker Health: Occupational Health Surveillance, Exposure Registries, and Epidemiological Research
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/NanoConfJuly2010.html

OECD Publishes Three Papers on Safety of Engineered Nanomaterials
The OECD has published three reports on the safety of engineered nanomaterials:
• Report of an OECD Workshop on Exposure Assessment and Exposure Mitigation: Manufactured Nanomaterials (90 pp.) Contents include presentations on Exposure Measurements--Latest Developments in Analytical Methodology; Distinction Between Carbonaceous Nanomaterials and Background Airborne Particulate Matter; Relevance of Dustiness and Aerosol Dynamics for Personal Exposure; Development of Exposure Situations for Manufactured Nanoparticles (MNPs); Control Banding Nanotool- A Qualitative Risk Assessment Method; Approaches for the Definition of Threshold Limit Values for Nanomaterials
https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/25/43290538.pdf
• Comparison of Guidance on Selection of Skin Protective Equipment and Respirators for Use in the Workplace: Manufactured Nanomaterials (25 pp.) https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/56/43289781.pdf
• Emmision (sic) Assessment for Identification of Sources and Release of Airborne Manufactured Nanomaterials in the Workplace: Compilation of Existing Guidance (25 pp.)
https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/60/43289645.pdf

Nanotech Conferences Scheduled in Europe
The fourth international conference on "Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials" will be held in Vienna from September 6 to 9, 2009. About 200 scientists are expected to participate in the event. The conference will open with a workshop on the advantages and disadvantages of current methods and analytical techniques applicable to the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Europe's largest annual nanotechnology conference and exhibition, Nanotech Europe, will take place September 28-30, 2009 in Berlin. There will be sessions on Safe and Sustainable Development of Nanotechnology, and Assessing Exposure and Toxicology. 12 themes will be covered by over 180 speakers and 220 posters will be displayed.
Sources:
Conference: Effects of nanotechnology on the environment --Vienna: http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=12337.php
Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Vienna conference announcement:
http://nano2009.univie.ac.at
Europe’s Largest Annual Nanotechnology Conference and Exhibition --Berlin: http://www.nanotech.net/

IAEA Database Recorded 1,562 Nuclear Trafficking Incidents for the Period 1993–2008
The International Atomic Energy Agency reports that in 2008, 119 events were added to the agency’s Illicit Trafficking Database. Fifteen of those were cases of illicit nuclear material possession or related incidents and 16 were cases involving the theft or loss of sensitive substances. Between 1993 and the end of 2008, the database had recorded 1,562 nuclear trafficking incidents, ranging from illicit disposal efforts to nuclear material of unknown provenance. As of the end of 2008, 103 IAEA member states participated in the reporting program.
Sources:
IAEA Tracks Illicit Possession of Nuclear Materials http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090817_4827.php
IAEA Annual Report 2008 (1 January to 31 December 2008) http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2008/anrep2008_full.pdf

International Framework Needed to Address Governance Gap over Geoengineering
A new report by the ETC group addresses the potential implications of geoengineering pointing out the urgent need for an international framework developed under the auspices of the UN to evaluate new technologies.
Source:
The Emperor’s New Climate: Geoengineering as 21st century fairytale http://www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/publications.html?pub_id=762

Including Security Implications of Climate Change on the Copenhagen Agenda
The second conference “Climate Change & Security at Copenhagen: New Thinking on the Atlantic Contribution to Success” to be held October 7-8, 2009 in Brussels, will focus on the security aspects of climate change and trans-Atlantic co-operation, as inputs for the Copenhagen conference.
Source:
Climate Change & Security at Copenhagen - II: - New Thinking on the Atlantic Contribution to Success, 7-8 October 2009 – Brussels
http://www.envirosecurity.org/events/

Kiev Protocol to Aarhus Convention Enters into Force in October 2009
The Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the UNECE Aarhus Convention (Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters) will enter into force on October 8, 2009, 90 days after receiving its 16th ratification (France, on July 10, 2009.) The Kiev Protocol is a legally binding international instrument among European countries regulating information on pollutants’ release and transfer, with the objectives of enhancing public access to information, assessing progress and priority areas for pollution reduction, and monitoring compliance with certain international agreements. It requires facilities to report annually on the amounts of certain pollutants they release to the environment or transfer to other facilities. The EU-27 countries are expected to release their first annual reports on the pollutants covered by the Protocol on September 30, 2009.
Sources:
Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers http://www.unece.org/env/pp/prtr.htm
New International treaty requires industries to report on pollutants http://www.unece.org/press/pr2009/09env_p17e.htm
Toxics Release Inventory Program http://www.epa.gov/TRI/

More than 30 New International Food Safety Standards Adopted
The Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted more than 30 new international standards, codes of practice, and guidelines concerning dangerous bacteria and chemicals in food.
Source:
More than 30 new food safety standards adopted http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/food_standards_20090706/en/index.html

New EU Body Recommended for Assessing Human Enhancement
Advances in biological technologies to increase human capabilities are accelerating. These are expected to have profound implications for the future of civilization and what it means to be human. Future schisms between those who are enhanced or favor enhancement vs. those who are not enhanced or oppose human enhancement are possible. Frameworks to understand, monitor, and regulate such advances are lacking. A European Parliament-requested study on these issues recommended improved public understanding and establishment of a European body for monitoring human enhancement technologies (HET) within and outside Europe in order to develop a normative framework that would guide the formulation of EU policies.
Sources:
European Parliament. Science and Technology Options Assessment. Human Enhancement Study http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/stoa2007-13_en.pdf
Staff conversations with one of the authors: Gregor Wolbring <gwolbrin@ucalgary.ca>

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
Water decontamination improved with gallium
Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories have discovered that adding an atom of gallium to the key molecules in a coagulant widely used for water decontamination greatly improves its effectiveness and shelf life.
Sources:
Purer water made possible by Sandia advance http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2009/waterpurity.html
Enhanced Water Purification: A Single Atom Makes a Difference http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803683t

Paper biosensors to detect toxins, pathogens, and viruses
A team of Canadian researchers from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario reports developing a paper biosensor technology that would enable fast and cost-effective detection of harmful substances, including toxins, pathogens, and viruses. The system is similar to printers using cartridges, but with two layers of “ink” (the first one comprising biocompatible silica nanoparticles, and a second containing an enzyme), which form a bio-ink that changes color upon contact with a specific biological agent.
Sources:
System created to make paper biosensors http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2009/07/15/System-created-to-make-paper-biosensors/UPI-86031247691146/
Printing toxin-detecting paper http://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/story.cfm?id=6280

New Measures for Improving Marine Environment
Work Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships
The Marine Environment Protection (MEP) Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) agreed to an interim package and a work plan aiming to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions from shipping. The procedures do not set any CO2 reduction rates, and include only voluntary technical and operational measures to reduce emissions. The measures have a trial status until the MEPC 60th session, to be held in March 2010, when they will be adapted as necessary. The Second IMO study on GHG emissions estimates that the shipping industry was responsible for 3.3% of the 2007 global emissions, and, if no global policies are adopted to regulate shipping emissions, by 2050 they might increase by 150% to 250% compared to 2007 levels. However, implementing technical and operational measures could increase efficiency and reduce emissions by 25% to 75% below the current levels. [Similar items: Tougher Global Limits Imposed on Air Pollution from Large Ships in October 2008, and Concerns over Maritime Air Pollution Increase in February 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
IMO environment meeting issues technical and operational measures to address GHG emissions from ships http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1773&doc_id=11579
Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, Second IMO GHG Study 2009 http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1823
Climate targets for ships deferred (subscription required to access full article) http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090717/full/news.2009.704.html

Better Planning Needed for Maritime, Especially Coastal, Areas
Dr. Jane Lubchenco, head of the U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has called for better planning for use of ocean waters, especially along coasts, citing the myriad, and often conflicting activities that are putting pressure on that environment.
A team led by marine ecologists at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) at the University of California, Santa Barbara produced a composite map of the status of West Coast marine ecosystems, plotting the location and intensity of 25 human-derived sources of ecological stress. This provides important information on the impact of the activities and their sustainability or potential relocation. The effort represents a methodological refinement of an earlier globally oriented assessment. [Related item: World Database on Marine Protected Areas in June 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
NOAA chief says new ocean uses creating conflicts http://www.physorg.com/news167373736.html
Scientists Map West Coast Areas Most Affected by Humans http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=2009

EPA Plan for Reducing Ship Emissions
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working on plans to reduce harmful emissions from ships, primarily nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The organization is proposing to use the Clean Air Act to set engine and fuel standards for U.S.-flagged ships to bring them in line with international standards. When fully implemented, the coordinated effort would reduce NOx emissions by 80% and PM emissions by 85%. Meantime, California air-quality regulators have begun enforcing emission rules on ships within 24 miles of the coast. [Related items: Tougher Global Limits Imposed on Air Pollution from Large Ships in October 2008, and U.S. and Canada to Control Air Emissions from Ships in April 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
EPA Cracks Down on Ship Emissions http://www.thegreenitreview.com/2009/07/epa-cracks-down-on-ship-emissions.html
Regulators cracking down on ship emissions http://www.presstelegram.com/news/ci_12846903

Organized Crime Targets Electronic Waste Recycling
A series of raids in the UK to enforce the EU's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) revealed increased involvement of organized crime in illegal export of unrepairable electric and electronic equipment to developing countries, mostly in Africa. Organized crime is primarily interested in retrieving some valuable parts of those devices. Dumping as well as dismantling of electronic waste in developing countries in Africa and Asia represents a serious threat to human health and the environment. [Related items: EC's WEEE Directive Goes into Effect in UK in July 2007, Waste Management Policies in June 2008, and Toxic Waste Disposal of Global Growing Concern in September 2006 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Organised crime targets waste recycling http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jul/08/recycling-electronic-waste-crime

Central Asian Nations to Create Regulatory Frameworks for Reducing Nuclear and Toxic Waste Threat
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, supported by a consortium of national and international organizations, are taking measures to reduce the threat posed by nuclear and hazardous material left over from the Soviet era. Some 800 million tons of radioactive and toxic waste are stored in vulnerable depots, threatening both general environmental contamination and specific contamination of the water supplies of millions of people, and increasing “dirty bomb” threats. A declaration adopted at Geneva on June 29, 2009, outlines the main actions to address the problem, including regulatory frameworks and capacity building. [Previous related item: Central Asia Becomes Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in December 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Governments seek to avoid radioactive catastrophe in Central Asia http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/june/governments-seek-to-avoid-radioactive-catastrophe-in-central-asia.en
Central Asian Nations Seek to Reduce "Dirty Bomb" Threat http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090630_8549.php

Tuvalu to use only renewable energy by 2020
Tuvalu, one of the small island states threatened by disappearance due to rising sea levels, has set a goal to use 100% renewable energy by 2020. It estimates that shifting exclusively to wind and solar power would cost a little over $20 million. Following Maldives, Tuvalu is the second country intending to set an example to nations responsible for large greenhouse gas emissions ahead of the Copenhagen negotiations. “We look forward to the day when our nation offers an example to all –– powered entirely by natural resources such as the sun and the wind,” said Kausea Natano, Minister for Public Utilities and Industries. [Previous related item: Maldives to Become World’s First Carbon Neutral Country in 10 Years in May 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
At risk from rising seas, Tuvalu seeks clean power http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE56I1EO20090719

Arctic Civil and Military Activities Increasing
Satellite measurements of the thickness of the arctic ice revealed that the Arctic Ocean’s permanent ice cover around the North Pole has thinned by more than 40% since 2004. Experts are therefore reassessing the timing of when the Arctic would be ice-free in the summer.
Jonas Gahr Støre, Norway’s foreign minister predicted that the “northeast passage” for shipping around Russia’s arctic coast and across the North Pole will be opened within a decade. The route through previously inaccessible Russian waters would cut sailing times between Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Yokohama in Japan by 40%, while also providing a safer and “pirate-free” route for trans-global shipping.
A Danish defense position paper suggests substantial enhancement to the country’s northern military capabilities, including creating a dedicated arctic military body (potentially an Arctic Command) that would combine army, navy and air force assets, as well as upgrade of surveillance systems. A more detailed plan is expected for fall 2009. As many nations increase military resources dedicated to arctic operations, worry increases that conflict potential is also increasing.
The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, by the Arctic Council, reiterates warnings that an expected increase in shipping threatens the fragile ecosystem due to release of oil and other hazardous substances, harm to marine wildlife, and introduction of new invasive species. Recommendations include, inter alia, that arctic nations increase efforts for reducing pollution from ships, and consider designating special Arctic Ocean areas for environmental protection. [Previous related item: New Developments Concerning the Arctic in July-August 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
NASA satellites reveal extent of Arctic sea ice loss http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/08/arctic-ice-ocean
Global warming to open up north-east Arctic tanker route http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/14/global-warming-tanker-route
Danish military plans raise fears of northern conflict http://thechronicleherald.ca/Canada/1134516.html
Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 http://arcticportal.org/pame/pame-document-library/progress-reports-to-senior-arctic-officials/olgaamsa2009report.pdf

Low-fume Paint Requirements Spread
Illinois recently passed a law requiring the use of low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints; many other states already have such laws or are expected to enact them, and manufacturers are modifying product lines to meet similar requirements in other parts of the world. VOCs in paints and other finishes have been shown to present serious health hazards. [Previous related item: Models for Photochemical Pollution Assessment in Urban Areas in June 2006 environmental security report.]
Sources:
State rolls out new paint law to reduce harmful fumes http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=308600&src=119
Celanese Introduces EcoVAE™ Emulsions for Low to No VOC, Eco-Friendly Paints in Asia http://www.pr-inside.com/celanese-introduces-ecovae-emulsions-for-r937682.htm

Waste Reduction and Recycling Regulations and Laws Spreading Around the World
Australia’s Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts released the draft “National Waste Policy Framework––Less Waste More Resources,” aiming to reduce waste by increasing its use as a resource. In the U.S., the city of San Francisco is the latest community to enact a compulsory composting/recycling law, joining a growing worldwide group of jurisdictions having such regulations. [Previous related items: European Union to Consider Regulations for Curbing Biowaste in June 2009, and EU New Strategy on Waste Recycling in December 2005 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Draft National Waste Policy Framework - less waste more resources http://www.environment.gov.au/wastepolicy/consultation/index.html
S.F. OKs toughest recycling law in U.S. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/06/10/MN09183NV8.DTL

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
Scientists say that the effects of El Niño on the global climate vary and might be altered by global warming, and they warn that an emerging El Niño could cause droughts, floods and an increased number of forest fires. There is a strong correlation between intense El Niño and droughts in Southeast Asia and floods in western Latin America––Colombia, Ecuador and elsewhere. In a recent study, periodic warming of the central Pacific was linked to an increase in Atlantic hurricanes.

Climate Change-Induced Migration
The Future is Here: Climate Change in the Pacific, a report by Oxfam Australia, warns that by 2050, more than 75 million people living in the Asia-Pacific region will have to relocate due to the effects of climate change. Some have already been displaced because of food and water shortages, the rising incidence of malaria, and more frequent flooding and storms. Although some islands began adaptation plans, the report underlines that many people will not be able to relocate within their own country; hence, developed nations in the region, such as Australia, should work with Pacific nations’ governments to design immigration strategies.
In Bangladesh, thousands of people are becoming environmental refugees every year, and their number is growing due to increased frequency of natural disasters and rising sea levels. Experts warn that unless there is implementation of adequate policies and strategies for addressing adaptation and climate change, by 2030-2050, at least 35 million Bangladeshi will have to migrate, since one-third of the country might be submerged due to sea level rise.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Images by the Icesat satellite, launched in 2003, measuring Arctic sea ice thickness, revealed that the Arctic Ocean’s permanent ice cover around the North Pole has thinned by more than 40% since 2004 as noted in item 5.5. Although scientists say that the loss was “remarkable”, they refrain from speculating when the region would be completely summer-ice-free. Overall, the study says that the ice, typically up to about 3 meters thick, thinned by 67 centimeters over the observed period. The multiyear ice was reduced from 62% of the region’s total ice volume in 2003, to only 32% in 2008, thus 68% represents “first-year” seasonal ice, which mostly melts during the summer.
Same rapid melting is revealed by the more than a thousand intelligence images of the Arctic region taken over the past decade and released at the request of the National Academy of Sciences. The images, being at higher resolution, depict pools of melted water on top of Arctic ice floes stretching across 30 meters. These pools, absorbing rather than reflecting the sun’s heat, increase the melting process, further adding to global warming.

Computer Modeling
For the first time, researchers have constructed a model that combines the impact on global temperature of four factors: human influences such as CO2 and aerosol emissions; heating from the sun; volcanic activity; and the El Niño southern oscillation. The analysis shows that the relative stability in global temperatures in the last seven years is due primarily to a decline in incoming sunlight associated with the 11-year solar cycle, and a weak El Niño, which therefore masked the real warming effects caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The research was carried out by Judith Lean, of the US Naval Research Laboratory, and David Rind, of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and will be published in Geophysical Research Letters.

Adaptation
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will produce a manual for policymakers and organizations working in disaster relief to help build short-term strategies for managing extreme weather event effects and bolstering resilience, as well as to promote adaptation to global warming.
The UN International Strategy on Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) urged the G8 Summit to apply their “considerable influence, resources and political will” to advance five major action points on disaster risk reduction: helping disaster-prone countries institutionalize disaster risk reduction; promoting effective measures to reduce the number of people living with chronic food insecurity; ensuring the research needed at all levels to develop, disseminate and apply climate forecast information, early warning systems, and ecosystem essentials; enabling expeditiously a global structural and functional assessment of all schools and hospitals; and making unequivocal financial commitments to disaster risk reduction.

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
UK Solicits Participation in Nanotech Policy Formulation
The UK government, "is developing a strategy for nanotechnologies to build on existing actions, recommendations and strategies, and ensure that everyone in the UK can benefit from the societal and economic opportunities that these technologies may offer whilst addressing the challenges that they might present." In aid of this, the Dept. for Business, Innovation & Skills has opened a Web site to solicit input from, "everyone from researchers, businesses, regulators and policy makers to third sector organisations and the general public," and is, "seeking … views on current and future opportunities and challenges, the effectiveness of existing policies and what changes or new initiatives might be needed in the future."
Source:
Nanotechnologies: influence and inform the UK strategy http://interactive.bis.gov.uk/nano/

EPA Official Says Carbon Nanotubes Will Continue to Be Regulated Case-by-Case
According to the Bureau of National Affairs' Daily Environment Report, cited in Meridian's Nanotechnology and Development News, EPA, "will continue to regulate carbon nanotubes on a case-by-case basis, as the distinct characteristics of each kind of carbon nanotube could mean each has different implications for human health and the environment."
Source:
EPA Official Says Carbon Nanotubes Will Continue to Be Regulated Case-by-Case http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=2021

Study Shows Ill Effects of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes
A new study at BASF SE produced evidence that inhaled multiwall carbon nanotubes can produce inflammation and other ill effects in rats at a "dose … 200 times lower than an inhalation exposure level generically deemed to pose high concern through the United Nations' Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)," according to a scientist commenting on the results, as reported by the Bureau of National Affairs, and cited in Meridian's Nanotechnology and Development News.
Source:
Inhalation Toxicity of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats Exposed for 3 Months
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kfp146

Study Shows Toxicity Implications of Nanoparticle Size
Researchers at the Institute of Nanotechnology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, conducted a study on the effect of the size of gold nanoparticles on their toxicity in a mouse model. The work showed that injection of particles of 3, 5, 50, and 100 nm size had no harmful effects, but those ranging from 8 to 37 nm induced severe sickness in mice.
Source:
Assessment of the In Vivo Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles http://springerlink.com/content/t67n820852546433/?p=5ec561e448b34bf1b2bc9d08c3c42fe2&pi=13

New Wiki on Safe Nanotech in the Workplace
According to Meridian, “The Rice University-based International Council on Nanotechnology (ICON), Texas, introduced the GoodNanoGuide, an online, community-driven wiki for information about the safe handling of nanomaterials. … It is designed to be a practical tool for people who handle nanomaterials as well as an online repository of safety protocols.” The guide is available at the site below.
Sources:
Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, 6/2/2009 - http://www.merid.org/nanodev/
Guide: http://www.goodnanoguide.org/tiki-index.php?page=HomePage

Study to Explore Effects of Nanomaterials on Aquatic Environments
Prof. Gregg Goss of the University of Alberta will co-lead Canadian researchers in a three-year study of the toxicity of nanomaterials in aquatic environments.
Source:
Researcher looking for nano environmental footprint http://www.physorg.com/news166284882.html

New Nanoparticle Study Device Available
Izon Ltd. of Christchurch, New Zealand, advertises a relatively inexpensive new device for the detection and measurement of nanoparticle. The qNano is a proprietary scanning ion occlusion spectroscopy (SIOS) platform for fluid-borne nanoparticle analysis. According to an announcement, it provides, “dynamically adjustable nanopores, enabling tunable, resistive pulse sensing over a wide particle size range.”
Source:
qNano http://www.izon.com/products-services/qnano

New Technique for Non-toxic Nanosilver
Andrea Travan and colleagues at the Dept. of Life Sciences, Univ. of Trieste, have reported a new method for rendering silver nanoparticle non-toxic to mammalian cells. (See Item 7.8.2, Wide Use of Nano-Silver Raises Health and Environmental Issues, in the June 2009 issue of this report.) The method involves immobilizing the particles in a hydrogel, so that they, “can exert their antimicrobial activity by contact with the bacterial membrane, but cannot [be] absorbed and internalized by eukaryotic cells,” according to an item in Nanowerk.
Source:
How to make nanosilver non-cytotoxic with sugar http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=11406.php

New Efforts Underway to Improve Nanotech EHS Information
A new EU FP7 project will create a database on the health, safety and environmental impact of nanoparticles. The project, "Nano Health-Environment Commented Database (NHECD)," is coordinated by Professor Oded Maimon from Tel Aviv University, Israel. Also, Khara Deanne Grieger and colleagues of the research group Nanotechnology & Risk at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) are working on identifying the gaps in knowledge of the environmental, health and safety impacts of nanomaterials. A systematic analysis of 31 reports and articles found that serious knowledge gaps exist in all areas of basic nanotech EHS knowledge, viz., the lack of reference materials and standardization; environmental fate and behavior; human and environmental toxicity; test methods to assess, particularly, the effects; and commercial or industrial-related aspects (e.g. life cycle assessments).
Source:
EU study tackles nanotoxicology dilemma http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?id=/research/headlines/news/article_09_07_03_en.html&item=Infocentre&artid=12033
Nanotechnology: the things we don't know http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=11497.php
The known unknowns of nanomaterials: Describing and characterizing uncertainty within environmental, health and safety risks http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/17435390902944069

Review and Map of Use of Nanomaterials for Environmental Cleanup
According to the announcement, “A new review article … co-authored by Dr. Todd Kuiken, a research associate for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN), focuses on the use of nanomaterials for environmental cleanup. It provides an overview of current practices; research findings; societal issues; potential environment, health, and safety implications; and possible future directions for nanoremediation.” The Wilson Center/Pew Trust’s PEN also released a map that “shows which nanomaterials have been used where and includes detailed information on the contaminants treated and the nature of the treatment.”
Sources:
Contaminated Site Remediation: Are Nanomaterials the Answer? First Map of Global Nanoremediation Sites Available Online http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/8267/
Nanotechnology and In situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2009/0900793/abstract.html
Nanoremediation Map http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/remediation_map/

"Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water"
Elsevier advertises, "Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water highlights both the challenges and the opportunities for nanotechnology to positively influence … [the] nanotechnology area of environmental protection. Here you will find detailed information on breakthroughs, cutting edge technologies, current research, and future trends that may affect acceptance of widespread applications. The first four parts of the book cover specific topics including using nanotechnology for clean drinking water in both large scale water treatment plants and in point-of-use systems [as well as] existing technologies and future potential for groundwater remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors. … The final part discusses the inherent societal implications that may affect acceptance of widespread applications." The book was not read/reviewed for this report.
Sources:
Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/715798/description
Book Review of Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water http://www.nanolabweb.com/index.cfm/action/main.default.viewArticle/articleID/294/CFID/3843948/CFTOKEN/94277499/index.html

NGO Coalitions Raise Doubts about Nanotech and the Environment
According to an article in Nanowerk News, cited in Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, "Two international coalitions of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are challenging industry claims about the potential environmental benefits provided by nanotechnology products. The groups, the European Environmental Bureau and the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) Nanotechnology Working Group, state that emerging evidence is showing that the claims put forth by industry regarding nanotechnology do not provide the whole picture, and that environmental risks and costs are being trivialized or ignored."
Source:
Nanotechnology and the environment: A mismatch between claims and reality http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=11736.php

Environmental Security Listed First in UNDP’s 2009 Arab Human Development Report
The “Arab Human Development Report 2009” by UNDP underlines that the region’s security faces growing challenges from environmental stresses. It argues that human security will be adequately addressed only if all the seven interdependent threats identified are dealt with simultaneously and equally. Out of seven dimensions of threat, “People and their insecure environment” is listed first, as “The Arab region faces growing challenges to the security of its population from environmental stresses. [...] challenges will result from population and demographic pressures, the overexploitation of land, water shortages, desertification, pollution, and climate change.” Amat Al Alim Alsoswa, Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States and UN Assistant Secretary-General pointed out, “The human security of people in the Arab region depends, first and foremost, on the health of the environment that sustains all of us.”
Sources:
Arab Human Development Report 2009 http://www.arab-hdr.org/contents/index.aspx?rid=5
Arguing for "Human Security". Arab Human Development Report – 2009 http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/articles/2009/ioi/090721-human-security.html

CDC launches the National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network
The National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network website launched by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) aims to bridge the gaps in investigating how environmental contaminants affect human health. Currently, information is centered on air and water quality, but more data will be added concerning hazardous waste sites (both federal- and state-designated sites), pesticide exposure, and climate change.
Sources:
Did polluted water make me sick? Am I living in a cancer cluster? http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/environmental-public-health-tracking-47070603
National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network, CDC http://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showHome.action

International Guidance on the Treatment of Individuals in War May Eventually Guild International Standards on the Treatment of the Environment in War
Making distinctions between civilians and combatants, as well as making distinctions between military targets and civilian areas, is becoming increasingly difficult and may become even more difficult in the future. As a result, the International Committee of the Red Cross has issued an “Interpretive Guidance” concerning “the distinction between legitimate military targets and persons protected against direct attacks.” The Guidance is not intended to replace existing rules, but clarify criteria in answering key questions. “Who is considered a civilian for the purposes of the principle of distinction? What conduct amounts to direct participation in hostilities? What modalities govern the loss of protection against direct attack?” With the increasing attention to environmental security, these kinds of questions may eventually be applied to the environment. Although the guidance applies only to IHL affecting human factors, considering the reference that triggered the guidelines, “transformation and modernization of warfare”, as well as previous discussions relative to including environmental factors under IHL, it is fair to speculate that the scope and spectrum might be expanded to also cover environmental aspects; e.g., when is the use of environment considered a weapon and when should it be off limits?
Sources:
Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law (International Committee of the Red Cross, June 2009)
http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/direct-participation-ihl-article-020609/$File/direct-participation-guidance-2009-ICRC.pdf
International Law in Brief, June 26. Resolutions, Declarations, and Other Documents http://www.asil.org/ilib090626.cfm#r1

Proposal for a UN Environmental Mediation Program
Former and present Executive Directors of UNEP and NGO leaders met June 28-July 2, 2009 in Glion, Switzerland to make recommendations to improve international environmental governance. A UN Environmental Mediation Program (UNEMP) was proposed by U.S. Ambassador John McDonald, Executive Director of the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy. The proposed UNEP unit would provide mediation services as requested by governments to help resolve environmental issues between nations and within nations, including training of environmental mediators, establishing national environmental mediation centers, assisting national research programs, and creating an international panel of environmental mediators to be on call to help resolve transboundary disputes. The idea will be considered by UNEP later in 2009. [For an earlier version of the proposal see: "Environmental Security: United Nations Doctrine for Managing Environmental Issues in Military Actions; Appendix C: United Nations Environmental Mediation Program (UNEMP)" at http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/es-un-app3.html]
Sources:
GEG Forum: Reflecting on the Past, Moving into the Future http://environmentalgovernance.org/event/2009/06/geg-forum
For further information, contact: U.S. Ambassador John McDonald, Executive Director of the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, email: <Jmcdonald@imtd.org>
Environmental Security: United Nations Doctrine for Managing Environmental Issues in Military Actions; Appendix C: United Nations Environmental Mediation Program (UNEMP) http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/es-un-app3.html

Canada, Mexico, and the USA Met to Strengthen Regional Environmental Regulations
Environment ministers of Canada, Mexico, and the United States met as the Council of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and consulted with the Joint Public Advisory Committee in Denver this month to improve public participation and partnerships, enhance accountability and transparency, and set clear performance goals concerning environmental regulations across the continent. The environmental trilateral 2010–2015 Strategic Plan will consider strategies for reducing CO2 emissions (including a potential continental cap-and-trade system), climate change mitigation and adaptation issues, and enhancing protection of ecosystems. The participants from the public group asked specifically that reducing the North American ecological footprint also be included. Earlier this month, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon met and announced their intention to modernize the 37-year-old Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement to reflect the new environmental threats and technologies to address them.
Sources:
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Ministerial Statement http://www.cec.org/news/details/index.cfm?varlan=english&ID=2828
Input from Millennium Project staff attending the CEC meeting (for further information contact <millennium-project@igc.org>)
USA, Canada to Modernize Great Lakes Water Quality Pact http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2009/2009-06-15-01.asp

European Union to Consider Regulations for Curbing Biowaste
The European Commission is conducting an assessment of the potential need for and impact of legislation for reducing biowaste and its environmental impacts. The new regulation should reinforce the EU Landfill Directive, including a large spectrum of measures, from prevention, handling, and treatment, to product labeling. However, important aspects will need to be elucidated, from definitions related to biowaste, to countries infrastructure differences. Biowaste in the EU is estimated to rise to 139 million tonnes yearly, representing an important source of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution when deposited in landfills. The Commission should present the impact assessment of different policy options by the end of 2009, and the legislative proposal is expected to be adopted in 2010.
Sources:
Council Conclusions. Green Paper on the management of bio-waste in the European Union http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/envir/108751.pdf
EU biowaste directive moves a step closer http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/eu-biowaste-directive-moves-step-closer/article-183575

EU-US Joint Energy-Efficiency Standards for Office Equipment
The European Commission and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency agreed to implement the joint Energy Star Programme by introducing higher energy-efficiency standards for office equipment such as computers, copiers and printers.
Sources:
EU and US Reinforce Energy Efficiency Standards for Office Equipment http://www.eurunion.org/eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3417&Itemid=58
EU-US Energy Star Program http://www.eu-energystar.org/en/index.html

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
Faster and Cheaper Virus Detector Uses Indium Nanowires, Synthetic Antibodies
A more rapid and cheaper type of SARS virus-detector is being developed by a team from the University of Southern California. The active elements are indium oxide nanowires carrying bioengineered synthetic antibodies, reportedly resulting in a system which is lower in cost and produces results in minutes rather than hours, compared to existing devices.
Source:
Label-Free, Electrical Detection of the SARS Virus N-Protein with Nanowire Biosensors Utilizing Antibody Mimics as Capture Probes http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn900086c
A quicker, cheaper SARS virus detector benefits from advances in nanodesign http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=10908.php

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Environmental Advantages in New Methanol Production Process
Scott Barnett at Northwestern Univ., Evanston IL, and colleagues have demonstrated a new environmentally friendly technology that uses a solid oxide electrolysis cell to turn CO2, hydrogen, and water into syngas (H + CO), which can then be converted into methanol, a competitor to hydrogen for energy storage and production. A “methanol economy” has the advantage over hydrogen of using the existing liquid-fuel-oriented storage and distribution infrastructure. The current syngas production processes are based on fossil fuels, and have negative environmental impacts.
Source:
Methanol challenges hydrogen to be fuel of the future http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17240-methanol-challenges-hydrogen-to-be-fuel-of-the-future.html

New Fuel Cell Membrane May Solve Dry Surroundings Problem
Researcher Cy Fujimoto of the Sandia National Laboratories is developing a new type of polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cells. The new material aims to solve the problem of dehydration and consequent diminished functioning of fuel cells in dry desert environments.
Source:
New type of membrane developed at Sandia may help make hydrogen hybrid cars a reality http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2009/PEM.html

Updates on Previously Identified Issues

Growing Marine Litter Increasingly Threatens Marine Ecosystems
Plastic debris, along with rubbish and other waste, are littering the marine environment worldwide, revealed Marine Litter: A Global Challenge, a report launched on World Oceans Day by UNEP and Ocean Conservancy, analyzing 12 major regional marine ecosystems around the world. Studies indicate that plastic content rose considerably in ocean animals from North Sea fulmars, to Northeast Atlantic plankton. UNEP suggests several strategies to curb marine litter, including improved waste management, shipping and port regulations on waste discharge, a modified system of fines for ocean dumping, improved ship dismantling, and a ban on thin film plastic bags. Out of the 12 regional seas included in the report––Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, East Asian seas, East African seas, Mediterranean, Northeast Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, South Asian seas, South Pacific, and Wider Caribbean––the East Asian Seas seem to be in the worst situation. [Items on similar issues in previous environmental security reports: Microplastics Recognized as Environmental Threat to Oceans in November 2008, and International Conference and Assessments Find Rising Ocean Pollution in October 2006.]
Sources:
Marine Litter: A Global Challenge http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/Marine_Litter_A_Global_Challenge.pdf
Report Brings to the Surface the Growing Global Problem of Marine Litter http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=589&ArticleID=6214&l=en&t=long

World Database on Marine Protected Areas
The World Database on Marine Protected Areas is a new online system designed to provide up-to-date information on marine protected areas and marine and coastal ecosystems. It is a tool that would help decision-makers, conservation organizations, and communities around the world to enforce marine protected areas conservation and management. Note: marine protected areas represent less than 1% of earth’s surface, while terrestrial protected areas are about 12%.[Items on similar issues in previous environmental security reports: “Roving” Marine Protected Areas as Climate Change Affects Migration in March 2008.]
Sources:
World Database on Marine Protected Areas: http://www.wdpa-marine.org
UNEP launches new online system to view and study the world's marine protected areas http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=589&ArticleID=6212&l=en&t=long

New Substances Identified as Harmful to Human Health and the Environment
California has identified 30 new chemicals with detrimental effects to human health, ranging from gasoline additives, to industrial solvents, chemicals used to manufacture plastics, adhesives and other materials, and byproducts of water disinfection using chlorine.
The Kenyan Parliament is considering a ban on Furadan, a highly toxic pesticide widely available in Kenya, but already banned in the U.S. and Europe.
A study of a weed-killer by scientists at the Institute of Biology of the University of Caen in France has added evidence to the finding that an “inert” ingredient in a product may have toxic effects outweighing any attributed to the principal ingredient(s) in the material. In their research, polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA), a surfactant, was shown to be more lethal to certain human cells than the product’s active ingredient, glyphosate. [Previous items on similar issues: Stockholm Convention Updated with Nine New Chemicals in May 2009, New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
30 'New' Toxic Chemicals to Avoid http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/toxic-chemicals-47061601
Kenya Considers a Ban on Pesticide Used to Kill Lions and Wildlife http://e360.yale.edu/content/digest.msp?id=1910
P Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx800218n
Weed killer kills human cells. Study intensifies debate over 'inert' ingredients http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/roundup-weed-killer-is-toxic-to-human-cells.-study-intensifies-debate-over-inert-ingredients

Greenland Moving Towards Independence
In what might be an example of political and sovereignty implications of climate change, Greenland took another step towards full independence from Denmark. It was granted self-rule status, recognizing Greenlanders as a distinct people with Greenlandic as the territory’s official language and with the right to self-determination, including control over its natural reserves –– gas, gold and diamonds. The warming climate could open access to the untapped wealth and pave the road towards economic independence. A referendum held in November 2008, showed more than 75% support of the residents for taking charge of the police, justice, and security responsibilities. [Previous related item: The Debate over Strategic Control of the Arctic is Heating Up in July-August 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Greenland takes step toward independence from Denmark http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greenland/5594140/Greenland-takes-step-toward-independence-from-Denmark.html
Divorce up north? http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12696845
Greenland Takes a Step Towards Autonomy http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,592880,00.html

Global Influenza Pandemic Declared
The World Health Organization raised the level of influenza A(H1N1) alert to Phase 6, which indicates that a global pandemic is underway and further spread of the virus is ‘inevitable.’ According to the latest figures from the WHO, there have been 263 deaths and nearly 60,000 cases in some 100 countries and territories. [See also: International Response to Contain Influenza A(H1N1) Outbreak in April 2009 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Global Influenza Pandemic Declared http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2009/2009-06-11-02.asp
US passes million swine flu cases http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8122262.stm

Health Threats from Open Waste Pits in Conflict Zones Trigger Regulation
Over 400 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans complain of health problems after being exposed in conflict areas to burning toxic waste in open pits. A bill introduced to Congress, ‘Military Personnel War Zone Toxic Exposure Prevention Act,’ requires health assessment of those who were exposed, as well as further prohibition of use of open pits to burn toxic waste. Meantime, several lawsuits have been filed against KBR Inc., a former subsidiary of Halliburton, for liability over soldiers’ toxic exposure.
Source:
Vets protest open-pit fires in war zones http://thehill.com/business--lobby/vets-protest-open-pit-fires-in-war-zones-2009-06-11.html

Health Hazards from “Environment-friendly” Reusable Bags
A new study warns of possible health hazards from reusable plastic bags, revealing high levels of mold, bacteria, and yeast in samples. [Previous related items: New Material Makes Biodegradable Plastic Bags in January 2009, India to Enact Regulation Curbing Plastic Bags Use in January 2009, and Restrictions on Plastic Bags Expanding in January 2008.]
Sources:
“A Microbiological Study of Plastic Reusable Bags and `First or single-use’ Plastic Bags” http://www.cpia.ca/files/files/A_Microbiological_Study_of_Reuseable_Plastic_Grocery_Bags.pdf
Study Labels Reusable Bags as Possible Health Risk http://earth911.com/blog/2009/06/01/study-labels-reusable-bags-as-possible-health-risk/

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
A new IPCC report, summarizing over 1,400 studies that were presented at the climate conference of March 2009 in Copenhagen, warns that changes in ocean temperatures and sea levels, extreme climate conditions, and the retreat of the Arctic sea ice are happening more rapidly than experts predicted two years ago, and concludes that “The world faces a growing risk of abrupt and irreversible climatic shifts.”
World Disasters Report 2009 states that the 326 natural disasters that occurred worldwide in 2008 had a 235,736 death toll and the developing world suffered 76% of the disasters and 99% of the deaths. The Human Impact Report: Climate Change––The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis report claims that climate change affects 325 million people a year, at a total economic cost of $125 billion, and predicts that, by 2030, more than 660 million people would be affected, with potentially 500,000 deaths, and an economic loss rising to $340 billion
The Korea Meteorological Administration 10-years analysis shows that the Korean Peninsula is closer to a subtropical climate, due to climate change. For the 1999–2008 period, the average temperature was 0.6°C (1°F) higher than the 30-year average of the 1971–2000 period, while precipitation increased by an average 9.1%.
Sources:
Climate Change Picks Pace New IPCC Report Warns http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=589&ArticleID=6225&l=en&t=long
Press Conference by International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to Launch ‘World Disasters Report 2009’ http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2009/090616_ICRC.doc.htm
Deadly heat http://www.salon.com/env/feature/2009/05/30/climate_change_crisis/#
Climate change study counts high human toll http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4f408284-4c79-11de-a6c5-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1
Korea moving toward a subtropical climate http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/06/15/200906150007.asp

Food and Water Security
FAO announced that the number of world hungry is projected to reach a historic high of 1,020 million people in 2009. The most recent increase is not the consequence of poor global harvests but is caused by the world economic crisis which resulted in lower incomes and increased unemployment undermining access to food. The majority of those most affected live in areas with already high environmental and conflict vulnerability. The final version of State of Food Insecurity in the World will be released in October.
By mid-century, climate change may have outrun the ability of Africa's farmers to adapt to rising temperatures, threatening the continent’s precarious food security. Growing seasons throughout nearly all of Africa in 2050 will likely be hotter than any year in historical experience, and even the hardiest varieties of the continent’s three main crops – maize, millet and sorghum – would probably not tolerate the conditions. The six most affected nations will probably be Senegal, Chad, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Sierra Leone. However, the situation might get worse, as the study, published in the Global Environmental Change journal, is based on IPCC’s mid-range projection, which is considered an underestimate.
The OECD and FAO released an advance summary of the Agricultural Outlook 2009-2018 that addresses, among other issues, the interdependence between food and energy markets and the possible impacts of expanding demand for biofuels on agricultural commodity prices. It highlights that oil prices above US$90 per barrel would imply significantly higher food prices.
During the past 50 years, freshwater flow dropped up to 14% for some of the major rivers feeding the Pacific and Indian Oceans, mainly due to changing precipitation patterns linked to climate change, according to research by the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
The Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions; Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East report [see above item ‘7.2 Threats and Strategies for Addressing Climate Change in the Middle-East’] specifically warns about potential increasing armed conflict in the Middle East over control of water resources. The report refers to expert opinions that even under the present condition of moderate global warming, by 2100, the Euphrates (which runs through Turkey, Syria and Iraq) might shrink by 30%, the Jordan River by 80%, while the Dead Sea is shrinking by 1 meter per year due to overuse of its tributaries, and climate change. The study notes that Israel’s National Communication warned that water supply may fall by 60% of 2000 levels by the end of the century.
Sources:
FAO press release http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/
Warming may outstrip Africa's ability to feed itself: study http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5imolPwNU5DuvGHV01-85nlm4XH5g
AFRICA: What will we eat in the future? http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=84892
Shifts in African crop climates by 2050, and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation (subscription required) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VFV-4WFGRNC-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2b4d92336f74bb5b44d3d4270ce85654
FAO Press Release: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20770/icode/
Advance Summary: http://www.agri-outlook.org/dataoecd/5/27/43037451.pdf
Never the same river twice. Freshwater flows change as global climate shifts. http://pubs.acs.org/action/showStoryContent?doi=10.1021/on.2009.05.26.380568
Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions; Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/rising_temps_middle_east.pdf
160 Syrian villages deserted 'due to climate change' http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jXbS8a3ggiMm4ekludBbmWQMb-HQ

Migration
More than 200 million people could be displaced due to climate change by 2050, underlines the report In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration and Displacement by a consortium of several international organizations. The report presents several maps of climate change impacts and population distribution patterns, and suggests that a better understanding of the dynamics of climate-related migration and displacement is needed in order to incorporate human mobility into international and national adaptation plans. Meantime, Christian Aid estimates that climate-induced displacement could be closer to one billion by 2050. Nevertheless, the debate over a framework to deal with this increasing segment of the population continues. Developed countries tend to oppose the term ‘refugee,’ that might imply application of the 1951 UN convention on refugees, and favor other terms, like ‘environmentally induced migration.’
The Global Governance Project launched the Policy Forum on Climate Refugees, a Web-based clearinghouse with up-to-date information on climate-related migration. The Forum proposes the term ‘climate refugees’, defined as: “people who have to leave their habitats, immediately or in the near future, because of sudden or gradual alterations in their natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity. The Forum’s website is: http://www.glogov.org/?pageid=80.
“We’ve never before had to deal with disappearing states. Who’s going to take responsibility for people who are losing their country?” asks Dr Charles Erhart, of CARE International, referring to disappearing island-states.
Sources:
New report: Climate Change is detectable driver of migration http://www.care-international.org/New-report-Climate-Change-is-detectable-driver-of-migration
Climate change could displace 25 million by 2010 http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200906101451.htm
Climate change causing 'environmental migrants' http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0611/1224248612413.html
Making the Case for Climate as a Migration Driver http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/15/business/energy-environment/15iht-green15.html
Climate change causing 'environmental migrants' http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0611/1224248612413.html

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
While it’s still too early to say whether the 2009 melt will exceed the record 2007 melt, since the annual low-point is reached in September, the trend line for 2009 shows a lower sea ice coverage, according to the latest data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Uganda’s National Environmental Management Authority said that at the present rate, Mount Speke ice cap, the main water source to the neighboring communities, might be melted away by 2023, threatening the livelihoods of the people of Bundibugyo, who rely on agriculture to survive. It will also impact the Nile basin and Lake George and Lake Albert.
Sources:
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Trending Below Record 2007 Melt http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/arctic-sea-ice-47061201
Lifestyle melts away with Uganda peak snow cap http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5juO8oIXAPsiP4pVfkU4nHsI0TNGg

Rising Sea Levels
Computer models show that sea levels could rise faster along the U.S. East Coast than in other densely populated parts of the world, due to changes of pressure from ice caps melting, and ocean current modifications. In addition to sea level rises and erosion, the region from New York to North Carolina is falling about six inches per century.
The Maldives decided to adopt a “safe islands” program that includes 25% of its 196 low-lying islands and is considering abandoning the rest, according to one of the authors of a new study on the impacts of global warming.
Sources:
East Coast May Feel Rise in Sea Levels the Most http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060501342.html
Climate change causing 'environmental migrants' http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0611/1224248612413.html

Health
Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century, warns Professor Anthony Costello, co-author of the article “Managing the health effects of climate change” published in The Lancet. The article outlines the global health implications of a range of climate change projections from the optimistic average global temperature rise of 2°C to the catastrophic 6°C, considering a wide range of pathways through which climate change could impact human health. Professor Costello proposes three action points emerging from this report: add health experts to the mitigation debate; address the massive inequality in health systems around the world; and develop win–win situations so that mitigation and adaptation to climate change strategies also improve human health and well-being.
Sources:
Running a Temperature http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/24/running_a_temperature_0
Managing the Health effects of Climate Change http://www.thelancet.com/climate-change
Climate change: The biggest global-health threat of the 21st century http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0905/09051501/
Climate ‘biggest health threat’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8049061.stm

Adaptation
The second session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, held June 16-19, 2009 in Geneva, Switzerland, concluded with a call to halve disaster-related deaths by 2015. Other specific targets identified include: by 2010, the establishment of clear national and international financial commitments to disaster risk reduction (DRR), for example to allocate a minimum of 10% of all humanitarian and reconstruction funding, at least 1% of development funding, and at least 30% of climate change adaptation funding to DRR; and by 2015, all major cities in disaster-prone areas to include and enforce DRR measures.
The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the Global Environment Facility recommended that all mitigation projects and also, as appropriate, GEF strategies should incorporate climate adaptation measures and promote mitigation-adaptation synergies. It also advised that the GEF should consider the whole landscape approach regarding natural resource and chemicals life cycle management, and that it critically apply risk assessment to its proposed actions in order to maximize resilience to climate change while investing in mitigation.
The Zambezi River Basin Initiative (ZRBI) launched by The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is an adaptation project focusing on disaster preparedness rather than post-emergency relief operations. About 80% of the region’s 32 million people depend on agriculture and fishing. It is a joint program among seven southern African countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, combining risk reduction efforts with food security, health, HIV prevention, and capacity building activities.
Gordon Brown says that developed nations should create a $100 billion per year fund to help developing nations cope with the effects of global warming. This is less than the 1% of developed countries’ GDP that the G77 group has suggested. Brown’s suggestion still needs to be endorsed by the EU-bloc before it could be put forward at the Copenhagen negotiations.
Sources:
UNISDR release: http://www.unisdr.org/
Chair’s summary: http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2009/background/documents/GP09-Chair%27s-Summary.pdf
GEF STAP Recommendations: http://www.gefweb.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Council_Documents__(PDF_DOC)/GEF_35/C.35.13_STAP.pdf
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Climate proofing the Zambezi http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=85013
Zambezi River Basin Initiative http://www.ifrc.org/Docs/pubs/disasters/160400-Zambezi_River_Project_LR3.pdf
Gordon Brown puts $100bn price tag on climate adaptation http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jun/26/gordon-brown-climate-adaptation-cost

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
European Report on Workplace Exposure to Nanoparticles
The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA) has released a 91-page "Literature Review - Workplace exposure to nanoparticles.", which, according to an item in Meridian Nanotechnology and Development News, “reviews the most recent publications on nanoparticles and focuses on the possible adverse effects of workplace exposure while also presenting the regulatory background and activities being taken to manage this emerging risk.”
Source:
Literature Review - Workplace exposure to nanoparticles http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/literature_reviews/workplace_exposure_to_nanoparticles

Wide Use of Nano-Silver Raises Health and Environmental Issues
Friends of the Earth and Health Care Without Harm Europe have published a report describing the public health threat posed by the use of nano-silver particles as an anti-microbial element in consumer products. Use of this material may risk the development of bacterial resistance to it, and, as it is released into the environment, it may interfere with bacterial action in waste treatment processes.
Source:
Nano & Biocidal Silver http://www.foe.org/sites/default/files/Nano-silverReport_US.pdf
Nano-silver: Extreme Germ Killer Presents Growing Threat to Public Health http://www.foe.org/nano-silver-extreme-germ-killer-presents-growing-threat-public-health

New Policy Brief: Appropriate Risk Governance Strategies for Nanotechology Applications in Food and Cosmetics
The International Risk Governance Council has published a recommendations document, Appropriate Risk Governance Strategies for Nanotechology Applications in Food and Cosmetics. This report presents the conclusions arrived at as the result of an April 2008 “multi-stakeholder expert workshop (with representatives from regulators, industry, academia and consumer groups) … to discuss key issues and to develop risk governance policy guidelines for nanotechnology applications in food and cosmetics.”
Sources:
Appropriate risk governance strategies for nanotechnology applications in food and cosmetics http://www.irgc.org/Appropriate-risk-governance.html
Appropriate Risk Governance Strategies for Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Cosmetics http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/IRGC_PBnanofood_WEB.pdf

Study of Scientists’ and Public’s Views of Nanotechnology
A new paper reports on “the heuristics that the leading U.S. nanoscientists use when they make policy decisions about regulating nanotechnology” and compares them with the corresponding process in the general public. Included in their work is data on which nanotech application areas the scientists feel are most in need of new regulations. The authors highlight that although there is no conclusive evidence on many environmental and health aspects of nanotechnology, policy and some legal framework should be established.
Sources:
Of risks and regulations: how leading U.S. nanoscientists form policy stances about nanotechnology http://www.springerlink.com/content/627323076677745q/fulltext.html
Scientists and Public Differ on Views about Nanotechnology Regulation http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/15361

Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterial Properties and Biological Interactions
Researchers at UCLA and the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), together with colleagues in academia and industry, have published a research review article that is described as “a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials that allow them to undergo interactions with biological molecules and bioprocesses”. The paper details several important research advancements and their implications for risk assessment.
Sources:
Research explores interactions between nanomaterials, biological systems http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/exploring-the-world-of-nanomaterial-94257.aspx
Paper: http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v8/n7/full/nmat2442.html (by subscription only)

ObservatoryNANO Annual Report Published
The EC FP7 ObservatoryNANO project has published its Annual Report, summarizing developments in the field, including their effects, and concerns for human health and the environment.
Source:
ObservatoryNANO Annual Report http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/catalogue/9AR/

Reports and Information Suggested for Review
Convention on Cluster Munitions is Effective
The report Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice assesses the cluster munitions-related situation in 150 countries, including progress on the implementation of the Convention on Cluster Munitions requirements in the signatory or party states. It documents that many countries already started to destroy their stockpiles of the weapon before the treaty formally came into force, and are expected to complete the destruction earlier than the eight-year deadline stipulated by the convention. Spain is the first country that completed the destruction of its cluster munitions stockpiles. Other countries that began the process include: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
Sources:
"Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice" Report Released http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Library/News-Articles/Work/Banning-Cluster-Munitions
Launch of New Report - Banning Cluster Munitions http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/news/?id=1534

Threats and Strategies for Addressing Climate Change in the Middle-East
Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions; Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East, by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, is an analysis of the security issues in the Levant region over the period to 2050, in view of the implications of climate change. Acknowledging that the legacy of 60 years of conflict undermines adaptation efforts, it identifies and details six climate change-related potential threats which are likely to become obstacles to peacebuilding: 1) increasing competition over scarce water resources; 2) intensifying food insecurity; 3) worsening poverty and social instability; 4) forced migration; 5) “militarization of strategic natural resources;” and 6) the danger of inaction on climate change, which might lead to “growing resentment and distrust of the West (and Israel) by Arab nations.” The study also suggests four strategies that could turn climate change into a peacebuilding tool: promote conservation and efficiency; develop joint adaptation projects, including water management; advance solidarity and green energy policies; and be actively involved in developing regional and international adaptation strategies. [Previous related items: Security Risk due to Climate Change in December 2007, Security Implication of Climate Change to the EU in March 2008, and Food and Water Security in October 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions; Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/rising_temps_middle_east.pdf
Report warns of environment wars http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=294712&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17
160 Syrian villages deserted 'due to climate change' http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jXbS8a3ggiMm4ekludBbmWQMb-HQ

New Report Summarizes Pacific Environmental Threats and Solutions
The Pacific Ocean Synthesis report, from the Center for Ocean Solutions, presented at the World Ocean Conference in Manado, Indonesia, in May 2009, discusses environmental threats and potential solutions in seven regions of the Pacific, It represents the results of a review of more than 3,400 publications from 50 countries in the Pacific basin, and both synthesizes information from research and points out gaps in the studies.
Sources:
Pacific Ocean Synthesis. Scientific Literature Review of Coastal and Ocean Threats, Impacts, and Solutions http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/PacificSynthesis.pdf
Research reveals Pacific Ocean threats and solutions http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/39989

Geo-engineering Promises/Threatens Major Consequences
Discourse over the use of geo-engineering in the strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions increases. While some projects appear to offer major environmental benefits at a fraction of the cost of currently proposed remedial measures for climate change, many also raise the specter of potential catastrophic and perhaps unforeseen consequences. The National Academy of Sciences recently held a workshop to discuss this topic. Some of the papers are available online and the proceedings are expected to be posted soon.
Sources:
Re-Engineering the Earth http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200907/climate-engineering
Scientists Debate Shading Earth As Climate Fix http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105483423
Geoengineering Options to Respond to Climate Change: Input to the Workshop and Suggested Reading http://americasclimatechoices.org/Geoengineering_Input/GeoInputHome.html

International Standards Needed to Reduce Hi-tech SIMAD Threats
The development of artificial biology, cognitive science, nanotechnology, electromagnetic pulses, and other hi-tech advances, combined with the availability of information via the Internet and low-cost components necessary to produce hi-tech weapons by individuals or non-state actors, as well as the increase of terrorism and social unrest (often exacerbated by environmental factors), increase the threat of SIMAD (single individuals massively destructive). “E-bombs” based on electromagnetic pulses are capable of destroying the electronics in civilian aircraft; suitcase-sized electronic warfare devices can disable the power grid of an entire region; and research on computer-mediated telepathy such as Silent Talk might one day be used to intercept and distort thoughts. There are no international standards to help prevent such hi-tech systems’ future use by SIMAD. [See also New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems in March 2009.]
Sources:
Aircraft could be brought down by DIY 'E-bombs' http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227026.200-aircraft-could-be-brought-down-by-diy-ebombs.html
In the final analysis, electronic warfare will decide the outcome of future military conflicts http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20090414/121112527.html
Pentagon Preps Soldier Telepathy Push http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/05/pentagon-preps-soldier-telepathy-push/

New International Agreement on Recycling of Ships
The International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted at the International Convention held in Hong Kong, May 11-15, 2009. The new Convention covers all phases of a ship’s life and operation, from design to dismantling in an environmentally and safe manner, and the establishment of an enforcement mechanism. It also requires all vessels to maintain records of hazardous materials, for workers to be equipped with protective gear, and for recycling centers to have disposal procedures for hazardous materials. The Convention will be open for signature from September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2010 and for accession thereafter; it will enter into force 24 months after ratification by 15 States representing 40% of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage.
Sources:
New international convention adopted to ensure safe and environmentally sound ship recycling http://www.imo.org/About/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1773&doc_id=11368
Agreement on Ship Recycling Wins Wide Support http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/business/energy-environment/15ship.html

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Energy-saving Communications for Underwater Environmental Sensing Networks
A low-cost, low-power modem subsystem for short-range, low data-rate underwater networking is being developed by a team of computer scientists from the University of California at San Diego’s Jacobs School of Engineering. The technology is based on reconfigurable hardware, and will enable the construction of low-cost, more efficient, underwater sensor networks that can capture and transmit environmental data back to land in real time.
Source:
Toward cheap underwater sensor nets http://www.physorg.com/news162640918.html

Nano-engineered Gold Surface Mercury Vapor Sensor
Professor Suresh Bhargava and a research team from the Industrial Chemistry Group at RMIT Univ., Melbourne, Australia, have developed a greatly improved sensor for mercury vapor, using a nano-engineered gold surface as the mercury-attracting element, producing a device which is less susceptible to interference from organic compounds, ammonia, and water vapor. The modified surface is 180% more sensitive than a non-engineered one.
Source:
Measuring mercury with nanotechnology http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=xwzx3dxlgxzi

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Lithium-sulphur Battery Problem Solved by Nanotechnology
Researchers led by Prof. Linda Nazar at the Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario, have developed a cathode nanostructure for a lithium-sulphur battery that can store and deliver more than three times the power of conventional lithium ion batteries, according to Nanowerk News.
Source:
Lithium battery technology breakthrough could triple their power http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=10689.php

New Palladium-Platinum Catalyst Structure Increases Fuel Cell Efficiency
Prof. Younan Xia has led a group of scientists at Washington University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the development of a fuel cell catalyst nanostructure comprising a palladium core supporting dendritic platinum branches. This material and arrangement is two and a half to five times more effective than existing techniques.
Source:
Going platinum: New catalyst could boost cleaner fuel use http://www.physorg.com/news161529265.html

Stockholm Convention Updated with Nine New Chemicals
The 4th Conference of the Parties (COP4) to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) held May 4-8, 2009, in Geneva, adopted 33 decisions including: listing nine new chemicals for elimination (in addition to the 12 already listed); implementation plans; and improved evaluation mechanisms. No agreement was reached on non-compliance mechanisms, with further discussion to be continued at COP5. Of the nine new chemicals listed under the Convention, some are banned with no exemptions for production or use: alphaHCH, beta hexachlorocyclohexane, HBB, chlordecone, and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), while others have some specific exemptions: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (c-pentaBDE), hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (C-octaBDE), and Lindane. Exceptional use of DDT was approved in the fight against malaria until effective alternatives are found. [See also New Compounds Considered under the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions in October 2008.]
Sources:
UN-backed conference promotes elimination of poisonous chemicals http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30686
Summary of the Fourth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant http://www.iisd.ca/vol15/enb15174e.html

Resources Trigger Overlapping Claims for Maritime Areas
May 13 was the deadline for the 128 states that became parties to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea prior to May 1999 to submit to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf claims for extending their rights beyond the present lines. States that acceded to UNCLOS after May 1999 have 10 years from the date the Convention entered into force for them to make a submission or provide preliminary information to the CLCS. This leaves the Arctic region open to debate, since Canada and Denmark have until November 2013 and November 2014 respectively, while the U.S. has yet to ratify the LOS.
Some of the overlapping claims for extended shelf include: the South China Sea, where China is asserting sovereignty over a series of islands also claimed by neighboring countries; in the South Atlantic, with overlapping claims from the UK and Argentina; and a series of cases where the claims are linked to previous unresolved international conflicts and boundary disputes.
Meantime, the energy-rich seabed of the Caspian Sea is the object of negotiations among Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran, while also being a crucial element for EU’s alternative energy supplies from Central Asia. [See also New Developments Concerning the Arctic in April 2009, Disputes over Polar Regions Expands in October 2007, and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
70 states meet continental shelf deadline http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=7954
Squaring off for a seabed scrap http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13611528
Russia warns of war within a decade over Arctic oil and gas riches http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6283130.ece
China asserts sea border claims http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8047206.stm
Britain and Argentina dispute rights to seabed around the Falkland Islands http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/apr/24/falklands-britain-argentina-dispute-seabed

Research Labs Safety Questioned
The World Health Organization is investigating allegations that the influenza H1N1 (swine flu) virus might have arisen and been released into the environment as an accidental happening at a biological research laboratory or vaccine production facility. However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is skeptical. Meantime, a Canadian researcher was caught at the border trying to smuggle 22 vials with genetic material linked to the Ebola virus from Winnipeg's National Microbiology Laboratory into the U.S. [See also Dangers Increase from “Amateur” Genetic Engineering; the Biological Weapons Convention to be Updated in December 2008 and other items in previous environmental security reports on this theme.]
Source:
Swine Flu May Be Human Error; WHO Investigates Claim (Update1) http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=afrdATVXPEAk&refer=worldwide
Canadian accused of smuggling Ebola http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Crime/2009/05/14/9453961-sun.html

Maldives to Become World’s First Carbon Neutral Country in 10 Years
The Maldives, one of the countries most affected by climate change, has become the seventh country of the UNEP-led Climate Neutral Network (CN Net), announcing that in 10 years it wants to become the world’s first carbon neutral country by fully switching to renewable sources of energy.
Source:
Maldives joins UN emissions scheme in drive to be first carbon neutral country http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30697&Cr=climate&Cr1=change

Steps for an International Regime for Space Debris and Space Traffic Control System
There is general agreement that some international regime should be developed to address the increasing problem of space debris, and space safety in general. After the 5th European Conference on Space Debris held in April at ESA’s Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, a Congress of technical and legal experts was held in Montreal, focusing specifically on the legal aspects and guidelines for debris mitigation. The possibilities mentioned were a mechanism similar to the Missile Technology Control Regime, or the Limited Test Ban Treaty, along with an eventual international space traffic control system. The recommendations will be further discussed at the next workshop to be held at the University of Cologne in May 2010. Several nations such as Russia, France, Germany and Japan have some form of space surveillance capability, the best being the US Space Surveillance Network (SSN), which is capable of tracking objects larger than 5 cm (approx. 2 inches) orbiting in Low Earth Orbit. The DOD’s Commercial and Foreign Entities pilot program, which makes collision avoidance information available to commercial space users, would become an operational program later this year. [See also International Satellite Collision Triggers Regulations Review in February 2009 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
In a related event, an asteroid missed the Earth by 48,000 miles––80% closer to the earth than the moon––and no one knew it was coming. If it had hit the earth, possibly 800 square miles would have been wiped out. “NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory reported that on March 2, asteroid 2009 DD45 came within about 48,000 miles of Earth. In astronomical terms, that’s way too close for comfort. And yet during President Barack Obama’s most recent press conference, no reporter asked him about this just-missed catastrophe. The fact is, the world hardly noticed” and “Asteroid 2009 DD45 was estimated to be between 69 and 154 feet in diameter. An asteroid that size exploded over Siberia in 1908 and flattened more than 800 square miles of forest, killing everything in its path. No one had a clue that 2009 DD45 was out there or that it was basically on a years-in-the-making possible collision course with our planet. The need for the governments of the world to come together to formulate a plan?”
Sources:
Key findings from the 5th European Conference on Space Debris http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Space_Debris/SEMYN9LTYRF_0.html
An Urgent Call To Action On Space Debris http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/An_Urgent_Call_To_Action_On_Space_Debris_999.html
Making The Space Environment Safer For Civil And Commercial Users http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Making_The_Space_Environment_Safer_For_Civil_And_Commercial_Users_999.html
Asteroid 2009 DD45 Misses Earth http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1527316/asteroid_2009_dd45_misses_earth.html

Advancements on Non-proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament
The 3rd conference of the preparatory committee for the May 2010 review of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty concluded successfully, agreeing on a president and agenda. Meanwhile, the international Conference on Disarmament agreed on a working plan that includes negotiation of a fissile material cutoff treaty; a ban on space-based weapons––proposed by Russia and China; and a comprehensive nuclear disarmament proposed by India and Pakistan.
The International Atomic Energy Agency is considering proposals for establishing an international center for production and distribution of civilian nuclear power plant fuel. The main proposals are from Russia, which offered to establish an international fuel enrichment station in Siberia, a German proposal that calls for an IAEA enrichment site on “internationalized soil;” and from Kazakhstan, that offered hosting a nuclear fuel bank. [See also Nuclear Security in October 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Agenda set for UN-backed 2010 review of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30816&Cr=npt&Cr1
Obama to Support Compromise at U.N. Disarmament Talks http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090527_4184.php
Big names and bucks back nuclear 'bank' http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/19/AR2009051902267.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidences and Natural Disasters
Weather pattern changes observed now in Australia were not expected to manifest until 2020, says Professor Ian Lowe, one of the country’s most prominent climate change scientists, who made such estimates 20 years ago.
The Assessment Report on Climate Change and its Consequences in Russian Federation, by the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, notes that over the past century, the average surface air temperature in Russia has risen by nearly 1.3ºC, almost twice as much as the global mean. The assessment also details potential changes in permafrost by 2020 and 2050 due to climate change. Permafrost covers 60% of the land in Russia.
Sources:
Copenhagen the Focus as Australia Shows Effects of Climate Change http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/17301/
Russia makes major shift in climate policy http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090526/full/news.2009.506.html?s=news_rss
Assessment Report on Climate Change and Its Consequences in Russian Federation http://climate2008.igce.ru/v2008/pdf/resume_ob_eng.pdf

Food and Water Security
The 17th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development held May, 4-15, 2009, focused on the interdependence and the role of agriculture and climate change. The meeting’s final agreement calls for some urgent policies such as: developing and implementing comprehensive strategies for dealing with climate change, drought, desertification and natural disaster; sustainable management of water and land resources; sustainable agriculture; and providing secure access to food and social safety nets. The CSD’s decisions will be forwarded for consideration by the July 2009 meeting of the Economic and Social Council.
For addressing their food and water security, several food-importing countries including China, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, have started buying or leasing land in poor countries in Africa, Latin America, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, for producing food. The International Food Policy Research Institute, that conducted the study at the request of the UN, estimates that 2.5 million hectares (about 20% of all EU farmland) in poor countries have been subject to transactions or talks involving foreigners since 2004, in deals estimated to worth $20 billion-$30 billion, which is at least 10 times as much as an emergency package for agriculture recently announced by the World Bank and 15 times more than the American administration’s new fund for food security. Some of the countries involved are Sudan––the recipient of the largest food-aid operation in the world, and Pakistan, which is promising Gulf investors a security force of 100,000 to protect the assets. Left unchecked, this trend could further exacerbate the turmoil in the food market and potentially lead to conflicts over land and food.
As glaciers in the Andes are melting away, tensions are rising between those living upstream and downstream, small farmers and agribusinesses, and even among states. As per the World Bank’s estimates, most of the Andes’ glaciers will disappear within 20 years, threatening the water supplies of nearly 80 million people, and jeopardizing energy security in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, which depend on hydropower for about half their electricity.
Sources:
Advance unedited adopted text of CSD Decisions: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/csd-17/Final_text.pdf
CSD website: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/csd/csd_csd17.shtml
“Land Grabbing” by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/bp/bp013.asp
Buying farmland abroad – Outsourcing's third wave http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13692889
China looks abroad to grow its own food http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1942254/China-looks-abroad-to-grow-its-own-food.html
Large-Scale Foreign Land Acquisitions Could Harm Local People, Says UN-Backed Report http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30920
Huge Bolivian glacier disappears http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8046540.stm
Glaciers go, leaving drought, conflict and tension in Andes http://wwwp.dailyclimate.org/tdc-newsroom/2009/05/glaciers-go-leaving-drought-conflict-and-tension
Bolivia's Chacaltaya glacier is gone http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1030126.html

Migration
Rising sea levels and extreme heat due to climate change, coupled with environmental degradation, would force Australia’s indigenous people to move off their traditional lands, resulting in “cultural genocide” according to the Human Rights Commission’s annual Native Title Report.
The Chinese government estimates that 150 million people will have to be resettled, mainly due to desertification, water shortages exacerbated by over-irrigation and climate change, and population increase. The Minqin regional population rose from 860,000 to 2.3 million over the last 60 years.
Sources:
Native Title Report 2008 http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/nt_report/ntreport08/index.html
'We have taken every measure we can think of to stop the desert moving closer and submerging our crops and villages' http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/18/china-ecorefugees-farming
Climate change 'cultural genocide' for Aborigines http://www.spacedaily.com/2006/090504095259.4zbkjyfc.html

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Bolivia's 18,000-year-old Chacaltaya glacier completely melted away this year. Bolivian scientists surveying the glacier since the 1990s predicted that it would survive until 2015. As per the World Bank’s estimates, most of the Andes’ glaciers will disappear within 20 years.
Temperatures in the Tibetan plateau rose by 0.32ºC every 10 years since 1961––much higher than the average national rise of 0.05º-0.08ºC, thus accelerating glaciers’ melting, reports the China Meteorological Bureau.
Sources:
Bolivia's Chacaltaya glacier is gone http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/1030126.html
Huge Bolivian glacier disappears http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8046540.stm
'Climate threat' to Tibet region http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8035774.stm

Health
At the 62nd World Health Assembly, held May 18-22, 2009, in Geneva, Switzerland, member States unanimously agreed to the resolution and work plan for scaling up the WHO’s technical assistance to countries for assessing and addressing the implications of climate change for health and health systems. The work plan is organized around four objectives: advocacy and awareness raising; engagement in partnerships with other UN organizations and sectors to ensure that health issues are included in adaptation and mitigation policies; supporting the generation of scientific evidence; and strengthening health systems to cope with the threats posed by climate change.
The UNFCCC Secretariat posted the submission by WHO, which will be examined in the 6th session of the Ad Hoc Groups on Long-Term Cooperative Action in Bonn, Germany, to be held June 1-12, 2009. The paper, “Protecting the health of vulnerable people from the humanitarian consequences of climate change and climate related disasters” is based on the recognition that climate change mitigation and adaptation are important for protecting the health of vulnerable populations and aims to document the range of risks that climate change poses to human health associated with humanitarian emergencies.
WHO also launched a report, “Protecting Health from Climate Change: Global research priorities,” during the meeting of Commonwealth Health Ministers held in Geneva, Switzerland. The report, based on a global e-consultation and meeting of over 70 leading experts, proposes a series of recommendations on the most important directions for future work in five research areas: assessing risks, identifying the most effective interventions, guiding health-promoting mitigation and adaptation decisions in other sectors, improving decision-support, and estimating the costs of protecting health from climate change.
Sources:
World Health Assembly closes with resolutions on public health http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/world_health_assembly_20090522/en/index.html
Protecting the health of vulnerable people from the humanitarian consequences of climate change and climate related disasters http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/smsn/igo/047.pdf
Protecting Health from Climate Change: Global research priorities http://www.who.int/phe/news/madrid_report_661_final_lowres.pdf

Computer Modeling
MIT Integrated Global Systems Model, a comprehensive computer simulation including global economic activity and climate processes, involving 400 runs with slight variations of parameters, revealed––compared to 2000, a median probability of surface warming of 5.2ºC (9.4ºF) by 2100, with a 90% probability of 3.5º-7.4ºC (6.3º-13.3ºF). A 2003 median projection was a warming of 2.4ºC (4.3ºF). However, the estimates might be understatements, as they don’t include positive feedbacks from phenomena like methane release as consequence of arctic permafrost melting. The model was run and illustrated for situations with and without “policy change” for curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
Sources:
Climate change odds much worse than thought http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/roulette-0519.html
Global warming of 7C 'could kill billions this century' http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5357725/Global-warming-of-7C-could-kill-billions-this-century.html
Global warming could be twice as bad as forecast http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54I6PF20090519

Adaptation
During the 17th session of CSD, UNEP launched a new report, “The Environmental Food Crisis: The Environment’s Role in Averting Future Food Crises,” which provides an overview of how environmental stresses such as climate change, water stress, invasive pests and land degradation may impact food prices and world food security. The report stresses the need for a Green Revolution in Africa, noting the challenges of water scarcity, lack of infrastructure and impacts from climate change, and proposes a seven-point plan to reduce the risk of hunger and food insecurity in the 21st century. At the launch, UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner stated that reversing environmental degradation and investing in ecological infrastructure such as forests, soils, and water bodies is part of the Green Economy solution. He also pointed to opportunities to diversify livelihoods and incomes via the emerging carbon markets, including renewable energy and income from conserving forest, soil and vegetation cover to sequester carbon.
Sources:
Environment-Led Green Revolution Key to Future Food Security in Africa http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=585&ArticleID=6170&l=en&t=long
The Environmental Food Crisis: The Environment’s Role in Averting Future Food Crises: http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/
Anchoring Agriculture within a Copenhagen Agreement A Policy brief for UNFCCC parties by FAO http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/data/nrc/policy_brief_sbstabonn.pdf

Post-Kyoto Negotiations
The text for a new treaty on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to be negotiated at the December meeting in Copenhagen was posted online. The 53-page negotiating text includes four sections: “A shared vision for long-term cooperative action; Enhanced action on adaptation; Enhanced action on mitigation; Chapter IV: Enhanced action on financing, technology and capacity-building.” The next talks on the negotiating text will be held in Bonn, June 1-12.
Sources:
Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/08.pdf
Another step towards new climate change pact taken with online UN publication http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30854
"It's the first time [a] real negotiating text will be on the table which can serve as a basis for governments to start drafting a Copenhagen agreed outcome." http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/08.pdf

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
International Approaches to the Regulatory Governance of Nanotechnology
The Regulatory Governance Initiative (RGI) at Carleton University, Ottawa ON, has published a new report, International Approaches to the Regulatory Governance of Nanotechnology, that addresses the question: "How have Canada and other jurisdictions reacted to the recent emergence of nanotechnology-based products in the marketplace (and what is the current state of affairs)?" According to the story in Nanowerk News, it contains descriptions of the policy, regulatory, and stewardship approaches undertaken, and discusses the effectiveness of these approaches.
Sources:
International Approaches to the Regulatory Governance of Nanotechnology (report) http://www.carleton.ca/regulation/publications/Nanotechnology_Regulation_Paper_April2009.pdf
International approaches to the regulatory governance of nanotechnology http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=10642.php

New Estimation Technique for Nanoparticles in the Environment
Christine Robichaud, at Duke Univ.’s Pratt School of Engineering, and colleagues at Duke and UCLA, have developed a new way of estimating how much of a possibly hazardous material, e.g., titanium dioxide nanoparticles, is being generated, allowing future studies to assess possible risks. “We combined science and engineering knowledge with business and economic modeling to come up with what we think is the maximum amount of titanium dioxide nanoparticles out there,” Robichaud said. “By taking the amount of bulk titanium dioxide produced, which is better understood, and applying the rates of new technologies to convert it to the nanoparticle form found in journal articles and patent applications, we estimated the maximum ceiling amount.”
Source:
Novel Approach Estimates Nanoparticles In Environment http://news.duke.edu/2009/05/nanotitan.html

Proposal for Establishing an Arab Council on Nanotechnology (ACON)
An expert meeting on ethics of nanotechnologies in the Arab region has called for creation of an Arab Council on Nanotechnology (ACON). According to the proposer, Dr. Mukhles Sowwan of Al-Quds University in Jerusalem, “The mission of ACON should be to raise awareness of the benefits and dangers of molecular nanotechnology, and assist in the creation and implementation of comprehensive balanced plans for responsible use of this technology.”
Sources:
Al-Quds Nanotech Research Lab http://www.eng.alquds.edu/nrl/nrl_site.swf
Call to set up a nanotech Arab body http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=291882&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16

New South Wales Pushes for Nanotech Risk Protection
The government of New South Wales (Australia) will push for national mandatory labeling of nanoparticles used in workplaces, and for improved testing facilities to assess the safety of new nanomaterials. Suggestions for including immediate labeling of nanoparticles in food, sunscreens and cosmetics, and that nanoparticles be treated by regulators as new chemicals were not taken.
Source:
NSW pushes for nano risk labels http://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw-pushes-for-nano-risk-labels-20090504-asmk.html?page=1

New report on Oversight of Next Generation Nanotechnology
The Wilson Center’s Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies has issued a new report that calls for the creation of a new Department of Environmental and Consumer Protection to oversee product regulation, pollution control and monitoring, and technology assessment.
Source:
Former EPA Official Calls For New Environmental & Consumer Protection Agency http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/davies4/

Research Awards on Nanotech and Energy Presented to Nine Projects
E.ON, a leading power and gas company, has presented the E.ON Research Awards to international universities and research institutes. Nine research proposals representing outstanding ideas and innovations in applications of nanotechnology to energy problems were awarded grants. One that attracted particular attention was for a sunlight-driven photocatalysis hydrogen generating process being developed by Prof. Gianluca Li Puma,of the Energy Technologies Research Institute at the Univ. of Nottingham, England.
Sources:
Research Awards on Nanotech and Energy http://www.eon.com/en/unternehmen/21278.jsp
Accolade for solar-hydrogen project http://www.physorg.com/news161870957.html

Reports and Information Suggested for Review
Improved Governance Needed for Reducing Risks of Environmental Disaster
2009 Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction: risk and poverty in a changing climate is the first biennial global assessment of disaster risk reduction coordinated by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). The study is a comprehensive analysis of disasters and their effects, with concrete suggestions. It notes that between 1990 and 2007, global disaster risk increased by 13% as mortality, and 35% as economic loss, with low- and middle-income countries bearing far greater burden because of weak economic and governance systems. For example, Japan and the Philippines have roughly equivalent population exposure to tropical cyclones, but 17 times more people would die in the Philippines than Japan. The study identifies three primary ‘risk drivers’: unplanned urban development, vulnerable livelihoods, and ecosystem decline, each exacerbated by climate change, and proposes a 20-point action plan based on major shifts in development thinking by including preparedness in all strategies at international, national, and community levels.
The study The View From the Frontline, to be released in June, conducted by the Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction, focus on communities’ role in reducing disaster effects and calls for systemic changes in policy by governments. For example, the study says, education in local communities is needed to overcome a tendency to accept high disaster tolls as a matter of fate, instead of, for example, a result of lax building codes or lack of warning systems.
The Climate Gap, a study by a team from the University of California, Berkeley, documents how poor people are disproportionately affected by climate change in the U.S., and warns that a widening “climate gap” could exacerbate current and future social disparities. Therefore, the report highlights the importance of including environmental justice in climate change policies.
Sources:
2009 Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction: risk and poverty in a changing climate http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/report/index.php?id=9413
Global assessment report launched: Landmark report on poverty risk in a changing climate http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=9425&pid:50
Secretary-General's remarks at ceremony launching The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3858
The Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction http://www.globalnetwork-dr.org/gndr/members.html
Studies Tie Disaster Risk to Urban Growth http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/world/17WebDisaster.html?ref=global-home
Report Reveals Climate Gap among Minorities, Poor in U.S. http://college.usc.edu/geography/ESPE/documents/ReleaseClimateGap_FINAL.pdf

New Arctic Maps Detail Geological Features
The most comprehensive geological atlas of the Arctic has been published. It maps detailed information on continental plates, rock types, and highlights the potential reserves of oil, gas, and other mineral resources. It estimates that the area within the Arctic Circle might contain around 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas resources and 13% of oil reserves. The research, published in Science magazine, is the result of data compiled over several years by an international team of northern countries researchers. Meanwhile, Durham University updated its map of the Arctic highlighting the disputed territories. These publications should aid in environmental surveillance, resource exploration, and negotiation of Arctic sovereignty disputes. [See also The Debate over Strategic Control of the Arctic is Heating Up in July-August 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
New map of Arctic could point to Canadian gas, minerals http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2009/05/07/tech-geological-map-arctic-marc-st-onge.html
(See “External Links – Mirage Map Database”)
Arctic's black gold mapped http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090528/full/news.2009.527.html
Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/

International Response to Contain Influenza A(H1N1) Outbreak
The World Health Organization raised the level of influenza A(H1N1) alert to five on a one to six scale, meaning that it considers a pandemic highly probable. All countries are asked to activate their pandemic plans and be prepared to deal with emergency situations. The flu––a combination of swine, bird, and human viruses––started in Mexico and rapidly spread around the world, with cases confirmed in 11 countries, as of the end of April. WHO flu expert Dr Keiji Fukuda said, "Containment is not a feasible operation." In response to the outbreak, WHO has applied the International Health Regulations 2005 that entered into force in 2007 for all member states. Some experts consider that the influenza A(H1N1) will test IHR 2005’s efficiency and countries’ compliance, as well as provide an opportunity for increased preparedness for eventual future acts of bioterrorism and expedite research for a vaccine that would protect against a larger spectrum of viruses. The Saint Louis University Center for Vaccine Development announced that the development of a universal flu vaccine is getting closer to reality. [See also Global Pandemic Containment Efforts in October 2006 environmental security report.]
Sources:
WHO influenza A(H1N1) information http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/index.html
Disease and Terror http://www.newsweek.com/id/195422
US military 'monitoring' flu outbreak http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=CNG.8282347267271b64646e51f83dc4437f.501&show_article=1
Universal Flu Vaccine in Development http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2009/2009-04-27-094.asp

UN to Conduct Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in Gaza
UNEP’s Post Conflict and Disaster Management Branch will deploy a team of up to eight experts to the Gaza Strip to assess the environmental impact of the December 2008–January 2009 invasion by Israel. The focus will be infrastructure and contamination risks assessment, wastewater and hazardous wastes management, state of coastal and marine environment examination, and institutional and economic evaluation. The ten-day mission is scheduled for mid-May, with results expected by early June, followed by a report and recommendations in July. [See also Environmental Legacy of Hezbollah-Israeli War in January 2007 environmental security report.]
Source:
Assessment and Rehabilitation of Damaged Infrastructure Key Focus of UN Environment Chief's Mission to Gaza Strip
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=579&ArticleID=6132&l=en&t=long

Central Asian Water Security Tensions Continue
The Central Asian water summit held on April 28 at Almaty, Kazakhstan, gathered the Presidents of all five Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) to discuss activities of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea. When the contentious cross-border water sharing issues came up, tensions arose between upstream Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, who want to build power stations to address energy shortages in their countries, and downstream Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which need large quantities of water for their economic activities. No agreement was reached and the final statement mentions only the issues related to the decline of the Aral Sea. Since the Soviet Union’s cross-border water distribution system fell apart, the lack of a regional transboundary water management agreement became the most serious Central Asian security concern. Therefore, the international community should intensify such efforts as those started at the Fifth Ministerial Conference, “Environment for Europe”, held in Kiev in 2003 to develop a Central Asian Initiative on environment, water and security. [See also Unless Water Management Improves, Conflicts over Water Are Inevitable in August 2006, A Project to Address the Aral Sea Disaster in February 2005, Network of Environment Centres in Central Asia in February 2004, and First EU-Central Asia Security Forum Included Environmental Security in September 2008 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Central Asian Leaders Fail To Overcome Differences At Water Summit http://www.rferl.org/content/Central_Asian_Leaders_Fail_To_Overcome_Differences_At_Water_Summit/1617787.html
Central Asia Water Talks Break Down http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1009/42/376690.htm
Central Asia fails in water talks http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8021900.stm

Regulations Might be Needed for New Greenhouse Gases
New findings show that some compounds developed to replace banned chemicals are powerful greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. The hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) that replaced the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be up to 10,000 times more powerful in climate-warming than CO2. And, with their use growing at 8.8% per year, they might represent up to a third of all greenhouse gas emissions by 2030–2040. The Obama administration is considering proposing HFCs phase-out by an amendment to the Montreal Protocol or by creating a new international agreement. Similarly, sulfuryl fluoride, a fumigant introduced to replace methyl bromide, is a heat-trapping gas 4,800 times stronger than CO2. Delegates at the Bonn climate change meeting targeted more than a dozen new synthetic compounds for inclusion in the post-Kyoto treaty as potent greenhouse gases. The list includes nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) ––used for LCD televisions, computer circuits, and thin-film solar cells––estimated to be an about 17,000 times more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, and developed to replace perfluorocarbons (PFCs) covered by the Kyoto Protocol.
Sources:
New Greenhouse Gas Identified http://www.terradaily.com/reports/New_Greenhouse_Gas_Identified_999.html
New greenhouse gas identified. Early detection may permit 'nipping it in the bud' http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/prinn-greenhouse-tt0311.html
US wants to move on climate change http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/view/2009_04_29_US_wants_to_move_on_climate_change
New greenhouse gases targeted by UN talks http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/New_greenhouse_gases_targeted_by_UN_talks_999.html

Rocket Launches Might Need Regulation to Safeguard Ozone Layer
Scientists warn that rapid growth of space activity requiring more rocket launches might lead to dangerously high levels of ozone-destroying emissions and therefore recommend adopting international regulations for rocket launches. One option would be to include the space industry in the Montreal Protocol that bans use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosol cans, refrigerants and air conditioners. “If left unregulated, rocket launches by the year 2050 could result in more ozone destruction than was ever realized by CFCs,” said a team member, Professor Darin Toohey of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department at the University of Colorado, Boulder. [See also Call for Expanding Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances in September 2007 environmental security report.]
Source:
Scientists: Regulate Rocket Launches to Safeguard Ozone Layer http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2009/2009-04-01-091.asp

Chemical Weapons-Resistant Chameleon Fabric to be Developed
Scientists at the Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico are working on research that could lead to developing synthetic materials that would react to surrounding conditions––change color and temperature, and even “seal” upon contact with a hazardous chemical agent. Now that the theory is understood, they hope to get material results (mainly using nanotechnology) in five to ten years. “The long-term goal and payoff has a number of different applications, both in civilian applications as well as military ones,” said principal investigator George Bachand.
Sources:
US company envisions chameleon camouflage http://www.smalltimes.com/news/display_news_story.cfm?NewsID=176913
Sandia research points way toward chameleon-like camouflage http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2009/nano_camo.html

Waste Gasification Still a Controversial Technique
A recent article in New Scientist reviewed the current state of waste gasification and also noted objections being raised to that technology. According to the article, “Pilot gasification plants are being set up at various sites in the US, Canada, France, the UK and Portugal, most of them using the plasma technique. Japan already has two commercial plasma plants, but these are focused primarily on simply disposing of household waste rather than generating energy from it.” Plans for a large plant in Florida have been scaled down, and earlier plasma plants in Germany and Australia were shut down after failing to meet emissions standards. [See also Mobile Unit Turns Waste into Energy in February 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
Could your trashcan solve the energy crisis? http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227051.500-could-your-trashcan-solve-the-energy-crisis.html?page=1

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Water Filter Effective Against Parasites
A new sand filter reportedly has the ability to clean water 30 to 50 times faster than similar existing devices, with the added advantage that it is effective in removing oocysts of the Cryptosporidium protozoan parasite from the flow. The filter, being developed by Prof. James Amburgey of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, uses a chemical pretreatment scheme based on ferric chloride and a pH buffer that is added to the water; a single formulation of the chemicals in the scheme seems to be effective regardless of water quality.
Source:
Simple Filter Delivers Clean, Safe Drinking Water, Potentially To Millions http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309211938.htm

Fast Multi-hazard Water Analyzer
A new automatic Biohazard Water Analyzer directly measures individual species of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses in the same test, and provides reports in two to three hours time. The technology is RNA-based, developed by Early Warning, Inc. of Troy NY and is licensed from NASA’s Ames Research Center.
Sources:
Early Warning, Inc. http://www.earlywarninginc.com/
Biohazard Water Analyzer Employs a Revolutionary Nanotechnology-Based Biosensor http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=10982

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
First Flexible Supercapacitor Built
Prof. George Grüner’s group at UCLA has developed the world’s first flexible supercapacitor by spraying carbon nanotubes onto plastic films that serve as both the device’s electrodes and charge collectors. Their current designs are relatively inefficient, but the scientists believe that valuable insights are being obtained into the issues of manufacturing and material selection engineering.
Source:
Printed supercapacitor could feed power-hungry gadgets
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16939-printed-supercapacitor-could-feed-powerhungry-gadgets.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news

Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Light-induced Splitting of Water
Prof. David Milstein and colleagues in the Organic Chemistry Department of Israel’s Weizmann Institute have carried out the first steps in the development of a new technique for catalytic production of hydrogen. The method depends on a series of thermal- and light-driven processes, aided by a recoverable ruthenium metal complex catalyst.
Source:
A Unique Approach for Splitting Water. Weizmann Institute Scientists Develop a Unique Approach for Splitting Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen
http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/en/weizman.asp?pi=371&doc_id=5517

Diatoms Help Build Better Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Researchers at Oregon State University and Portland State University have created a new way to make “dye-sensitized” solar cells, according to an announcement by chemical engineering Prof. Greg Rorrer at OSU. It turns out that diatom skeletons have an ideal nanostructure to serve as the basis for the semiconductors for a dye-sensitized solar cell. The skeletons may have come from diatoms raised in an environment containing titanium rather than silicon, so that they actually consist of titanium dioxide, or they may be normal skeletons that have been “frosted” with the titanium material. In either case, the physical “shape” of the diatom film is such that a solar cell made with these semiconductors is more efficient at converting incident light into energy.
Source:
Ancient diatoms lead to new technology for solar energy http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-04/osu-adl040809.php

Genetically Engineered Viruses Produce Advanced Battery Electrodes
Profs. Angela Belcher, Gerbrand Ceder, and Michael Strano of MIT have developed the first devices that use a potentially fast and inexpensive technology in which battery anodes and cathodes are “grown” by a genetically engineered bacteriophage that accumulates conductive materials on a polymer separator. The researchers are now working on up- and down-sizing the components, and improving their rechargeability life.
Source:
Virus battery could 'power cars' http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7977585.stm

Airline Group Supports Including Aviation in Global Emissions Trading Scheme
An aviation group expressed support for a global emissions-trading scheme and hopes that their proposal will be included in the new post-Kyoto pact to fight climate change. The 43-point proposal covers all carbon pollution from the international aviation sector, suggesting a framework for allowances and the creation of a UN body for administering the system, and recommending that nations agree to a global cap on aviation emissions. The six-member group includes four of the world’s top airlines (Air France/KLM, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Virgin Atlantic), airport operator BAA, and the international NGO, The Climate Group. [See also Provisional Agreement for Including Aviation in the Emission Trading Scheme from 2012 in June 2008 environmental security report.]
Source:
Airline group backs global emissions trading scheme http://uk.reuters.com/article/governmentFilingsNews/idUKSP41096120090406

U.S. and Canada to Control Air Emissions from Ships
The U.S. and Canada have proposed that the International Maritime Organization create a North American Emission Control Area around their coastlines, extending out 200 nautical miles in the jurisdictions of the United States and Canada. In order to comply with the new standards, ships should use fuel with a maximum of 1,000 parts per million sulfur beginning in 2015, and new ships should use advanced emission control technologies beginning in 2016. The proposal is part of a comprehensive EPA program to address harmful emissions from ships under the National Clean Diesel Campaign and the Clean Ports Program, in an effort to protect the population from harmful emissions. The IMO is expected to begin reviewing the proposal in July, with expected approval in 2010. [See also Tougher Global Limits Imposed on Air Pollution from Large Ships in October 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
US and Canada Request IMO Create Emissions Control Area Around Coastlines http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/03/us-and-canada-request-imo-create-emissions-control-area-around-coastlines.html
U.S., Canada Seek to Control Air Emissions from Ships http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2009/2009-03-30-02.asp

European Climate and Energy Package Formally Adopted
The European 20/20/20 energy and climate package was formally adopted, setting legally binding targets requiring that by 2020 greenhouse gas emissions be cut to 20% below 1990 levels, the share of renewable energy increase to 20%, and energy efficiency improve by 20%. The package consists of six legislative acts and will enter into force 20 days after publication in the Official Journal, expected in May 2009. [See also EU Renewable Energy Policy becomes Legally Binding in December 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Commission welcomes adoption of climate and energy package http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/628&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

Norway Proposal to Ban Gasoline-only New Cars by 2015
Norway Finance Minister Kristin Halvorsen wants to put forward a proposal to ban from 2015 the sale in Norway of new cars that run solely on fossil fuels. The proposal’s intent is to force carmakers to shift to greener models, to help cut greenhouse gas emissions. [See also European Commission Proposed Binding Legislation for Vehicle Emissions Cuts in December 2007 and All-Electric cars coming from Norway and China with More than Hundred Mile Ranges in April 2008 environmental security reports.]
Source:
Ban Gasoline Cars from 2015: Norway Finance Minister http://planetark.org/wen/52660

Canada Increases Chemicals Control
Ontario has joined Quebec in enacting restrictions on the use of pesticides and is going further by prohibiting the sale and cosmetic use of more than 80 ingredients and 250 products. Other provinces are considering similar measures. Ontario also proposed the Toxics Reduction Act, 2009, aiming to reduce the use of toxic and hazardous substances in manufacturing and industrial operations. If enacted, the directive will bring Ontario manufacturing into compliance with the EU REACH regulations. [See also Canada Extends Toxic Substances Lists in March 2009 and New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Ontario to enact toughest pesticide ban in Canada http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/621989
Ontario Proposes Industry Detox Legislation http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2009/2009-04-08-02.asp
Toxics Reduction Act, 2009 http://www.ebr.gov.on.ca/ERS-WEB-External/displaynoticecontent.do?noticeId=MTA2MTQ5&statusId=MTU5MTk4&language=en

New Developments Concerning the Arctic
The declaration adopted by the Arctic Council ministerial meeting held in Tromsø, Norway, April 28-29, represents a comprehensive instrument for international cooperation and policies in the region. Some of the most significant issues are: negotiation of an international instrument for cooperation on search and rescue services; a demand for the IMO to develop new guidelines for ships operating in Arctic waters and mandatory regulations on safety and environmental protection in the region; development of standards and guidelines for economic activities and oil and gas exploration in the Arctic; creation of a task force on short-lived non-CO2 drivers of climate change such as black carbon, methane and tropospheric precursors in Arctic climate change; ecosystems-based ocean management; and addressing effects of climate change on indigenous people and ecosystems. Russia said that it opposes the presence of any military-political blocs in the Arctic and invited support for its new initiative “The Electronic Memory of the Arctic,” an open access on-line information resource. The request of the EU, China, Italy, and South Korea for permanent observers’ status was put on hold for now. The next ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council will be in 2011, although, given the increasing importance of the Arctic, meetings at political level will be held yearly. Denmark will take over the chairmanship of the Arctic Council.
Canada announced the location of the two satellite reception ground stations for the Polar Epsilon project designed to enhance its Arctic surveillance and security capabilities and capacity to exploit space-based data for defense, maritime security and environmental monitoring.
Norway became the first Arctic nation to accept limits to its northern seabed with the new defined continental shelf at 550 kms (342 miles) from the Pole, which is claimed by both Russia and Denmark. [See also Arctic Security and Sovereignty Debate Continues in January 2009, Arctic Needs New International Regulations in September 2008 and other items on the Arctic debate in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
The Tromsø Declaration ratified http://arctic-council.org/article/2009/4/the_tromso_declaration_ratified
Russia does not view Arctic as area of potential conflicts – Lavrov http://www.interfax.com/3/490967/news.aspx
Government of Canada Announces Location of Satellite Reception Ground Stations for Polar Epsilon http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Department-Of-National-Defence-967526.html
Oslo sets limit on Arctic seabed, short of North Pole http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE53E3X420090415

Fiber Check Dams with Chemicals Control Polluting Construction Runoff
Research by Dr. Rich McLaughlin, associate professor of soil science at NC State Univ., and colleagues has shown that fiber check dams constructed from a mix of straw wattles and coir logs, with added granulated, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), are enormously more effective in protecting watercourses from the muddy runoff around road and other construction projects than the currently used "sediment traps" and rock check dams in ditches. Turbidity of road runoff improved by a factor of more than 100.
Sources:
Improving construction site runoff quality with fiber check dams and polyacrylamide http://www.jswconline.org/content/64/2/144.abstract
Study finds better way to protect streams from construction runoff http://www.physorg.com/print159190208.html

Possibly Tainted Imported Drywall Raises Health Fears
A number of complaints from around the US have alerted authorities to possible health and other problems allegedly caused by imported Chinese drywall. It appears that a large but unknown quantity of this product may contain, or have been contaminated with, chemicals that over time emit noxious fumes.
military facilities and projects (past, ongoing and planned), if necessary.
Source:
AP IMPACT: Chinese drywall poses potential risks http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_12122912

Climate Change
Scientific Evidences and Natural Disasters
A poll conducted by Reuters with experts, who were among authors of the 2007 IPCC report, attending the Bonn Climate Change meeting revealed high agreement that it is “unlikely” (less than 1/3 chance) the world would manage to limit warming to 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels. Out of 11 scientists participating in the survey, 6 said world average annual temperatures would set a new record by 2015, and 4 said it would happen by 2020. As for sea level rise by 2100, projections varied from 30-40 cm (11.8–15.7 inches) to up to 140 cm (55.1 inches), and 10 of those polled projected that Arctic late summer sea ice could vanish before 2050, with two saying it would happen by 2020. A similar poll conducted by the Guardian with participation of 261 experts showed that 46% of those who answered the question on temperature rise estimated that it would reach 3–4°C (5.4–7.2°F) by the end of the century.
The Right to Survive report by Oxfam International reveals that the number of people affected by the 6,500 climate-related disasters recorded since 1980 has doubled in 30 years and estimates that by 2015 it might further increase by 54%, to an average of more than 375 million people per year. The emergency organizations might be overwhelmed by the rising number of people in poor countries affected by climate hazards, while worldwide emergency aid spending would need to be doubled to at least $25bn a year to help cope with the situation.

Food and Water Security
The First G8 Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting, held in Cison di Valmarino, Italy, April 18–20, under the theme “The World Food Emergency,” was attended by Ministers of Agriculture of the G8 countries and Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, Argentina, Australia and Egypt, and the heads of UN agencies. The Declaration adopted includes proposals to place agriculture and food security at the core of the international agenda and sustainably increase renewable energy production from biomass without compromising food security. The Declaration will be forwarded to the G8 Heads of State summit to be held in Italy in July 2009.
Delegates attending the 65th Session of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) held in Bangkok, Thailand, April 23-29, discussed the financial crisis and its convergence with other threats to development and the need to work toward a stable and supportive financial system for development. The meeting was convened under the theme of “Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” with the special body on least developed and land locked developing countries addressing the food-fuel-financial crisis and climate change, and associated threats to development.
Rivers in some of the world’s most populated regions are losing water due largely to climate change, reveals research led by scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo., to be published May 15 in the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate. Among the 925 big rivers, rivers with decreased flow outnumbered those with increased flow by 2.5 to 1 and freshwater discharges into the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean dropped by 6% and 3% respectively over the past 50 years (from 1948 to 2004). Added to the effects from damming, irrigation, and other water use, these changes could become a threat to future supplies of food and water, warn the researchers.
The "Asia's Next Challenge: Securing the Region's Water Future" report produced by the Asia Society, warns that Asia may see more conflicts over scarce water resources in the coming years due to the combination of climate change, urbanization, and population growth. Most vulnerable are the relations between India and Pakistan, and those related to the Mekong River, which is shared by China and its southern neighbors, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. The ten recommendations put forward in the report include greater regional cooperation and ensuring that water management organizations work directly with those responsible for defense and diplomacy.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
Recent evidence of ice loss from both poles renewed the fears that global warming is progressing faster than scientists predicted. The latest evidence from satellite observations from NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center show that the decade-long trend of shrinking sea ice cover is continuing, and the ice cap is thinning. Compared to the 1980s and '90s, thicker ice, which lasts two summers or more, decreased to less than 10% of the northern polar ice cap in winter, from 30–40% (and 20% just two years ago), while thinner seasonal sea ice (which melts in summer) now accounts for about 70% of the Arctic total, compared to 40–50%. Similar observations were made by Pen Hadow, the head of a British team walking to the North Pole to assess the Arctic ice sheets melting rate, who found that, so far, the average depth of the ice has been under 1.8 meters (6 feet), suggesting most is new first-year ice that is likely to melt in summer months.
Similar phenomena are happening at the South Pole, where the European Space Agency satellite data show massive amounts of ice are breaking away from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Health
At the ceremony on World Health Day, April 7, Michel Jerraud, Secretary-General of WMO, noted the need for early warning systems for climate hazards. Margaret Chan, Director-General of WHO, discussed the need for long-term planning, especially for those areas that will become disaster-prone due to climate change, and also made connections between climate change and needs to ensure disaster-related health care.

Adaptation
The European Commission presented a White Paper outlining the framework for reducing the European Union’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Since the impacts of climate change vary by region, the strategy would complement Member States’ policies through an integrated and coordinated approach, particularly in cross-border issues. It underlines that adapting to climate change should be integrated into all EU policies. The plan has two phases: the first one spans 2009-2012 for preparing the knowledge base and policy instruments for phase two, commencing in 2013, that would be the implementation of the adaptation strategy. The White Paper covers phase 1, which is based on “four pillars of action” covering increasing understanding of climate change and identifying actions and policy instruments to be embedded in key EU policies. The paper specifies that a Clearing House Mechanism should be established by 2011 to exchange information on climate change impacts and adaptability measures. The Commission will set up an Impact and Adaptation Steering Group to ensure the successful completion of phase 1. The Commission also presented three discussion papers on water, coasts and marine, and agricultural and health issues based on the framework set out in the White Paper.
UN Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro highlighted links between the issues of gender, disaster risk reduction, climate change, and poverty reduction in a statement delivered to the International Conference on Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction, from 20-22 April, in Beijing, China. Migiro stressed that women, who constitute 70% of the world’s poor, are disproportionately impacted by disasters and warned that climate change is expected to exacerbate this suffering, as well as threaten food security, health, and water supplies. She called for a “21st Century multi-stakeholder partnership” to mitigate the growing scourge of disasters.
Nearly 500 indigenous representatives from 5,000 distinct indigenous groups across 80 nations gathered for the Indigenous People’s Global Summit on Climate Change, hosted by the Inuit Circumpolar Council, April 20-24, in Anchorage, Alaska, to discuss how to integrate indigenous views, policies, traditional values and visions into the global response to the challenges of climate change. The Summit’s final recommendations contain two options regarding the use of fossil fuels: the first calls for a moratorium on new oil and gas drilling, while the second proposes an eventual phase-out of fossil fuels use, while at the same time respecting the rights of indigenous people to develop their resources. The recommendations will be presented to COP15.

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
EU Parliament Recommends Stronger Nanotech Precautions
Meridian Nanotechnology & Development News reports a Bureau of National Affairs story that the European Parliament has forwarded to the European Commission a resolution saying that current regulations are not sufficiently precautionary for handling nanomaterials. According to the story, it “has no legislative force, but must be considered by the European Commission when formulating EU policy on nanotechnology. The Commission's current approach to nanomaterials is that no major regulatory initiative is necessary.”
Sources:
European Union Should Review Regulations Governing Nanomaterials, Parliament Says http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=1866
EU Parliament wants tighter nano regulation http://euobserver.com/9/28015/?rk=1

New OECD Report on Nanotech Risks in the Workplace
The OECD has published a report, Preliminary Analysis of Exposure Measurement and Exposure Mitigation in Occupational Settings: Manufactured Nanomaterials that, “provides researchers with suggestions on how to respond to the lack of standards on techniques for measuring workplace exposure to nanomaterials.” Further, “Researchers can still institute and develop standards on an individual basis, the report says, but recommends that consensus standards, biomarkers, and other tools and resources need to be developed.” The report also outlines the first part of an OECD project on this issue.
Sources:
OECD Addresses Shortfalls in Measuring Exposure to Nanomaterials in Workplace http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=1859
Preliminary Analysis of Exposure Measurement and Exposure Mitigation in Occupational Settings: Manufactured Nanomaterials, report http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT000029E6/$FILE/JT03263204.PDF

SAFENANO Publishes First Global Review of EHS Risks of Nanotechnology
According to an article in Nanowerk News, Defra, the UK Government Department for Food & Rural Affairs, has published a report, EMERGNANO: A review of completed and near completed environment, health and safety research on nanomaterials and nanotechnology, from the SAFENANO initiative. “[The report] provides a unique identification and analysis of research carried out worldwide on nanotechnology safety, including that relating to hazard, exposure, risk assessment & regulation.“ The article continues, “EMERGNANO identified more than 670 projects from around the world, and … assessed more than 260 unique, relevant projects …. The final report provides a comprehensive listing of projects, alongside detailed evaluation of their outputs.” See also UK Launches New Nanotechnology Environmental Service in January 2008 environmental security report.]
Sources:
EMERGNANO: A review of completed and near completed environment, health and safety research on nanomaterials and nanotechnology report http://www.safenano.org/Uploads/EMERGNANO_CB0409_Full.pdf
SAFENANO team completes global review of nanomaterial EHS research http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=10088.php

China Moves Strongly into Nanotech Arena
China has budgeted $18 billion of its stimulus package for R/D this year, and the expectation is that a large piece of that will go into its sweeping nanotech program. A sign of this is that China now produces more papers on nanotech than any other country. A major concern in the future, of course, will be the safety of nanotech-containing Chinese exports.
Source:
China's giant step into nanotech http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/mar/26/nanotechnology-china

New Book Studies Media and Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology, Risk and Communication, co-authored by Professor Stuart Allan of Bournemouth University, United Kingdom [Palgrave Macmillan 2009], is “one of the first major studies of media coverage, policy debates and public perceptions about nanotechnology.”
Sources:
Nanotechnology, Risk and Communication http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=277172

International Nanotech Workshop to Precede June Prague Meeting
The 1st ICPC NanoNet Workshop will be held on June 1st, 2009, at the same venue as EuroNanoForum 2009, which begins on June 2nd. [See item European Nanotech Meetings to Be Held in June and September 2009 in March 2009 environmental security report.] The Workshop will present reviews of nanotech activities from speakers representing all regions of the world.
Source:
1st ICPC NanoNet Workshop http://www.icpc-nanonet.org/content/category/6/40/91/

Wearable Computing Show Scheduled in Milan 20 May 2009
The Road Show wearIT@work: The Present and the Future of Wearable Computing - Application in real-life work environments will take place on 20 May 2009 at the HP Milano site in Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milan, Italy. wearIT@work is an Integrated EU FP6 Project and is the largest project worldwide in Wearable Computing. Its major goal is the development and integration of wearable computing as a way of bringing computer support to workers without interfering with their normal activities.
Sources:
wearIT@work Road Show - 20 May 2009, Milan http://www.wearitatwork.com/Road-Show-Milan-20-May-2009.321.0.html
wearIT@work project http://www.wearitatwork.com/

Solar Storm Could Wipe Out Power Grid
A recent article in New Scientist, sparked by a report from the National Academies, calls attention to the grave danger to the electronic environment posed by a very large “coronal mass ejection” – a solar storm, one of which, although admittedly extremely rare (the worst one so far was in 1859), could effectively destroy the electricity grid over a large section of the US. Magnetospheric effects from the coronal plasma ball would induce large DC currents in the high-voltage grid, melting transformers and leading to a national disaster of unimaginable proportions.
Sources:
Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12507#top
Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true

Climate Change Triggers Redrawing Swiss-Italian Borders
Switzerland and Italy are cooperating in redrawing their national borders in the Matterhorn mountain area, due to melting Alpine glaciers that previously set the border lines. The new proposal considers the rocks rather than glaciers as border criteria. The Swiss-Italian border change will not affect any inhabited area. Franco Narducci, of Italy’s opposition Democratic Party, who is preparing the bill for redefining the frontier, said that similar negotiations will be proposed to France and Austria. Redrawing these borders creates a precedent with implications for other effects of climate change in other regions such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and the Low-lying Island States.
Sources:
Melting snow prompts border change between Switzerland and Italy http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/melting-snow-prompts-border-change-between-switzerland-and-italy-1653181.html
Climate changes Europe's borders – and the world's http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16854-climate-changes-europes-borders--and-the-worlds.html

Water-related Rights and Security Addressed by 5th World Water Forum
25,000 attended the 5th World Water Forum in Istanbul, March 16-22, 2009. Several theme-based and regional sessions addressed water resources, security implications, and risk management in the context of global change—mainly the effects of climate change and related economic crises. Some suggestions made at the Forum include: constitution of a “World Water Parliament”; stricter zoning laws; linking water and energy efficiency initiatives; proactive policy processes for addressing disasters and reducing water-related conflicts; the need to respect international law protecting water resources during conflict; and recognizing the right to water and sanitation as a human need. Documents launched or adopted by the Forum include the Ministerial Declaration, “Water in a Changing World” (the 3rd World Water Development Report), and “Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing by OECD.”
Meantime, the NATO report “New Horizons,” highlighting access to water as an aspect of energy and resource scarcity, notes that the countries of the Middle East and Africa already suffering from absolute water scarcity “will most likely be joined by China, India, Pakistan and South Africa around 2025.”
Sources:
Summary of the 5th World Water Forum http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/sd/ymbvol82num23e.pdf
NEW HORIZONS. Finding a path away from NATO’s de-solidarisation http://www.natonewhorizons.org/NewHorizons-DigitalEdition.pdf (14MB file)

Environmental Early Warning Systems with Web Crawlers
Web crawlers (“software programs that browse the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner”) could serve as part of an early warning system for changes that may indicate impending ecological/environmental problems, points out an article by researchers from the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University and the University of East Anglia. They suggest, “web crawlers can collect information on the drivers of ecosystem change, rather than the resultant ecological response,…. future early warning systems can make use of the recent insight that shows that ecosystems sometimes ‘signal’ a pending collapse, … [and the crawlers] may find information that describes ecological changes at small scales, which may warn of similar shifts in other locations”
Sources:
Doing it online: Internet can detect eco-crises http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/researchnews/doingitonlineinternetcandetectecocrises.5.589e653711f5b17101b8000415.html
Can information and communication technology help us save the planet? (Blog) http://resilienceinnovation.blogspot.com/
Can web crawlers revolutionize ecological monitoring? (abstract) http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070204
Crawling the Web to Foretell Ecosystem Collapse http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/03/ecodatamining.html

Future Lithium Dependency Raises New Energy Security Concerns
World demand for lithium is growing rapidly. It is the key element of improved batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles, cell phones, laptops, etc. today. Bolivia has nearly half the world’s lithium reserves and will build lithium batteries domestically. Allegedly, some attempts by US, Japanese and French electric car makers to obtain lithium concessions failed. Official talks of plans for establishing a lithium cartel similar to OPEC to control the resource raise new energy security concerns. Current large lithium producers are Argentina (about 50% of current world production), Chile, China, and Australia. However, at the recent Lithium Market and Supply conference held in Santiago, Chile, it was said that there is plenty of lithium supply to meet demand for the foreseeable future. Considering the potential energy and environmental security implications of access to lithium reserves, it is wise to develop alternative battery technologies, such as those based on sodium nickel chloride or zinc-air, that do not face resource depletion or restriction issues. (Reportedly, Toyota and Germany’s RWE are focusing R&D on zinc-air batteries.)
Sources:
Bolivia pins hopes on lithium, electric vehicles http://www.physorg.com/news155115838.html
Mineral wealth, political weapon. Morales wields control of nation's lithium, uranium as cudgel http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/10/mineral-wealth-political-weapon/
Peak Lithium: Will Supply Fears Drive Alternative Batteries? http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/02/03/peak-lithium-will-supply-fears-drive-alternative-batteries/

Technological Advances with Environmental Security Implications
New Air Quality Evaluation Tool
According to a news story in Science Daily “The Grupo de Modelos y Software para el medio Ambiente of the Facultad de Informática at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid has developed a very sophisticated tool (OPANA) that estimates the impact of air quality on the health of citizens using last generation models. … [It produces] extremely precise measurements of the concentration of a certain atmospheric contaminant that a person breathes in a determined time and place, from a particular source (an industry, an incinerator, a motorway, etc.). It is possible to determine the consequent impact under almost any circumstances or distance from the source.” The results require the input of accurate data on local topography and land use, meteorology, and, most importantly, the estimated emissions in the area.
Sources:
New Tool For Study Of Air Quality Developed http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090311085406.htm
The evaluation of the air quality impact of an incinerator by using MM5-CMAQ-EMIMO modeling system: North of Spain case study (abstract) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7X-4SBYYGS-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7cd8a3dfb80125e265f078e654526891

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Soil Bacterium May Convert Toxic Metals to Harmless Form
An international group of scientists at the Ohio State University, Columbus have published an on-line paper describing how the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis, found in soil, including nuclear waste dumps, breaks down metal oxides to chemically extract oxygen, leaving behind a non-soluble, and therefore harmless, residue.
Sources:
Antibody-recognition force microscopy shows that outer membrane cytochromes OmcA and MtrC are expressed on the exterior surface of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/AEM.02108-08v1
Common Soil Bacteria Could Clean Up Nuclear Contamination http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2009/2009-03-17-092.asp

Carbon Nanotube Adsorbents Remove Water Impurities
Prof. S. Ramaprabhu of the Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, has led research resulting in the filing of a patent application for a nanocomposite adsorbent that could treat polluted wastewater from industrial plants and other sources, eliminating viruses, bacteria, toxic metal ions, and other organic molecules, although possibly requiring some modification for certain purposes. The news story reporting this also mentions water treatment research by Catalyx, Inc. of Anaheim CA, using reverse osmosis, and a project at the Center for Green Science at Carnegie Mellon Univ., based on tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand catalysts.
Sources:
IIT uses nanotech for cheap textile wastewater cleanup http://www.cleantech.com/news/4271/iit-uses-nanotech-cheap-textile-was
Catalyx develops two-way osmosis to purify wastewater http://www.cleantech.com/news/4095/catalyx-develops-two-way-osmosis-wa
Researchers claim chemistry breakthrough for environmental cleanup http://www.cleantech.com/news/3247/green-chemistry-catalyst-promises-safe-clean-alternative

Robot “Fish” Evaluate Underwater Pollution
BMT Group, of Teddington, England, announced plans for initial testing of a new device for sensing underwater pollution. The device, developed by Prof. Huosheng Hu and associates at the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, is physically modeled on a fish, is autonomous, requiring no external control, and communicates findings from its chemical sensors via a Wi-Fi connection at a charging point.
Sources:
Robotic fish: the latest weapon in the fight against water pollution http://www.bmt.org/News/?/3/0/510
G8 Robotic Fish (video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSibkb6aKHM

New Membrane for Energy-efficient Water Filtration
IBM Research (San Jose CA), Central Glass Co., Ltd. (Tokyo), the King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology (Riyadh), and the Univ. of Texas at Austin announced development of a new material for the energy-efficient membrane technology for water purification. The new formulation exhibits resistance to chlorine damage and performs well in mildly basic conditions, making it suitable for arsenic removal as well as water desalination.
Source:
IBM Makes Water Clean With Smarter, More Energy-Efficient Purification http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26921.wss

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Photoelectric Energy Efficiency Increase by Photosynthesis-type Semiconductor Structure
Prof. P. G. Lagoudakis of the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton (England), and colleagues have developed a colloidal nanocrystal quantum dot technique. It was suggested by natural photosynthesis structures, and is reported to yield a six-fold increase in photocurrent conversion efficiency compared to previous semiconductor devices.
Source:
Ultimate In 'Green' Energy: Plants Inspire New Generation Of Solar Cells http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/39402

Electrostatic Capacitors Offer Energy Storage Improvement
Prof. Gary Rubloff, director of the University of Maryland's NanoCenter, and his team have developed a family of nanotech-based electrostatic capacitors suitable for energy storage for such devices as electric vehicles. They are said to offer a 10 times improvement in energy storage density over current commercially available devices, while preserving high power and fast recharge characteristics.
Source:
For New Energy Options to Work, Better Storage Methods Needed http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/for-new-energy-options-to-work-better-storage-methods-needed,750464.shtml

New Lithium-Ion Material Improves Recharging Time
Gerbrand Ceder and Byoungwoo Kang of the Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced development of a new lithium-ion battery electrode material which they hope will give batteries a fast charging time equivalent to that of a supercapacitor. The material consists of nanospheres with a core of lithium iron phosphate and a surface of glassy lithium-phosphate, with the latter providing a fast path for electron travel during recharging.
Sources:
Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7235/full/nature07853.html
Batteries now included http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13277371

United States Bans Cluster Munitions Export
The US adopted legislation banning export from the United States of cluster munitions that leave behind more than 1% of their submunitions as duds, and conditions export on agreement of the receiving country that “cluster munitions will not be used where civilians are known to be present.” The law is seen by many as a move of the US closer to the Convention on Cluster Munitions that completely bans these weapons’ use, production, and trade. So far, 96 nations have signed and 5 ratified the Convention; thirty ratifications are required for its entry into force. [See also The Cluster Munitions Treaty Signed by 94 Nations in December 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Cluster Munition Coalition welcomes U.S. Cluster Bomb Export Ban http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/news/?id=1393
States must take action to ensure elimination of cluster munitions, says Migiro http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30230&Cr=disarmament&Cr1=

Russian Security Unit and Draft Law for Reinforcing Arctic Claims
The Arctic Group of Forces under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federal Security Service is planned to be deployed by 2020. Its mission will be to consolidate security and environmental protection in the area, as well as to participate in defining the Arctic Shelf “with respect to Russia’s national interests.” In the meantime, Russia is drafting a new law that would allow it to block foreign military vessels, deny entry to, or impose Russian escorting on, commercial ships deemed unsafe for navigation, and charge fees. NATO’s recent report, New Horizons, highlighting that the Arctic is becoming of “prime strategic importance,” notes that Russia will begin exploitation at a major oil and natural gas field in the Arctic in 2013––the deadline year set by the UN for the Arctic continental shelf demarcation. [See also Arctic Security and Sovereignty Debate Continues in January 2009, Arctic Needs New International Regulations in September 2008 and other items on the Arctic Debate in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Russia plans Arctic security unit http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/russia-plans-arctic-security-unit/story.aspx?guid={66566728-4484-46AD-BB8C-6EC140149C97}&dist=msr_1
Canada won't be 'bullied' by Russia's plans to protect Arctic interests: Cannon http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5irfclfyLnfcwNnVS84Bw9CxVv7mQ

ENVSEC to Expand Environmental Co-operation in South Caucasus
The Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) held a meeting bringing together officials from Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia with representatives from the OSCE, other international organizations, and environmental experts to discuss ways for expanding environment and security cooperation in the South Caucasus region. The ENVSEC helps capacity building to assess and address environmental threats to security in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the South Caucasus. [See also Environment and Security Program in the East-Caspian Region in September 2007 environmental security report.]
Sources:
Expanded environmental co-operation in South Caucasus on agenda of OSCE-supported meeting in Tbilisi http://finchannel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31073&Itemid=8

New Technologies Need New Regulations Systems
The “New Life, Old Bottles: Regulating First-Generation Products of Synthetic Biology” report published by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, addresses the relevance of existing regulatory systems in view of developments in synthetic biology specifically and emerging new technologies generally. It argues that the current regulatory framework might not be adequate to address the challenges associated with conditions and properties related to emerging technologies (such as nanotechnology and synthetic biology); and, therefore, new sets of regulations might be needed. While specifically investigating the U.S. system, the principles and analysis are valid globally. [See also The Woodrow Wilson International Center Opens Synthetic Biology Project in January 2009, Dangers Increase from “Amateur” Genetic Engineering; the Biological Weapons Convention to be Updated in December 2008 and other similar issues in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
New Life, Old Bottles: Regulating First-Generation Products of Synthetic Biology http://www.synbioproject.org/process/assets/files/6319/nano_synbio2_electronic_final.pdf
Synthetic Biology Project—publication announcement http://www.synbioproject.org/library/publications/archive/synbio2/

Canada Extends Toxic Substances Lists
Health Canada declared four chemicals with varied uses to be toxic to human health (but not toxic to the environment): 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethanol (DEGME); 2-Methoxyethanol acetate (2-MEA); 2-methoxy-1-propanol; and C.I. Pigment Red 3. Actions to manage related hazards have been proposed or are under study. In January the government declared two types of siloxanes, D4 and D5, as toxic to the environment. Health and Environment Canada also determined that pigments yellow 34 and red 103, thiourea, isoprene, and oxirane were toxic to human health, and that 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol or TTBP is an environmental toxin. [See also New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists in January 2009 environmental security report.]
Source:
4 chemicals used in consumer products slapped with toxic label http://www.canada.com/news/chemicals%20consumer%20products%20slapped%20with%20toxic%20label/1362478/story.html

Global Fuel Economy Initiative Aims to Increase Cars’ Fuel Efficiency 50% by 2050
The Global Fuel Economy Initiative was launched by a coalition of the FIA Foundation, the International Energy Agency, the International Transport Forum and UNEP to call on the global auto industry and governments to reduce by 50% emissions from cars by 2050, mainly by improving fuel efficiency. The report “'50 by 50' Global Fuel Economy Initiative” explains that improving new car fuel efficiency by 50% could stabilize world emissions through 2050, and outlines a roadmap on how to achieve the goals, with interim targets for 2020 and 2030. An additional outcome is increased energy security, by reducing dependency on oil imports. The number of cars is expected to triple by 2050. The initiative was launched at the 79th international motor show held in Geneva, March 5-15, 2009. [See also World Leaders Discuss Environmental Security Policies at Davos in January 2008, EU Renewable Energy Policy becomes Legally Binding in December 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
'50 by 50' Global Fuel Economy Initiative http://www.fiafoundation.org/50by50/Documents/50BY50_report.pdf
UN-backed roadmap for halving auto emissions unveiled in Geneva http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30083&Cr=greenhouse&Cr1

UK Could Seize Planes to Enforce European Emissions Trading Scheme
The UK Environment Agency will have increased power to seize assets from airlines that do not respect the new scheme to limit flights’ carbon emissions in view of the European Emissions Trading Scheme for aviation. The measure is introduced in an effort to enforce regulations in the special case of airlines, which do not have fixed assets in the UK. [See also Provisional Agreement for Including Aviation in the Emission Trading Scheme from 2012 in June 2008 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Airlines that break emission rules could have planes seized http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/mar/04/carbon-emissions-airlines-climate-change

“Roving” Marine Protected Areas as Climate Change Affects Migration
Climate change affects weather patterns, ocean currents, and temperatures, which affect ecosystems and animals’ migration; hence, areas set aside for wildlife protection may have to change as well. None of the over 4,500 marine protected areas worldwide have been designed factoring in climate change, say experts. Hence, scientists are speculating about possibilities of drawing “roving” protected areas as a function of changing conditions. Although technical advancements facilitate the task of identifying ecosystem changes, the issues of governance might be a greater challenge. The current 0.7% of the world’s oceans being designated as protected is far from the 20% to 30% by 2012 goal declared at the 5th World Parks Congress in 2003. [See also Marine Protection to Increase in June 2008 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Parks that can move when the animals do http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2009/03/04/parks-that-can-move-when-the-animals-do/

Climate Change
Scientific Evidences and Natural Disasters
“Worst case” scenarios are already becoming reality and an increase in average temperatures of 6°C (10.8°F) by the end of the century is not ruled out, cautioned over 2,500 leading environmental experts attending a climate summit held in Copenhagen ahead of the December post-Kyoto negotiations. They issued a statement warning that unless swift political action, “dangerous climate change,” was imminent. Steven Sherwood, climate expert at Yale University, noted that due to the physiological limits of the human body, temperature rise by 7°C (12.6°F) over pre-industrial levels would render many parts of the globe uninhabitable, while 10°C (18°F) would encompass the bulk of today’s population. Along the same lines, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, said that 5°C (9°F) global warming over present values would reduce human population to 1 billion.
Global warming might be further exacerbated by CO2 released from the Antarctic Ocean because of shifting wind patterns due to orbital shift, found a team of scientists at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
"Assessing Dangerous Climate Change Through an Update of the IPCC 'Reasons for Concern", a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, updates some of the findings of the IPCC’s 2001 Third Assessment Report. It found that even a lower level of increase in average global temperatures could have serious consequences in all five domains of concern analyzed: 1) risk to threatened ecosystems; 2) risk of extreme weather events; 3) vulnerability disparities; 4) damage assessment; and 5) risks of large-scale discontinuities due to phenomena with very large impacts (e.g. melting of major ice sheets.)

Food and Water Security
“Water in a Changing World,” the 3rd World Water Development Report, notes that by 2050 population would reach 9.1 billion if fertility rate continues to decrease, while if it would stay at the present level of 2.56, the population would reach 11 billion, consequently increasing demand for food and water in both cases. Over the last 50 years, freshwater withdrawals have tripled and irrigation doubled due to population growth. The report also made the link between poverty and water resources, noting that “The number of people living on less than $1.25 a day coincides approximately with the number of those without access to safe drinking water.”
Population growth to 8.3 billion by 2030 will increase food and energy demand by 50% and fresh water by 30%, said John Beddington, chair of a new UK Cabinet Office task force set up to address food security, at the Sustainable Development UK 09 conference. Underlining a belief that climate change will be an exacerbating factor, he suggested swift policy measures to improve agriculture and consumption practices. For addressing the situation at the European level, he proposed the creation of a position of chief science adviser to the European Commission.
A new report by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), calls for a global shift from the industrial model of agriculture toward sustainable practices. The recommendations include an international rights-based approach that ensures water availability for ecosystems and people and harmonization of policy approaches to water, agriculture and climate.
At the annual UNIS-UN conference on “The Food Crisis: A Global Challenge”, held March 5-6, 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon discussed the linkages between food security and climate change and stated that helping communities around the world adapt to climate change will be a key issue at the UN Climate Change Conference in December 2009.
The Water and Disaster Action Plan, prepared under the auspices of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, provides a tool for the UN System to mobilize and coordinate its efforts in assisting member States to face the challenge of natural disasters. It was launched at the fifth World Water Forum, held in Istanbul, Turkey, March 16-22, 2009
The First Ministerial Forum on Water of the Group of 77, held February 23-25, in Muscat, Oman, concluded with the adoption of the Muscat Declaration on Water, which suggests the recognition of human right to clean water and sanitation as a key goal. Ministers in charge of water recommended the promotion of innovative technologies among developing countries to address the negative impacts of water-related disasters.
On World Water Day, the Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Luc Gnacadja, called for prudent water management to halt land degradation and its consequences, including conflict over scarce resources.
“The Roadmap to End Hunger” report prepared by more than 30 organizations, calls for the US to boost spending on food and agricultural aid by 60% in 2010 to $6.36 billion, and commit to further increases to $13.31 billion by 2014. Other recommendations include: a strengthened emergency response to better address short-term hunger needs; more flexible safety nets to mitigate the impacts of shocks on vulnerable populations; improved nutrition programs to ensure that people in the developing world have access to the nourishment needed to lead healthy lives; and expanded programs to enhance the productivity of smallholder farmers, which is critical in addressing chronic hunger. New bipartisan legislation expected to be unveiled in the coming weeks incorporates key recommendations of the Roadmap.
Gender inequality has amplified the impact of the financial, food and climate crises on African women, said Isatou Njie-Saidy, Vice-President of Gambia, at the 53rd session of the Commission on the Status of Women, held on March 4. The panel organized by The UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) called on the international community to promote gender-specific plans and programs to help women better address these crises.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
New evidence shows that the Arctic is warming faster than any other place on Earth. Over the past three decades, the average warming over the Arctic Ocean was 3°C, even reaching 5°C (9°F) in some parts where the ice has been lost, while the average global temperature has risen by less than 1°C (1.8°F). The lakes in Siberia are now five times larger than in 2006, notes Katey Walter, ecologist at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. She underlines some potential consequences, such as increasing permafrost melting and runaway warming, the growing amount of fresh water flowing into the Arctic Ocean from the melting sea ice, glaciers, and rivers, changing the ocean conveyor current, with consequences on the Asian monsoon and rain patterns affecting food and water supply of a large part of world population.
Considering the rapidly melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, sea levels might be rising by 1 meter or more by 2100, twice as fast as forecast by the IPCC, said scientists at the Copenhagen environmental conference.

Health
Changes in rainfall patterns and rapid urbanization increase dengue fever outbreaks in Asian countries such as Indonesia, said an official of the World Health Organization Southeast Asia.
A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives notes that higher temperatures, humidity and rainfall associated with climate change have led to increased outbreaks of West Nile Virus infections across the United States in recent years. The authors warn that the pattern will only get worse in coming decades with increased economic and health burdens.
At the international scientific congress “Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions,” from 10-12 March 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark, WHO noted the uneven distribution of health impacts of climate change globally, identifying populations in small island developing States, mountainous regions, large urban areas, coastal areas, and areas that lack access to water among the most vulnerable. WHO estimates that around 150,000 deaths (85% of them young children) occur in low-income countries each year due to malnutrition, diarrhea, malaria, and flooding as effects of climate change alone.
On World Water Day, March 22nd, UNEP highlighted the potential benefits of investing in the world’s freshwaters, including the potential benefits to the global economic recovery and to accelerating a response to climate change. According to UNEP, the market for supply, sanitation, and water efficiency is expected to be nearly US$660 billion by 2020, and that global economic benefits of US$38 billion annually could be reaped from investing US$15 billion annually in halving by 2015 the number of people without sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation.

Adaptation
NATO’s “New Horizons” report emphasizes that energy and environmental standards should be considered in security-related reconstruction and stabilization activities (e.g., levees, earthquake-proof housing, improved agricultural practices, and alternative energy systems), as well as better information sharing to assess future needs of individual communities/countries.
The first-ever meeting of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) was held March 25-27, 2009, gathering more than 200 delegates including ministers and senior officials from 25 countries of the most disaster-prone region, to discuss the creation of Disaster Risk Reduction strategies. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 42% of the world’s natural disasters, and 65% of their victims. Noeleen Heyzer, UN Under-Secretary-General and ESCAP Executive Secretary, announced that ESCAP would establish a regional platform for sharing information among disaster risk management authorities. ESCAP will also produce the Asia-Pacific Disaster Report, which will synthesize information from member States, provide assessment of the disaster risk reduction in the region and identify future priorities and trends.
The UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) launched the Cities and Climate Change Initiative (CCCI) at a conference titled “Cities and Climate Change,” on March 17 in Oslo, Norway. The initiative focuses on mitigation and adaptation to climate change impacts on human settlements within the framework of urban governance, decentralization, strengthening local authorities, and environmental planning and management. The conference also marked the launch of pilot projects to help Maputo in Mozambique, Kampala in Uganda, Sorsogon City in the Philippines, and Esmeraldas in Ecuador to adapt to climate change by redesigning infrastructure. The results of the deliberations will be forwarded to the Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009.

Post-Kyoto Negotiations
An International Scientific Congress on Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges & Decisions was held in preparation for the December conference. The outcomes will be published in a full synthesis report June 2009. However, there are concerns that the richness of new information might increase policy-makers’ confusion about setting priorities and targets. Scientists tend to agree that the widely accepted 2°C (3.6°F) warming target might not be enough to prevent some of the worst impacts of climate change.
India announced that it intends to resist accepting legally binding greenhouse gases emissions cuts at the negotiations for the new post-Kyoto treaty

Evidence of Damage to Beneficial Microbes from Nanoparticles
Papers presented at the annual conference of the American Chemical Society by scientists from the Univ. of Toledo, the Univ. of Utah, and Utah State Univ. indicated that titanium dioxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles, all used in consumer products and likely to turn up subsequently in the environment, may damage environmental microbes that perform vital functions, such as removing pollutants from water and may also pose a hazard to aquatic life.
Source:
Nanoparticles from sunscreens damage microbes http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/nanoparticles-damage-microbes

EU Tightens Safety Precautions on Nano-containing Cosmetics
The European Parliament has tightened up safety requirements on cosmetics to require additional checks on those containing nanomaterials; the new rules take effect in 2012.
Source:
Cosmetics companies to face new rules in Europe http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/24/business/EU-EU-Parliament-Cosmetics.php

Pressure Increases in Australia for Nanotech Safety Regime
After a recent panel discussion on nanotechnology and occupational health and safety held at Parliament House in Canberra, Australian unions and industry are calling for urgent regulation to protect workers from nanotechnology risks in the face of a dearth of hard data, making for difficult decisions on the nature and timing of new safety requirements. According to an ABC report, Brian Power of the Australian Nano Business Forum believes 98% of nanotechnology is safe, but agrees workers should be protected from any risks. He also emphasizes Australia will ultimately have to follow international guidelines on a company register and labeling.
Source:
Calls to protect workers from nano risks http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/03/24/2524875.htm

New Study of Nanomaterials and Plant Toxicity
According to an article and a technical review in nanowerk, Prof. Pu Kun Che and colleagues at Clemson Univ. have published one of the few papers so far on the effects of nanoparticles on plants, and the possible resulting hazards to both the plants and the associated food chain. They determined that nanoparticles above certain concentrations could clog the vascular systems of plants.
Sources:
Starting to explore nanotechnology's impact on major food crops http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=9516.php
Nanoparticle uptake by plants http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=6331.php

New Paper Reviews Aspects of Public Perception of Nanotech
According to an article in Meridian nanotechnology & development news, “This article compiles much of the research conducted over the last several years regarding what factors influence the public's perception of nanotechnology.”
Sources:
Hearts and Minds and Nanotechnology http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=1757
Public perceptions of nanotechnology www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v4/n3/full/nnano.2009.16.html (purchase or subscribe)

New Review of Analytical Methods to Assess Nanoparticle Toxicity
According to the abstract, “Nanotoxicology relies on many analytical methods for the characterization of nanomaterials as well as their impacts on in vitro and in vivo function. This review provides a critical overview of these techniques from the perspective of an analytical chemist, and is intended to be used as a reference for scientists interested in conducting nanotoxicological research as well as those interested in nanotoxicological assay development.”
Source:
Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/AN/article.asp?doi=b818082b

European Nanotech Meetings to Be Held in June and September 2009
EuroNanoForum 2009 will be held from 2 to 5 June 2009, at the Prague Congress Centre, under the auspices of the Czech government and with the support of the Industrial Technologies Programme of the European Commission. According to the announcement, it “…will address the contribution and challenges of nanotechnology research for a sustainable development of European industry and society, such as the need for reduction in carbon emissions and fossil fuels dependence, the substantial increase in energy demand, pollution control, clean water management and sustainable quality of life of the European citizen, as well as material production sustainability and efficiency.”
Nanotech Europe 2009 will be held in Berlin 28-30 September 2009. Topics will include health and biology (e.g., improved sensors), and safety (toxicological studies of nanomaterials, risk management, and regulatory issues).
Source:
EuroNanoForum 2009. Nanotechnology for Sustainable Economy
European and International Forum on Nanotechnology, 2-5 June, 2009, Prague, Czech Republic http://www.euronanoforum2009.eu/
Nanotech Europe 2009, Berlin, 28-30 September 2009 http://www.nanotech.net/

NATO Report on New Security Threats and Trends
NATO’s report “New Horizons,” released ahead of the organization’s 60th anniversary summit, addresses the challenges that the organization faces in view of the new threats and trends triggered by current geopolitical developments. Most of the threats and trends have an environment-related root, ranging from structural energy and resource problems that, “may lead to energy/raw material nationalism by anti-Western states,” and resource conflicts, to the various direct and indirect consequences of climate change that will lead to “acceleration in the breakdown of ecosystems and more severe ‘natural’ disasters and food shortages, in turn leading to much higher levels of migration, increased human suffering and greater social unrest”. The report quotes a NATO official: “[Climate change] is a global problem requiring the involvement of the UN, NATO, EU and other regional organizations. NATO forces must develop the resiliency to adjust to changing climate and react to its consequences.” However, the report emphasizes, “The only aspect of climate change that was considered to be truly affecting the Alliance was resource competition.”
Sources:
NEW HORIZONS. Finding a path away from NATO’s de-solidarisation http://www.natonewhorizons.org/NewHorizons-DigitalEdition.pdf (14 MB file)

Addressing Potential Business-related Water Scarcity Issues
Water Scarcity & Climate Change: Growing Risks for Businesses & Investors report by the Pacific Institute at the request of Ceres (national network of investors, environmental organizations and other public interest groups working with companies and investors to address sustainability challenges such as global climate change) addresses the impact of climate change and business practices on water and the potential consequences of water scarcity to businesses. The report also explores the role of investment strategies to mitigate harmful impacts. Using information from over 100 companies, the report identifies water-related risks specific to eight key sectors such as energy, mining, and computer technology, and offers a framework to calculate and address industries’ “water footprints”.
Sources:
Water Scarcity & climate change: Growing Risks for Businesses & Investors http://www.pacinst.org/reports/business_water_climate/full_report.pdf
Impending water shortages spell unforeseen financial losses http://pubs.acs.org/action/showStoryContent?doi=10.1021/on.2009.03.24.302968&cookieSet=1

UNEP Conference Furthers Environmental Governance
The 25th session of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GC-25/GMEF) took place February 16-20, 2009, at the UN Office in Nairobi, Kenya, with over 1000 participants from 147 countries. The meeting adopted 17 decisions on issues such as hazardous substances (including a proposed ban on mercury), biodiversity, special requirements for Africa, environmental management, and the environmental situation in Gaza (see Appendix for more detail and sources).
Sources:
25th session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum (documents) http://www.unep.org/GC/GC25/working-docs.asp
25th Session of the UNEP Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum (analysis) http://www.iisd.ca/unepgc/25unepgc/
Historic Treaty to Tackle Toxic Heavy Metal Mercury Gets Green Light http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=562&ArticleID=6090&l=en

UN Report on the Role of Natural Resources in Conflict and Peacebuilding
The report “From Conflict to Peacebuilding – The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment”, co-authored by IISD and UNEP, assesses the linkages among environment, conflict, and peacebuilding. It notes that since 1990 at least 18 violent conflicts have been driven by factors related to natural resources and/or environmental degradation. Over 40% of intra-state wars are linked to the exploitation of natural resources. These situations are twice as likely to return to conflicts or become “re-wars” within the first five years. Unfortunately, fewer than 25% of relevant peace agreements address the environmental or resource aspects. The report analyzes 13 case studies including Afghanistan, Darfur, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, and Gaza.
Sources:
From Conflict to Peacebuilding – the Role of Natural Resources and the Environment http://www.unep.org/publications/search/pub_details_s.asp?ID=3998
Natural Resource Management Critical to Peacebuilding http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=562&ArticleID=6091&l=en

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
Improved Techniques for Water Treatment
According to an NSF announcement, the Center of Advanced Materials for Purification of Water with Systems at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is developing “sensors with specially designed and synthesized DNA to detect trace amounts of lead, mercury, arsenic and other contaminants” and “chemically activated fibers and granules of carbon for removal of heavy metals and pesticides like atrazine in the presence of natural organic matter that interferes with many existing sensors”.
Source:
Clean Water for a Crowded, Contaminated World http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=112996&govDel=USNSF_1

Inverse Fluidization of Aerogels Removes Oil from Water
Scientists from the Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, have reported a very efficient water decontamination technique in which a floating bed of surface-treated hydrophobic aerogel (Nanogel) granules are fluidized by a downward flow of oil-contaminated water in an inverse fluidization mode. According to an abstract, “Among the advantages of the process is the extremely low energy consumption (low pressure drop) during oil removal and the large absorption capacity. Oil concentrations of about 2000 mg/L in water could be reduced to less than 10 mg/L by the inverse fluidization process.”
Source:
Removal of Oil from Water by Inverse Fluidization of Aerogels http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie800022e

Simple New Technique Supplies Chlorine for Water Purification
John Hays, superintendent of Washington, Iowa’s water treatment plant, developed an electrolytic chlorination technique that offers an easy, inexpensive way of creating potable water in primitive circumstances. The method involves passing salt water through an electrolytic device (driven by, say, a 12 v. battery), to produce a combination of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine, which can then be used for water purification. The method is being offered commercially by International Water Management Systems of Washington IA
Sources:
International Water Management Systems http://www.iwmsystems.com/
Iowan makes tainted water fit to drink http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20090222/NEWS02/902220344/1001/NEWS

Isotope Ratio Evaluates Decontamination Success
A recent EPA report describes a new method for monitoring the success of biodegradation in decontaminating underground water. The technique, developed at the Univ. of Toronto's Stable Isotope Laboratory, depends on the active microbes’ preference in the cleansing process for the carbon-12 isotope over carbon-13. The resulting change in the ratio of these isotopes in the contaminant indicates that the decontamination is proceeding satisfactorily.
Sources:
A Guide for Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic Ground Water Contaminants using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) http://www.epa.gov/ada/pubs/reports/600r08148/600r08148.pdf
EPA Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Research www.epa.gov/ada
New technique put to use to test clean up of contaminated groundwater http://www.physorg.com/news152539505.html

Increasing Energy Efficiency Technologies
Mobile Unit Turns Waste into Energy
The IST Energy Corp. of Waltham, MA has announced its new GEM (Green Energy Machine) mobile waste-to-energy conversion system that can turn two to three tons of post-consumer rubbish – paper, plastic, food, wood and agricultural materials – a day into usable “energy pellets” that can be gasified and used to run a natural gas generator, which in turn can power the unit.
Source:
IST Energy (corporate site) http://www.istenergy.com
New England Firm Says Its New Waste-to-Energy System is a GEM http://www.greenerbuildings.com/news/2009/01/01/gem

Carbon Nanotubes Could Replace Expensive Platinum Catalysts in Fuel Cells
Prof. Liming Dai at the University of Dayton (Ohio) and his group have shown that arrays of vertically grown, nitrogen-doped, carbon nanotubes could be used as the catalyst in fuel cells, replacing expensive platinum catalysts now used; it is claimed that they would also be longer lasting than the platinum types. Other work in fuel cell electrodes is underway by Kotaro Sasaki at the Brookhaven National Lab (atom-thick platinum films), at Monash Univ. in Australia (a polymer, PEDOT), and at the Argonne National Lab (nanotube arrays with small quantities of platinum or iron).
Source:
Cheaper Fuel Cells. Carbon nanotubes could replace expensive platinum catalysts and help finally make fuel cells economical http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22074/

New Materials Better for Separating Hydrogen from Other Gases
One of the biggest difficulties for the fuel cell economy is efficiently producing pure hydrogen. Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, a chemist at Northwestern University, has developed a new class of honeycomb-like porous materials (a new family of germanium-rich chalcogenides) that are much more effective than current methods at separating hydrogen from complex gas mixtures. The technology is based on the differing behaviors of varieties of gas molecules as they pass through the separation material.
Sources:
Mesoporous germanium-rich chalcogenido frameworks with highly polarizable surfaces and relevance to gas separation http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat2381.html (Requires subscription or individual article purchase.)
Chemists offer new hydrogen purification method http://www.physorg.com/news153928167.html

New Titanium Nanotube Catalyst A Step Forward in CO2 to Methane Conversion
Craig Grimes and his group at the Materials Research Lab of the Pennsylvania State University have developed a technology, based on catalytic titanium dioxide nanotubes coated with copper and platinum particles, that uses sunlight to convert a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor to natural gas at a rate twenty times higher than any previously published results. This is not yet a practical level, but the researchers are working on improvements that they hope would provide at least two orders of magnitude better performance.
Source:
High-Rate Solar Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 and Water Vapor to Hydrocarbon Fuels http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl803258p (Abstract; full text by subscription)
Sun-powered device converts CO2 into fuel http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16621-sunpowered-device-converts-co2-into-fuel.html

Study of Cost and Availability of Possible New Solar Cell Materials
A new study from the Energy and Resources Group and the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) investigates the cost and availability of a number of possible solar cell materials. According to a story from the Environmental News Network, “The UC Berkeley study evaluated 23 promising semiconducting materials and discovered that 12 are abundant enough to meet or exceed annual worldwide energy demand. Of those 12, nine have a significant raw material cost reduction over traditional crystalline silicon, the most widely used photovoltaic material in mass production today.”
Sources:
Cheaper materials could be key to low-cost solar cells http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/02/17_solar.shtml
Cheaper materials could be key to low-cost solar cells http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=32198

Largest Chinese Car Maker Produces All-electric Model
China's largest independent carmaker, Chery Automobile, has begun producing its first plug-in electric car, the S18, rated at 93 miles per charge, 72 mph, and charging times of 30 minutes/half charge, six hours/full. No general availability date has been announced [See also All-Electric cars coming from Norway and China with More than Hundred Mile Ranges in April 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
China's Chery Auto unveils electric car: company http://www.physorg.com/news154363401.html

Undersea Abandoned Ordnance Presents Increasing Environmental and Health Hazards
Leaking abandoned ordnance since WWII or from military excercises is contaminating the waters around Puerto Rico’s Vieques Island with carcinogenic materials, endangering the marine ecosystem and the health of inhabitants who eat local seafood, noted University of Georgia ecologist James Porter at the Second International Dialogue on Underwater Munitions held February 25-27 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Other previous findings also show dangerously high levels of heavy metals and other toxic chemicals related to military activities in the area. In 2001, Vieques’s residents filed a $100 million damage claim against the US Navy for increased cancer incidence due to military excercises. U.S. Navy efforts to clean up areas of Vieques were so far limited to land and shoreline. Experts note that Vieques Island is one of many marine sites around the world incresingly affected by abandoned ordnance. [See also CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War Entered into Force in November 2006, and other items on this issue in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Addressing Assessment, Characterization, Management and Communication of Risk in Chemical and Conventional Munitions, Worldwide http://underwatermunitions.com/index.php
Undersea bombs threaten marine life http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/02/26/undersea.munitions.cleanup/
Carcinogens found in marine life in island of Vieques in Puerto Rico http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-14429--21-21--.html
U.S. Joins Four Law of War Treaties http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/01/115309.htm

International Satellite Collision Triggers Regulations Review
The collision between a decommissioned Russian spacecraft and a commercially owned US satellite on February 10, 2009, triggered review of international regulations for operating near-Earth objects. According to some space scientists, the accident may have caused 700 pieces of space debris in an area where other satellites orbit, thus raising the likelihood of other collisions. Experts note that, considering the over 17,000 (and the number is increasing) man-made objects of size over 10 cm that orbit Earth, an advanced ability to monitor objects in orbit, such as a Space Situational Awareness (SSA) system might be needed. The UN Office for Outer Space Affairs called on all Member States and international organizations to help curb space debris by fully implementing the voluntary Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The issue was also discussed at the recent 46th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and an international response will be presented for consideration in 2010, at the Subcommittee’s 47th session. The 46th meeting also adopted the draft Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications In Outer Space, to be transmitted for consideration and agreement by the IAEA Commission on Safety Standards during its meeting to be held in Vienna, April 22-24, 2009. [See also China’s ASAT Test Created Serious Long-Range Low-Earth Orbital Pollution in February 2007, Outer Space Policy in November 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
UN Reiterates the Importance of the Implementation of the Space Debris Guidelines to Curtail Space Debris in Future http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2009/unisos376.html
Outer Space Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Concludes its 46th Session in Vienna http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2009/unisos377.html
Following Collision of Satellites, UN Space Office Calls For Preventive Steps http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29908&Cr=outer+space&Cr1=
When Satellites Collide http://www.spacemart.com/reports/It_Finally_Happened_Two_Satellites_Collide_999.html
Sat collision highlights growing threat http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7885750.stm?lss

New Recommendations for Reducing Nuclear Risk
“Lifting the Nuclear Shadow: Creating the Conditions for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons” is a plan released by the British Foreign Ministry on steps towards elimination of nuclear weapons worldwide.
“Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015” by the U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences presents avenues for cooperation to improve the international nuclear security environment by 2015. [See also Nuclear Security in October 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Lifting the Nuclear Shadow: Creating the Conditions for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf1/nuclear-paper
British Policy Paper Calls for Eliminating Global Nuclear Weapons http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090204_1382.php
Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12590
Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Goals, Strategies, and Challenges http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12477

Nordic Countries Alliances for Addressing Arctic Issues
At a NATO Seminar on Security Prospects in the High North, held in Reykjavik, Iceland, Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer underlined that changes in the Arctic region will increase the Alliance’s role in the area. The Allied nations have the necessary capabilities and equipment to address potential risks linked to increased activities in the Arctic region, and the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre has the necessary expertise for relief and rescue operations. Along the same lines, a 13-point Proposal was presented at the extraordinary meeting of Nordic foreign ministers held in Oslo, February 9, 2009, laying out the framework for the creation of Nordic cooperation on foreign and security issues, including a Scandinavian Defence Union to include Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland. Considering the rapid Arctic ice retreat, the report suggests the establishment of a monitoring and early warning system (including a polar orbit satellite system by 2020), as well as a common rescue force (to include both civilian and military personnel), rapidly deployable in case of disastrous events in the Nordic sea areas. The integrated Nordic system and “battlegroup” would be the first such regional initiative. The proposal will be further discussed in April, at the Nordic foreign ministers meeting in Reykjavik. [See also Arctic Security and Sovereignty Debate Continues in January 2009 and other similar items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Speech by NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer on security prospects in the High North http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2009/s090129a.html
Nordic Cooperation on Foreign and Security Policy. Proposals presented to the extraordinary meeting of Nordic foreign ministers in Oslo on 9 February 2009 http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/nordic_report.pdf
Nordic countries to pool troops and intelligence http://euobserver.com/9/27574/?rk=1
Nordic military alliance to challenge Russia in Arctic http://www.russiatoday.com/news/news/37071

Energy and Environmental Security Increasingly Addressed Together
Chinese officials and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton agreed to join efforts in addressing the world economic crisis and environmental and security issues. The two countries would cooperate on “clean energy” technology that would include such elements as carbon capture and sequestration, and the smart grid.
Some Canadian think tanks related to the oil industry suggest the creation of a North Pacific Energy Security Framework that would include six countries that share geographic proximity and account for 54% of world energy demand: Canada and Russia—two of the world’s top oil and gas producers and exporters; and the US, China, Japan, and South Korea—among the world’s top energy consumers. The pact would address issues related to developing Arctic resources, investment in energy and energy trade, and climate change.
The proposed new U.S. Energy Efficiency Resource Standard (EERS) legislation would require electric and gas utilities to reduce demand by 15% and 10% respectively, by 2020, by increasing energy efficiency. The Obama administration is also considering introducing national rules for regulating greenhouse gas emissions for automobiles, to achieve an average of 35 miles per gallon by 2020. (California’s proposed standard is about 42 mpg.) [See also European Energy Security Strategies in January 2009, North American Environmental Security Action Plan in June 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
China, U.S. agree to add climate, security topics to talks http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-clinton-china-sliderfeb22,0,4463769.story
Clinton, Chinese add environmental and security issues to economic talks http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/washingtondc/la-fg-clinton-china22-2009feb22,0,2814624.story
Obama Agrees To Work With Canada On Clean Energy http://planetark.org/wen/51741
The Oil Sands: Energy Security v. Climate Change http://www.kciinvesting.com/articles/9852/1/The-Oil-Sands-Energy-Security-v-Climate-Change/Page1.html
'Energy Efficiency Resource Standard' Would Reduce Energy Costs, Global Warming Pollution, Avoid New Power Plants, Says Alliance http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/02-04-2009/0004966695&EDATE
U.S. May Set Greenhouse Gas Standard for Cars http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/23/AR2009022302575.html?hpid=topnews

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
A decade of drought, a record-breaking heat wave, and strong winds created exceptional conditions for the rapid spread of the bushfires in the state of Victoria, Australia. Over 200 people were killed and thousands of homes burned by the worst fires in the country’s history. However, the region might expect longer and more extreme dry periods in the future due to climate change. The International Workshop on Drought and Extreme Temperatures organized jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the China Meteorological Administration in Beijing, February 16-17, 2009, warned that the frequency and intensity of severe drought, heat waves, and wildfires are likely to increase this century. The regions considered most vulnerable to severe drought are: continental U.S. and Mexico, the Mediterranean basin, parts of northern China, southern Africa and Australia, and parts of South America. Severe heat waves are expected to increase everywhere, but especially in the continental western U.S., northern Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, and southern Africa and Australia. The issues will be further addressed at the World Climate Conference-3 to be held August 31-September 4, 2009 in Geneva. It was recommended that a drought index be developed to help the world better cope with increasing droughts and extreme temperatures.
The level of Africa’s Lake Victoria, a vital source for the Nile, had dropped 3 meters over the past six years, due to warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation.
“The Humanitarian Costs of Climate Change” report reveals that natural disasters affect an average of some 250 million people yearly; and since 1992 nearly $2.7 trillion dollars have been spent on international response to environmental disasters. The report estimates that this spending could increase by 32%, considering changes in the frequency of disasters, and 1,600%, factoring in other criteria, such as intensity.
New data from the National Climatic Data Center show that global temperatures have risen 0.22° F since 1990. The organization warns that even lower warming levels in the future will cause serious consequences of water shortage, extreme weather events, and threats to ecosystems and humans.

Food and Water Security
“The Environmental Food Crisis: The environment’s role in averting future food crises” report by UNEP warns that 25% of the world’s food production might be lost by 2050 due to environmental breakdown. In the meantime, over half of the food produced today is lost, wasted, or discarded as a result of inefficient food chain management. In addition, the share of the world’s cereals used for animal feed is projected to increase from a third today to a half by 2050. With the global population expected to continue increasing, world food prices might rise by 30-50% over the coming decades. The report proposes seven goals for reducing food insecurity, ranging from short-term price issues to long-term global warming measures.
The High-level Meeting on Food Security for All, held from January 26-27, 2009, in Madrid, Spain, issued a statement that calls for a consultative process on options for a Global Partnership for Agriculture Food Security and Nutrition. At a roundtable meeting on disaster, risk reduction, and climate change in Nairobi, held February 20th, Kenya’s Prime Minister Raila Odinga underlined that climate change is a threat to food security and could dampen efforts aimed at tackling poverty in Africa unless urgent steps are taken to address it.
Hundreds of millions of South Asians face growing water stress due to over exploitation, climate change, and inadequate cooperation among countries. All three factors are threatening river basins that sustain about half of the region’s 1.5 billion people, warns the report “Freshwater Under Threat: South Asia” by UNEP and the Asian Institute of Technology. South Asia is home to 25% of the global population but has access to less than 5% of the world’s freshwater resources. The report calls for urgent policy attention and more research into the impact of climate change on water resources, infrastructure, and management practices, as well as improved cooperation among the affected countries and integrated basin management. China declared a drought emergency and earmarked Rmb400m (US$58.5m) for relief. The agriculture ministry says water shortages are affecting up to 43% of the country’s wheat-producing area and around 3.7m people.
A new study published in Fish and Fisheries warns climate change threatens the livelihood of millions of people in fishery-dependent nations. The study identifies 33 countries of high vulnerability, 19 of which are already in the UN “least developed” category. The countries listed as most vulnerable are: Malawi, Guinea, Senegal, Uganda, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan, Yemen, Peru, and Colombia.
“The World’s Water 2008-2009 Biennial Report on Fresh Water Resources” states that providing clean water and proper sanitation to the poorest billions is directly related to governance and commitment to the task, not money or lack of available transport and technology. Discussing “Peak Water,” Peter Gleick notes that although water is a renewable resource—and therefore we should never completely run out of it—increasing population and agricultural needs might drain the non-renewable aquifers. Some recommendations include improving water-use efficiency; accurate water pricing; updating the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act to include new contaminants, actively enforcing the standards already in place, and strengthening water institutions.
The 10th session of the Human Rights Council to be held March 2-27, 2009, in Geneva, will consider a report by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights such as right to safe and adequate water and food, health, and housing. The report was produced in consultation with member States and relevant actors, including IPCC and UNFCCC.

Migration
A panel of experts from the EU and U.S. pointed out that without comprehensive analysis of environment-induced human migration—assessing when, where to, where from, and how many people are going to move—there is a danger of focusing on wrong areas, underestimating certain regions’ needs while over-allocating resources to others. They also stressed that: climate security and energy security should be addressed jointly; and worse case scenarios should be analyzed against the tradeoffs that are realistically acceptable to cut emissions and address climate change causes and effects. The session “Climate Security Roundtable: U.S. and EU Research and Policy” was organized by the Environmental Change and Security Program of the Woodrow Wilson Center.
First the Maldives and now the president of Kiribati are calling on the international community to help relocate their populations due to forecasted sea level increases.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
A glitch in satellite sensors caused underestimation of the extent of Arctic sea ice by 500,000 square kilometers (193,000 square miles) the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center said. The error was due to a problem called “sensor drift.” The revised data will be available soon.
New evidence shows that the Pyrenees have lost almost 90% of their glacier ice over the past century, and scientists estimate that they might disappear completely within a few decades due to global warning. Other European glaciers seem to have the same fate.
During the International Polar Year (IPY) (covering a two-year period, March 2007-2009), some 160 multi-disciplinary research projects were conducted, involving scientists of more than 60 countries. The findings are summarized in the study The State of Polar Research by the UN World Meteorological Organization and the International Council for Science, and a major IPY science conference is planned for Oslo, in June 2010. Although many questions remain, there is consensus that global warming is more intense in the Polar Regions than previously forecasted, and snow and ice are declining in both regions, raising sea levels and changing global ocean and atmospheric circulation, with a wide range of consequences for humans and ecosystems.

Rising Sea Levels
According to a study by the National Centre for Space Studies in France, over the last 15 years the world’s oceans have been rising at 3.4 mm a year, more than twice the average 1.7 mm recorded by tidal gauges over the past 50 years.
A Canadian research team, analyzing how the coastlines around the world would be affected by melting of parts of Antarctica discovered that modifications in the gravitational pull on the ocean will determine water moves that will cause different sea level rises in different parts of the world. An entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet melt might cause the Earth’s rotation axis to shift approximately 500 metes from its present position, moving water from the southern Atlantic and Pacific oceans northward. Hence, while Southern Chile and Argentina might not experience sea-level change, Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada and the U.S. could experience as much as 6-7 meters sea level rise, inundating cities such as Vancouver and New York.
Erosion is another important phenomenon changing coastlines. Geophysical Research Letters reports that the rate of erosion along a stretch of Alaska’s northeastern coastline has doubled over the past 52 years, increasing from 6.8 meters per year in the period 1955-1979, to 13.6 meters between 2002 and 2007, while from 2007 to 2008 the coastline lost 25 meters. The changes are attributed mostly to effects of climate change, such as stronger storms, loss of sea ice, warmer ocean, and sea level rise.

Health
WHO approved a five-year work plan on climate change and health. The work plan aims to enhance capacity for monitoring and assessment. It will also seek strategies and activities that can protect health, especially that of the most vulnerable; and promote the sharing of knowledge with the following four objectives: advocacy and awareness raising; partnership building with other UN organizations and sectors; promotion and support for the generation of scientific evidence; and strengthening health systems to contend with climate impacts.
Jointly with the EU, WHO will conduct assessments of health security and crisis management to enhance the adaptive capacity of EU countries to manage health crises. In addition to topics such as chemical safety and disaster preparedness planning and response, country reports include sections on climate change. Assessments are underway in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Israel, Moldova, and Ukraine.
Climate change will be one of the main topics on the agenda at the Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, scheduled for 2010 in Parma, Italy. The agenda includes children’s environmental health and climate impacts related to inequality, gender and stakeholder participation, among others. WHO and EU are also expected to propose a European strategy on health and climate change that follows the 2008 World Health Assembly’s Resolution 61.19 (call for protecting health from climate change), as well as recommendations that were developed during several European meetings held in 2007-2008 on the topic.

Computer Modeling
A computer model by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in Britain shows that over the next 40 years, even if CO2 emissions continue to grow at the current rate (1.9% annual average), global temperatures will still rise 2° C relative to the pre-industrial age. The computer model also predicts that by the end of the first decade of the 22nd century, atmospheric CO2 would be 4 times the pre-industrial level—even with a decreasing rate of emissions, and by 3000 almost all of Greenland’s ice would be melted and Atlantic ocean circulation would be fundamentally changed.

Adaptation and Preparedness
The Ecosystems and Livelihoods Adaptation Network (ELAN) is being created as a platform for sharing information globally and to be a resource linking scientists with managers and decision-makers to help some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and societies cope with the impacts of global climate change. It is a collaboration between the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and WWF International.
Although about $18 billion were pledged by the world’s richest countries to help poorer ones adapt to climate change, less than $1 billion has been disbursed. The Global Environment Facility distributed $760 million over the past three years, but about 33% of that went to China, India, and Brazil, while the 49 poorest countries received less than $100 million.
At the Pacific ICT Ministerial Forum, “Connecting the Unconnected,” in Nukualofa, Tonga, from 17-20 February 2009, organized by the International Telecommunication Union, 13 ministers from Pacific Island Countries issued a joint communiqué calling for, inter alia: greater coordination among partners to minimize overlap and maximize the impact of investments in ICT development projects; the rapid implementation of regional connectivity initiatives; reinforced efforts to build human capacity in ICT; and making full use of ICTs for early warning and response systems to improve disaster preparedness.

New EU Committee Report Very Critical of Nanotech Regulation
Nanoforum reported that the European Parliament is currently discussing its Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety’s draft report on regulatory aspects of nanomaterials. The report is very critical of the present state of nanotech regulation in the EU and calls for much more stringent measures.
Sources:
Nanoforum Newsletter No. 39, February 2009 http://www.nanoforum.org/nf06~modul~loadin~folder~8074~sent~~step~~.html? (free registration required)
DRAFT REPORT on regulatory aspects of nanomaterials (2008/2208(INI))
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+COMPARL+PE-418.270+01+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&language=EN

EPA to Require Company Nanotube Use or Import Notices
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance will begin enforcing a requirement that companies file premanufacture notices for manufacturing or importing carbon nanotubes, beginning March 1, 2009.
Source:
EPA to Enforce Premanufacture Reviews for Carbon Nanotubes Beginning March 1 http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=1728

California Requests Nanotube Safety Data
The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) has asked more than two dozen manufacturers and importers of carbon nanotubes to provide toxicity, monitoring, and safeguards data on those products. There is also a report that Environment Canada may shortly make a similar request to nanomaterial users.
Sources:
California Gives Carbon Nanotube Makers One Year to Provide Toxicity, Other Data http://www.merid.org/NDN/more.php?id=1686 (abstract)
Canada first country to ask companies to report use of nanomaterials http://www.standard-freeholder.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1409797

New EU Study on Regulation and Governance of Nanotechnologies
“Mapping Study on Regulation and Governance of Nanotechnologies” published by the EU project FramingNano provides a comprehensive overview of nanotechnology regulations and governance at European and global levels, as well as identifying relevant stakeholders for further negotiations of a Governance Plan for responsible development of nanotechnologies.
Sources:
Mapping Study on Regulation and Governance of Nanotechnologies http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/media/archive2/publikationen/FramingNano_MappingStudy.pdf
FramingNano Mapping Study on Nanotechnologies Regulation and Governance Released http://www.innovationsgesellschaft.ch/index.php?section=news&cmd=details&newsid=157&teaserId

US/Africa/Caribbean Nanotech Conference to Be Held
The United States-Africa and Caribbean Nanotechnology Initiative (USACANI) Workshop will be held from June 21-26, 2009 in Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago. According to an announcement in Meridian Nanotechnology & Development News, “The purpose of the conference is to bring together nanoscience and nanotechnology leaders to discuss issues critical to the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean.”
Source:
Invitation: US-African and Caribbean Nanotechnology Initiative (USACANI) Workshop http://www.fonai.org/News.html

UNEP Year Book 2009
The UNEP Year Book 2009 offers a view on scientific understanding of global environmental change and foreseeable issues, helping to raise awareness about potentially threatening issues. It outlines some policies and actions that could help mitigate climate change and reduce the human environmental footprint.
Sources:
UNEP Year Book 2009. New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2009/

Suggestions for Addressing Energy and National Security
The article “Energy Security as National Security: Defining Problems Ahead of Solutions” analyzes the link between energy and national security looking at military and domestic vulnerabilities and economic issues, and suggesting some strategies. The article warns about the danger that associating energy issues with national security to the point of using “military power or the language of security diplomacy” might have negative effects on energy security itself. The suggestions include: improving systemic resiliency of critical infrastructures; reducing energy price volatility by maintaining a climate of non-violence and adequate investment in energy sources; and sharing security information and intelligence cooperation for increasing transparency. The article is part of the February 2009 issue of the Journal of Energy Security, a good source of information and analysis in this area.
Source:
Energy Security as National Security: Defining Problems Ahead of Solutions http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=183:energy-security-as-national-security-defining-problems-ahead-of-solutions1&catid=92:issuecontent&Itemid=341

Green Economy a Solution for Addressing the Global Economic Crises
Fiscal stimulus packages adopted around the world to help address the economic crises include important measures involving renewable energy and environmental issues. Energy and climate change themes also dominated the World Economic Forum 2009, highlighting that industries related to energy-efficiency are a growing jobs-creating sector. The report Green Investing: Towards a Clean Energy Infrastructure, launched at the Forum, states that clean energy investment should more than triple––to at least $515 billion a year between now and 2030––to prevent emissions reaching unsustainable levels. In the same spirit, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon suggests creating a global Green New Deal. Such initiatives could be important also to reduce potential social unrest in developing countries that could experience a reversal of progress due to the global financial crisis. The crisis could reverse progress by cutting access to capital markets, income from trade and remittances, money from voluntary contributions for UN and other international development efforts, and increasing economic nationalism. As tensions triggered by the economical crises already led to social unrest in several countries around the world, and climate change warnings increase, green economy policies should be implemented without delay as a comprehensive strategy to address both. [See also Briefings on Environmental Security at NATO Conference in April 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Ban urges leaders at Davos to forge ‘Green New Deal’ to fight world recession http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29712&Cr=Ban&Cr1=Climate+change
World Economic Forum Report: US $515 Billion needed in Green Investments http://www.investorideas.com/news/012909f.asp
World Economic Forum 2009, Davos http://www.reuters.com/davos
World Economic Forum Explores Green Strategies for Recovery http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2009/2009-01-29-02.asp
The other global warming http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/25/the_other_global_warming/

European Energy Security Strategies
The recent natural gas crises caused by the Russia/Ukraine clash prompted Europe to address energy security more aggressively. The European Commission proposed a €3.5 billion (approx. $4.5 billion) program for new gas pipelines and electricity networks and offshore wind projects; earmarked €250 million (approx. $320 million) for the politically controversial Nabucco project (the outstanding balance to the estimated €8 billion (approx. $10.25 billion) to be covered by member states and private companies); and Germany is promoting the Nord Stream pipeline project. Europeans might also emulate the U.S. super-grid scheme to carry solar energy from the Sahara, geothermal energy from Iceland, hydropower from Scandinavia, and wind power from the North Sea. [See also EU Renewable Energy Policy becomes Legally Binding in December 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Worst-hit EU states get least in post-gas crisis plan http://euobserver.com/9/27493/?rk=1
Merkel puts pressure on EU for Russian pipeline http://euobserver.com/9/27497/?rk=1
As Europe Fiddles, U.S. May Take Lead on Climate Change http://www.alternet.org/environment/119300/as_europe_fiddles%2C_u.s._may_take_lead_on_climate_change_/?page=2

Global Plan to Address Freshwater Supplies Negotiated
In preparation for the 5th World Water Forum to be held in March 2009 in Istanbul, senior officials from more than 60 countries met in Rome, January 21-23, to negotiate a global plan of action for addressing issues of freshwater resources and improving water governance. Industrial and agricultural use, growing population, pollution of ground and underground reservoirs, and effects of climate change all reduce the amount of clean water available and threaten water security. The Rome meeting is expected to negotiate a Ministerial Statement to be adopted by the Ministerial Conference at the World Water Forum. [The outcomes of the meeting were not available at the time of this writing.] Meanwhile, addressing the meeting “Managing our Future Water Needs” held in Davos, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon underlined, “The problem is that we have no coordinated global management authority in the UN system or the world at large. There is no overall responsibility, accountability or vision for how to address the related problems of climate change, agricultural stress and water technology.” [See also Unless Water Management Improves, Conflicts over Water Are Inevitable in August 2006 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Moving closer to a global plan of action for water http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=2279
"Unique Insights to the World's Water Problems" http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/News/WWC_News/Guest_view-magazine_ISO.pdf
5th World Water Forum http://www.worldwaterforum5.org/
Davos, Switzerland, 29 January 2009 - Secretary-General's remarks at event entitled "Managing our Future Water Needs" [as prepared for delivery] http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3682

The Woodrow Wilson International Center Opens Synthetic Biology Project
Genomic pioneer Craig Venter has said that we will write genetic code to create artificial biology, as we wrote computer code to create software. Synthetic biology holds great promise but also may create unintended consequences and a new weapons source for bioterrorists of the future. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars launched the Synthetic Biology Project in January within the Center’s Foresight and Governance Project to “foster informed public and policy discourse concerning synthetic biology” by providing “independent, rigorous analysis that can inform critical decisions affecting the research, commercialization and use of synthetic biology.” Some experts estimate that by 2015 a fifth of the chemical industry could be dependent on synthetic biology. A Wilson Center panel exploring unresolved synthetic biology ethical questions remarked that, although threats related to synthetic biology are not different from those related to most sciences, regulations are lagging, opening the possibility for misuse. Hence, they suggested that the problem to be addressed is to get policy and commercial organizations to adopt ethical criteria, standards, and policies.
Sources:
Synthetic Biology: Is Ethics a Showstopper? http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event&event_id=492968
Synthetic Biology Project http://www.synbioproject.org/about/
WMD Detection Facility Opens in Singapore http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090121_2237.php

New Process Improves Water Desalination Efficiency
Yale University researchers have developed a new energy-saving forward osmosis technique for water purification. The method, which is claimed to require only 10% as much power as previous ones, uses a new formulation for the “draw solution” in the osmosis process. Oasys Water, Inc. has been formed to exploit the discovery.
Sources:
A Low-Energy Water Purifier. A Yale spinoff hopes to solve the big problem with desalination http://www.technologyreview.com/business/21934/?nlid=1636&a=f
Global Challenges in Energy and Water Supply: The Promise of Engineered Osmosis http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es800812m?prevSearch=McGinnis+osmosis&searchHistoryKey=

Another “Green” Concrete Announced
In a press release, Ekocrete, Inc. announced, “…the availability of a new ‘green’ concrete that uses 90% recycled and by-product materials without sacrificing strength or durability.” The new product uses crushed recycled concrete for aggregate, plus fly ash waste from coal mills, and other industrial byproducts that provide nano-fibers for crack reduction and nano-particles for surface density to reduce water penetration. [See also Environmentally Polluting Ash Turned into Concrete-like Structural Material in November 2008 environmental security report.
Sources:
Ekocrete Launches 'Green' Concrete That Uses 90% Recycled and By-Product Materials http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=8868.php

New Material Makes Biodegradable Plastic Bags
A research group led by Truong Phuoc Nghia at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Sciences has developed a nanocomposite plastic bag material that is less expensive than others, made from renewable sources, and is biodegradable in landfills. Its application may be somewhat limited by the facts that the resultant bags are reusable only if they do not come in contact with water, and that they rely on bacterial degradation for their low environmental impact.
Source:
Vietnamese scientists come up with natural plastic http://www.thanhniennews.com/print.php?catid=4&newsid=45235

New Technique Provides Cheaper LEDs
A team at Cambridge University, led by Colin Humphrey, has developed a new production technique for gallium nitride LEDs that allows them to be grown on a silicon wafer and brings their price down to levels competitive with other types of light sources. [See Light Emitting Diodes Offer Big Environmental Advantages in December 2008 environmental security report.]
Source:
Cheap, super-efficient LED lights on the horizon http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16496-cheap-superefficient-led-lights-on-the-horizon.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news

New Detection and Cleanup Techniques
New Techniques for Multi-nanowire Detection Arrays
A team from the Electrical Engineering Department at Pennsylvania State University has developed an improved, potential mass production technique for assembling detector nanowires into an array on a silicon chip, using an electric field. Once in place, with electrodes on top of them, the set of treated wires yields a portable and very sensitive detector for multiple toxins or pathogens. A nanowire detectably changes its conductivity when a target substance (say, a toxin) binds to the specific complementary coating on the wire. Harvard chemist Charles Lieber earlier devised a competing technique to line up nanowires using polymer bubbles, and Prof. Mark Reed at Yale attacked the problem using an etching process.
Sources:
Nanosensors Made Easy. A trick to assemble nanowires on silicon could lead to cheap, tiny sensing devices http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/21974/?a=f
Practical Nanowire Devices. A way to align nanowires could lead to better sensors and flexible displays http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/18802/?a=f
Easy-to-Make Nanosensors. Tiny electronics-based detectors could provide simple tests for cancer or bioterror agents http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/18127/

Manure Aids in Removing Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas
SulfaMaster is a product combining manure and other ingredients to produce a filtering material that removes hydrogen sulfide, an acid rain- and corrosion-causing component, from biogas, a renewable energy source derived from the breakdown of animal waste. It is especially suitable for small biogas-producing operations that cannot afford large scrubbers. The developers are Gary Harman, professor of plant biology at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, and Terry Spittler, a retired analytical chemist at Cornell.
Source:
Cornell technology makes biogas greener http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/39043

New Deep Water Marine Sensors Being Developed
Prof. Hywel Morgan from the UK’s University of Southampton’s School of Electronics and Computer Science and Dr. Matt Mowlem at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, have performed initial testing of new technology marine sensors that are “capable of measuring harsh environments [and] can be deployed for months at a time”, according to a University announcement. The four-year project’s two goals are said to be “to develop lab-on-a-chip chemical and biochemical analyzers to detect nutrients and pollutants at the ultra-low concentrations found in the ocean, and to develop small chips to identify individual phytoplankton in the oceans”. The researchers foresee applications wherever the condition of environmental water needs to be assessed.
Source:
World’s first deep-sea ‘lab-on-a-chip’ sensors proved to work http://www.soton.ac.uk/mediacentre/news/2008/dec/08_233.shtml

New Chemicals Considered for Toxic Lists
Health Canada and Environment Canada are recommending adding diethyl sulphate to the country’s list of toxic substances. The compound is used in the production of fabric softeners, flocculants, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and dyes. Various foreign jurisdictions, including the European Commission, consider it a possible carcinogen. The agencies also designated butane and isobutane for further assessment.
Concerns over the use of formaldehyde in pressed-wood products are getting increased attention. California issued new rules on these products, and the EPA published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.
An investigation by CDC is underway to determine if antimony in fire-resistant clothing is posing a health risk. The issue was triggered by complaints in the Boca Raton FL Fire Dept.
The European Parliament voted to prohibit around 22 substances used in pesticides due to their potential health hazards. Two separate bills address the issue: one banning the very hazardous substances from pesticides and another considering use reduction of all pesticides. Three transborder geographical regions within the EU––rather than countries––can rule on the use of specific products, while countries can ban a product because of specific environment or agricultural circumstances. [See also New Hazardous Substances to be Banned in October 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Backgrounder on Batch 4 of the Chemicals Management Plan http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques.gc.ca/challenge-defi/batch-lot-4/background-information_e.html
Formaldehyde Emissions from Pressed Wood Products http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemtest/formaldehyde/index.htm
Ailing Boca Raton firefighters blame chemical in pants http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2009/01/10/a1a_boca_pants_0111.html
Toxic pesticides banned in Europe http://euobserver.com/9/27399/?rk=1

New Jersey Ports Pushing for Toxic Diesels Ban
The New Jersey Port Authority is considering imposing a ban of some kind on polluting diesel trucks at the ports of Newark and Elizabeth, perhaps similar to the one already set up in Southern California. [See U.S. Policy Shift May Improve International Environmental Security this month and Aviation and Shipping should be Subject to Emissions Cuts in September 2008 environmental security report.]
Source:
N.J. pushing for restrictions on diesel trucks at ports http://www.northjersey.com/environment/NJ_pushing_for_restrictions_on_diesel_trucks_at_ports.html

Chemical and Biosecurity Issues
Reportedly, the al-Qaeda cell that shut down operations in the Tizi Ouzou province in Algeria after an accident might have been developing chemical and biological weapons. Last year, it was reported that allegedly up to 100 potential terrorists had attempted to enter postgraduate programs in Britain to gain access to laboratories. Experts and security organs repeatedly warn that the security measures to stop eventual development and use of such weapons by terrorist groups are insufficient and inadequate.
Six-legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War by Jeffrey A Lockwood warns about the possibility of terrorists developing an insect-based weapon and conducting a biological attack more easily than a chemical or nuclear strike. He therefore urges governments to create an effective “pest management infrastructure” able to detect insects carrying a deadly disease.
Countries with inadequate safety standards for pharmaceutical and food production combined with insufficient import verification mechanisms open a new avenue for terrorist activity. In an increasingly globalized world with greater access to S&T knowledge and software, international standards, information-sharing agreements, common ground for cooperation with the local authorities, improved inspections and testing systems, and stronger and more comprehensive import safety regulations (especially for pharmaceutical and food production) are needed. [See also Better International Controls Needed to Prevent Bioterrorism in July 2006, Call for Reinforcements to Chemical Safety in September 2006, and other items on this theme in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Al-Qaeda Reportedly Suffers WMD Mishap http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090121_4538.php
Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php
Al-Qaeda cell killed by Black Death 'was developing biological weapons' http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/algeria/4294664/Al-Qaeda-cell-killed-by-Black-Death-was-developing-biological-weapons.html
Bioterrorists Could Employ Insects, Expert Warns http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090106_5074.php
Book Review: Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/39506/title/Book_Review_Six-Legged_Soldiers_Using_Insects_as_Weapons_of_War_by_Jeffrey_A._Lockwood_
Drug Safety Watchdog Sees Al-Qaeda Risk to U.S. Food, Drug Imports http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090129_3617.php

Arctic Security and Sovereignty Debate Continues
Delegates to a NATO meeting held in Iceland discussed the security implications of Arctic thawing and the potential need for a NATO military presence in the region. In view of the arguments among powerful nations over sovereignty and resources, NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer noted, “It should be a military presence that is not overdone, and there is a need for political cooperation and economic cooperation.” The U.S. Arctic policy was published January 9, 2009. [See also EU Arctic Policy Guidelines in November 2008, Arctic Needs New International Regulations in September 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
NATO chief wants military in Arctic as it thaws http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28907448/
Defence warns of climate conflict http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/global-warming/defence-warns-of-climate-conflict/2009/01/06/1231004021036.html
National Security Presidential Directive and Homeland Security Presidential Directive NSPD-66/HSPD-25, January 9, 2009 http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-66.htm
New policy emphasizes U.S. interests in Northwest Passage http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/569679
Who Owns Rights to Melting Arctic? http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/jan2009/db20090127_954391.htm

Greenhouse Gas Observing Satellite Could Help Enforcing Environmental Regulations
Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite "IBUKI" (meaning “breath”) is the world’s first satellite dedicated to monitoring greenhouse gas emissions. It circles the earth every 100 minutes and monitors the levels of CO2 and methane at 56,000 observation points. The data should help the global effort to understand and combat global warming. [See also Increased Use of Space Technology for Monitoring Environmental Events in September 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Source:
Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite "IBUKI" (GOSAT) http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/index_e.html

India to Enact Regulation Curbing Plastic Bags Use
India’s regulation to curb plastic bags gets increased enforcement by the decision of the city of Delhi to outlaw the, “use, storage and sale”, of all polyethylene bags, and apply severe penalties for non-compliance. The law is effective immediately, and applies to customers and retailers alike, but the first target is manufacturers, to restrict availability. India thus joins other countries that have introduced similar regulations. [See also Restrictions on Plastic Bags Expanding in January 2008 and other related items in previous environmental security reports.]
Sources:
Heavy baggage. India’s urban environment http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13041382
In India, plastic bag use is a capital offence http://www.theage.com.au/world/in-india-plastic-bag-use-is-a-capital-offence-20090117-7jl4.html

Climate Change
Scientific Evidence and Natural Disasters
According to the Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters, in 2008 there were 321 disasters, below the 398 annual average for 2000–2007. Nevertheless, the 235,816 people killed, and the $181 billion in economic losses were considerably higher then the yearly average for the same period. About 211 million people were affected, with the highest number of deaths in Asia, mainly due to Cyclone Nargis and the Sichuan earthquake. The largest numbers of disasters were recorded in China––26, the Philippines––20, U.S.––19, Indonesia––16, and Vietnam and India––10 each.
A NASA study based on five years of data shows that for every 1oC (1.8oF) increase in average ocean surface temperature, there is a 45% increase in the frequency of the very high clouds associated with severe storms and rainfall. Senior Research Scientist Hartmut Aumann notes that at the present rate of global warming of 0.13oC (0.23 oF) per decade, the frequency of severe storms could increase by 6% per decade.

Food and Water Security
Half the world’s population might face food crises by 2100, warns a team of scientists from Stanford University’s Program on Food Security and the Environment. The main cause is a combination of climate change and water shortage, reducing crop yields in the tropical and subtropical regions (between about 35° north latitude and 35° south latitude) where the world’s fastest-growing and poorest populations are. They suggest rethinking the whole agricultural system in view of the new environmental and demographic trends.
The number of hungry people increased by 40 million in 2008, said FAO, but $30 billion a year investment in infrastructure and agricultural production could eliminate the root causes of hunger by 2025. This represents only 8% of the support to agriculture by OECD countries. In sub-Saharan Africa only 4% of the arable land is irrigated (compared to 38% in Asia), and only 3% of renewable water reserves are used.
Before the high level meeting, “Food Security for All,” held in Madrid, January 26-27, the ETC Group released a Communiqué on global governance of food and agriculture. It suggests that the four main agencies (FAO, CGIAR, IFAD, WFP) should coordinate and work together along with smaller more specialized organizations from the developing countries.
The UK created a new Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA) by merging several Defra agencies and thus better integrating food and environmental security research and policy.
Indonesia’s rice production was very good in 2008, but inefficient implementation of land reforms and improvement of economic conditions of farmers led to numerous conflicts.
Two-thirds of the Tibetan plateau glaciers might be gone by 2050 if the current temperatures rise continues, note scientists. Water shortages would affect 2 billion people in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.
In Africa, by 2020, water shortages might affect 250 million people, and agricultural productivity could decline 50%. These points were stated at the two-day meeting organized by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the African Union (AU), aimed at developing a continent-wide policy framework to protect pastoralists in Africa.

Migration
The Australian Defense Force report Climate Change, The Environment, Resources And Conflict, warns of possible conflict in the South Pacific triggered by increased illegal immigration and fishing and potential failed states, as a consequence of climate change and rising sea levels.
In an address to the UN Security Council, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres warned of new forms of displacement, with natural disasters on the rise due to climate change. He explained the interrelationship between climate change, extreme deprivation, and conflict, and how they can exacerbate each other as causes of displacement.

Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
The University of Zurich’s World Glacier Monitoring Service published the latest data showing that alpine glaciers from the Andes to Alaska and across the Alps shrank twice as fast as a decade ago, losing on average 0.7 meters of thickness in 2007––the most recent data available. The experts warn that most glaciers will disappear by mid-century.
Synthesis and Assessment Product 1.2: Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes is a comprehensive synthesis of science literature about the Arctic, integrating research on the past 65 million years of climate change, with contributions from 37 scientists from several countries. The conclusions show that faster warming at the Arctic than other places in the Northern Hemisphere is expected to continue, with all its consequences––sea-ice retreat, rising sea levels, increased erosion, etc. Additionally, human activity might induce changes that would exceed documented natural variability and trigger serious transformations.
Despite earlier beliefs, all of Antarctica seems to be warming, reported climatologists in the article “Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year” published in the journal Nature. The conclusions resulted from combining satellite observations over the entire continent with data from land weather stations for the past 50 years. Warming of the continent’s western side has been twice as rapid as the East Antarctica.

Rising Sea Levels
Research published by European scientists in Climate Dynamics shows that the next century might be 3°C warmer, and the ocean level could rise between 0.9 and 1.3 meters. Similarly, models by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth Systems Research Laboratory show that sea levels would be 1.3 to 3.2 feet higher from thermal expansion of ocean water alone, if CO2 increase would cap at 600 parts per million, but twice as much if CO2 peaks at 1,000 parts per million. The models also showed that even if warming stopped, climate change effects might last until 3000.
According to a report by the State Oceanic Administration, the sea level along China’s coastal areas has risen about 2.6 millimeter per year in the past 30 years, 0.8 millimeter higher than the world's average, and might rise 0.13 meter in the next three decades.
Tens of thousands of people were displaced in the Pacific islands as a consequence of climate change effects. Coastal residents of Fiji were instructed to move to higher ground to avoid storms and flooding.

Nanotechnology Safety Issues
• companies under pressure to make public the presence of nanomaterials in their products, and their policies for dealing with these possibly hazardous substances.
• high aspect ratio (much longer than wide) nanoparticles (HARN), such as nanowires and carbon nanotubes, may pose the same health risks as asbestos fibers.
• quantum dots (QDs) may be toxic to cells under acidic or alkaline conditions
• Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009 May 3-7, 2009 at the George R. Brown Convention Center, in Houston, Texas
• Nanotech Europe 2009 will take place 28-30 September 2009, in Berlin
• nano tech 2009 International Nanotechnology Exhibition & Conference in Tokyo 18-20 February 2009
• observatoryNANO consortium will hold a dissemination event in London at the BERR conference center in London on 19 March 2009.
• report on Ethical Evaluations of Nanotechnology
• nano Magazine issue 10 features energy and environment
Sources:
Increase Expected in Shareholder Resolutions Urging Disclosure of Nanomaterials, Policies -- The Bureau of National Affairs' Daily Environment Report (1/15/2009) http://news.bna.com/deln/DELNWB/split_display.adp?fedfid=11312763&vname=dennotallissues&fn=11312763&jd=A0B7U4H4J7&split=0 (subscription required)
An outline scoping study to determine whether high aspect ratio nanoparticles (HARN) should raise the same concerns as do asbestos fibres http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=CB0406_7760_FRP.pdf
Quantum dots may be toxic to cells, environment under certain conditions http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=9059.php
Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009: http://www.nanotechexpo.jp/en/index.html
observatoryNANO consortium http://www.nano.org.uk/events/ionevents.htm
Ethical Evaluations of Nanotechnology http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/ethical_evaluations_nanotechnology/

Reports Suggested for Review
State of the World 2009
State of the World 2009: Into a Warming World by Worldwatch Institute is a comprehensive analysis of potential evolution of climate change by the end of the century and of the urgent actions and policies that need to be taken now. It is “intended to inject new inspiration and energy into national and international climate negotiations.” It examines the technologies that would be the most efficient for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; policies and strategies to address climate change; ideas for saving biodiversity; and security implications of climate change. It also includes a climate change reference guide and glossary.
Source:
State of the World 2009: Into a Warming World http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5658

New 2009 Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) released an extensively upgraded terminology to help international common understanding and application of disaster risk reduction concepts. It also includes new concepts that are not in widespread use but are of growing professional relevance.
Source:
UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng.htm

The Millennium Project

GLOBAL FUTURES STUDIES & RESEARCH

Emerging Environmental Security Issues

March 2010

January 2010